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AD428436
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TOApproved for public release, distributionunlimited
FROMDistribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.agencies and their contractors;Administrative/Operational use; Nov 1963.Other requests shall be referred to AirForce Cambridge Research Labs, Hanscom AFBMA.
AUTHORITY
DoDD 5230.24, 18 Mar 1987
THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED
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A D4 128'6 .
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTERSCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION .
CAMERON STATION. AIEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA
UNCLASSffIHED
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NOTICE: When goveramat or other Gzsvings, spedl-fications or other data are used. for amy purposeother than in connection with a definitely related.government prvocurment opeation,, the U. INIover: tent thereby incurs no responhe billty, nor saobligation wbatsoever; and the fact that the Govern-ment may have fodmLate4 fu0rniahe4, or In OWva.ysupplied the said drawings,, specifications, o otherdata to not to be regarded by Implication or other-vise as in any manner licensing the holder or anyother person or corporation, or conveying any rig"t-or ;arzluuion to mmnufactiaze, use or sell anypatented Invention %bat my Li any way be rlated•thereto.
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Volume IIEdte byj
DUAE A HAGEJAME J. UOUA
Th Ocea Breze. a tbond Drtgy Gulch3 7Diffusion Program
DUANE A.oi HAoUGt Oerln
JMESERLG LABFORATOY
',ZZ ,Ai FZ Z7 e P' ,~ q;,. fit. 61,7 A, ah Aimý *4-t e- [.
Abstract d
FieLd diffusion programs were conducted at Ca.pe Canaveral. Florida and
Vandenberg AFB. California during 1961 and 1962. These programs. nicknamed
Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch respectively, were undertaken to establish quantita-
tive diffusion predictions for use as range a,?-ty tools at the missile test ranges.The programs culminated at each range with the Installation of an autom~tic
computer-controlled meteorological data acquisition and processing system now Incontinuous oprration at the bases. These systems have been named Weather In-
formation Netwurk Display (WIND) systems.
Volume I describes the diffusior. experiments that were conductia as weU as
summaries of the resulting experimental data. Volume II is devoted to analyses of
the data to develop diffusion prediction equations, description of the WIND syatems,
recominený%tions for operational use of the prediction equation and WIND systems.
and prelLminary climatological summaries for each missile test range.
.1°.°.
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r I
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Contenb
1. DESIGN OF THhk UI)IIUSlON EXPEIRIMEiTS - FROjECTS OCEANBREEZE AND DRtY GULCHBy Duane A. .augen
James J. Fuquay I1. Introduction 12. Design of Tracer Experiments 2
3. Cape Canaveral - Ocean Breeze Experiments 34. Vandenberg AFB - Dry Gulch Experiments I
5. Meteorological Support 10
6. Experimental Techniques for Tracer Experimnets 12
7. Descriptive Summary of Experiments 16
It. OCEAN BREEZE AND DRY GULCH DIFFUSION DATAby Charles L. Sinspson
Charles E. ElderkinPaul W. Nickola 21 *
1. Introdurtiimn 212. Descripticn of Assaying Technique 21
3. Ocean Breeze Diffusion Data 23
4. Relationship between 5- and 13-ft Ocean Breeze Exposire Data 24
5. Dry Gulch Diffusion Data 25
Ill. OCEAN BREEZE AND DRY GULCH METEOROLOGICAL DATAby Joan Dwyer 143
I. Standard Deviations of the Azimuth Fluctuations 143
2. Azimuth Prcquency Distribution* 1469
3. Temhperature Differences and Win~d Speed Data 146
4. Rawinsonde Vats 148
. .
Illustrations 2
Figure Pare
Chapter I
I Ocean Breeze Diffusion Course Layout 4 -
2 Aerial Photograph of Cape Canaveral Shiowing Sampling ArceService Roads 5
3 Palmetto and Brush Growth Typical of Mucl'- of Cape CanaveralVegetration 6
4 Crass Growth on Burton Mesa. Vandenberg. *
5 Dry Gulch Service Road Along Southern End of Arc D- 1 8
6 Dry Gulch Service Road Along Arc D-3 Running from Southiern .Slopes of Purisima Ifills across Lompoc Valley into Hillson Pt. Arguello8
7 Dry Gulch Diffusion Course* 9h odlsci~a o
a Ocean Breeze Source Point~hwn h odIsciia oApplcatrs Eittng Pgcnnt.13
9 010lw -up of Membrane Filter Sampler Unit 14
to Photograph of Vacuum System Used with Sampler Units is
Chapter It
I The Rankin Counter 22
2 Schematic Illustration of Filter in Counting Position in RankcinCounter 22
3 Frequency Distribution of Ratio of 5- to 15-ft Expruwre Values,Qa-can B~reeze Daytime Runs 25
4 Frequency Distribution of Ratio of 5- to 15.11 Exposure Values.Ocean Brece~c Nighttime Runs 25
Chapter III
I 00 2 ) vs a(G ,) for Oce;sn Itreexe 147
2 j(0z vs V3(O 1 0 ) for Dry Gulch 147
viI
Z
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* . i n , ---. b- "..,-
Page -
Chapter II Mean Flow Rates for Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Experiments 162 Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Experiments Summarized by
Stability Classifications 17Chapter U-
t Ocean Breeze Exposure Data (gm sec m"3) and RelativeStandard Error o( Data (%) for f 5-ft Sampling Heights 29
2 Ocean Breeze Exposure Data (gm sec m nd Relativettandard Error of Data (,%) for 5-ft Samiling Heights 63
a b.urnmary of Field and Laboratory Notes for the Ocean BreezeExperiments I"
4 Ocean Breeze Arcwise Integrated Exposures (AIE) In gm secM- 2 and standard deviation of arcwise mass distributions(nY) in meters for 15-ft Sampler Heights Identified by RunNumber and Arc Number 70
5 Total Amount of Tracer Generated, Q. in Kilograms,Identified by Run Number, Date, and Time the 30-mn ..Emission Period Began for Ocean Breeze 72 ..-
6 Dry Gulc' Exposure Data (gm sec m-3 ) and Relative . ".Standard Error of Data (J) 74
7 Summary of Field and Laboratory Notes for the D'y GulchExperiments 134
8 Dry Gulch Arcwvisc Integrated Exposures (AWE) in gm see m"and StandarA Deviation of Arcwise Mass Distributions (ay) 137ii Meters Identified by Run Number and Arc Number 137
9 Total Amount of Tracer Generated, Q, in Kilograms,Identified by Run, Number. Date and Time the 30-minEmission Period Began for Dry Gulch 139
Chai-ter IIIt Means. ea O ) and o(70) for Ocean Breeze 149
2 Means. o,(Os) and v(Os) for Dry Gulch 167
3 Unsmoothed 0402) and u( O,) for Ocean Breeze 191A UnAsnoothed 0(9,) and a(810) for Dry Gulch 102
3 U and a r Data fur Oce-n Breeze 193
6 U and IT Data for Dry Gulch 195 _ . .
O%-ean Breeze itawinsonde Obscrvations 198
Dry Gulch Ra' ,nsonde Observations 215
A,.-:.,-:,... .... ... . . . ... . . . .......-.. ...-....-- - - - - - - - - - - - .. i~
PreFace, Volumne I
During November 1960, the Air Fot ce Ballistics Systerns Division requested
the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories to und.ertake an extensive pro-
grami involving field diffosion ~xp,:.e~znt~i andI inicrornetorological insti-urnentationat Cape Canaveral, Flol-ida and Vandenberg AI'1, California. The motivation for
the prograin arose from planned launches of missiles emplo) ing toxic propellants. ARange safety procedures that had been developed prior to thims tuneu w,_are conmpletely
inappropriate for air pollution problems. In fact. air pollution problemis in general
involved range safety concepts that were unfanmiliar to mnany of the people concerned.Tihe purpose of the effort, then, was twofold;
(1) To design 3nd conduct diffusion ex\perimenlts ;A the LeIld in order to developquantitative, reliable statemnents of air- pollution hnzard or potential atall times.
(2) To provide the -ane, safety oflic~ials 'and the staff rievorologists with anoperal ionally useful iystcin for describing the ,tate of -he atmosphericboundary layer as ýielinicd by the parnmeters of the air iiollutsor. prohlem.
Part of (fhe first objectiv~t was undertnkmŽ jointly by AF('11 1. ft, 'h General
Flectric Company's Atmosphoric Phys its Operaition Group al R icnIzind, %%ashington.
Accomiplishment of this c.bfrJtctivec has resulted in a large an' ia~tt of ihifftlision datawhien -ire presented in Volume 1. 'rhe analyses of thuse data and the de.'ign of a1
systcm to use the results of the zani.i s cs repruiecni an ropcima onaill unruvoed
a n er- to a specific air polloution pro~lemn _1141 arc pm ~senr.- -S VNi.111C It. 'res -
enl. ouni 11 cin he ,hbtrai;ýated only to a~..ncies xit L. 'n'id to knw re.quire-
ment. It is art iciputeri that an *mirvmt rictcd di~itribut ion of 11n~ I will occur
sofl~etiine during l9i~i.
Xi
L
Diffusion data and supporting meteorological data are presented for a total .-
76 experiments at Cape Canaveral and 109 experimerts at Vandenberg AFB. TMP-.*
data significantly implement the store of existing data obtained from field dfus .-
experimenta that would not have been possible widiout the effnrts of many people
who gave freely of their time and interest in gathering these data.
The many people who have contribited to the effort are among those acknowl-
edged In the approprfate chapters of this report o- are authors of specific chapteMw-
We are happy to take this opportunity to extend our thanks to everyone concern.d
for their efforts on this problem.
1. A. Haugen, AFCRL
J. J. Fuquay. CE
o .
xii
%V
1. INTRODUCTIOSt. DESIGN OF TRACER EXPERIMENTS1. CAPE CA\ VERAL-OCEAN BREEZE
4. VANDEN-BERG AFB-DRY GULCHEXPERINIINSTs 2
5. METLOROI.(XICAL SUPPORT 10S. EXPERINMENT \L TECNN'.QUES FMR
TRACrR EXPERIMENTS 127. DESCRIPTIVE SUNMM RY OF EXPERIMENTS is
THE OCEAN BREEZE AND DRY GULCHDIFFUSION PROGRAMS.
1. Design of the Diffusion Experiments-
Projects Ocean Breeze and Dry GulchDuane A. Hatagen. -
Air Force Cambwi.te Research Laboratories* James J. Fuquay
Hanford LaboratoriesGeneral Electric Company
1. INTRODUCTION
Ifert: the various mcasliremcfltb that wecre made fhlrinC thc field work at Cape
Canaveral and Vandeonberg AFk' wilt he outI,.ned. These experimenis and the
resulting data are properly clajsdiied as .nýý.eering information$. Yor scientists
intimately concerned with assessing air pollut br hatards. the data are: quite useful
since they iacpresent a large! sample of ditfu i.)n data fr-om two ge(ýgraphical loca-
tions differing widely in terrain, vegetation.,rv climate fl-irn any other site of
similar experimnental work. For ease in disc-j.,si'n. thte field diffusion efforts
haive b~en nickna~med as follo.ws: Project Oce~n Hrecze for the experiments at L-Cape Ca,,avera!; Projec.t Dry Gilch for those at Vanderibtrlg AFB.
(Rarpivad for publication 18 September 1963)
L
2. DESIGN OF TRACER -KmMMEMI
To assess the pellution problem of a potential accident associated with a missilesystem. one should simulate the tnodes al toxic releases that are possible, andsudffiiently sample the air at variou, distances and azimuths downwind from therelease point so that the exposure leweis will be accuraislyastilihd I& *Is* 1necesrary to measure the meteorological variables in and ahout the area of thetrajectory of the release so that the relation between these and diffusion parametersobtained from sampling the clou-1 will be determined. Whien this dependency isknown. the basis for the predic~tion of esx.osure levels and cloud widths has bcenformulated and the micrometeorokaglcal system in operational.
Discussions with various people concerned wsith general air pollution problemsat Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg quickly revealed that the majority of conceivable
and probable accidents could be characterized by ground-based continuous Pointsources of pollutant. There was, at that thine, considerable data available from
continuous point-source diffusio experiments. Notable examples of relatively
extensive. sophisticated diffusion experiments are the Prairie Grass data, obtained
at O'Neill, Nebraska in 1956. 1 and the Green Glow data. -obtained at Rlichland.
Washington in 1959. 2 Because of the availability of these data. it was necessary
only to design experiments that would highlight operatlooisaly significant differences,if any. between the various sets of data.
The period of emission chosen for the diffusion experiments was .30 minutes.
Very limited knowledge im presently available about actual pollutant emission
peri,)ds at the missile ranges. It is known that actual pollutant emission periods%could vary from a few minutes to a few hours, depending on the total amount ofpropellant spilled, whether it is spilled Into a catch basin and drained or burned off.
whether a fuel-oxidizer mixture is present. whiether water is mixed with a spill -
to cite some of the factors leading to enjiscion period variability, Thus, from thepoint of view nf accident simulation, the choice of a 30- min emission pe-riod couldbe considered somewhat arbitrary. in practice, the diffusion re~qult5 to be presentedcant be used with confidence to assess the advisability of anty given operation with
to)xic manterials. However In the case of an actual accidcent, the interpretation of
the diffusion resulta- must account for significant differen,-res in emission periods
as well aa possible effective source heights.
The actual choice of the emission peroad was made ouily after considlerat ion of
ttvo oth-r aspectv of the problemn. One waa the gucneral bcalc or scope of the par-
ticular problem that was determined to be of the order of 2 to 5 mi for uns~table
nuuitoa, and 10 to 40 int for stable conditions. Teohrwstepeoiac
of an on-shore or sca -breeze circulation during the da.ylight hours at both sites forp-.ictically the cntire year. It wab de~irable to study the S-a-breeze situation In
-A-
S-.
3
particular. since an 'a priori' range safetY rule had been esitablished at both site*
that effectively precluded all operations %%ith toxic propellants during on-shore wind 9conditions. Therefore it was neceesary to deter-mine actual turbulent diffusion
cbaa~arterstics uinder "_s breeze coinditions, a~s accureaiaU as ý,assibte. Since thismeant that the most important expieriments for operational pur poses would be con-
duacted under unstable eonditiong, an emission perivd as long as possible was chosenin order to obtain nrarly -steady-state' sampling periods. -
I ~The criteria for the operation of the diffusion experimnents and the geornetry of
the sampling grids at Cape Canaveral and V'andenberg wer-e formulated on clima-tological data of those sites. physical characteristics at those locations, and moatImportant. on the ex~perie~nce from prior tests at Hanford that used the flame expert-..7
mental techniques. The initial design criteria included the following features:a. Sampling wouhI be conducted along arcs concentric about the source at
radial distances dictated by the scale of the problem.2
b. UWiere poissible. the arcs were to be spaced logarithmically from thesource.
c- 7he tracer material would be released from a ground-level source.
d. The period of emission would be 30 min as previously discussed,
In addition, features pecu~iar to the use of the Hanford Tracer System had toI be factored into the design. These were as follows:e. M~ax~i~ium rel':-azc rate for the dispersal of the tracer was not to exceed
5 kg per hour.
I. The sample-as~a)-ing syst- .i employed the Rlankin Counter, an automaticzinc sulfide particle detector, which is described in Chapter IL. Thesample assaying was to be condu4Lted at the Hanford Plant.
g. Centerline or peak ex~posures should be at least 100 times the backgroundccount to insure the required accuracy in arewise dispersion estimates.
h. Field samplers would 'ie in operation well before and after the passage ofthe cloud providing measurements of dosage ruther than concentration.
2. CAPE CANAVERAL -OCEAN 1BREEZE EXPERIMENTS
_--.
The Ocean Breeze source point was located h~ctwvecn LIunch Pads 15 and 16approximately 350 yd inland from the coastline. The diffusion course consisted ofthree arcs cooicentric on the source point at ra'iixi of 0. 75. 1. 5, and 3. 0 miles.
Samplers were placed at ý' intervals on Arc ; I and 2, and 1. 5 intervals on Arc 3.Arcs I and 2 extended friejn 15321 through s,',uth to 340' azimnuth bearing on the sourcepoint; Arc 3 from 1521 through sotath to 236. 5' azimuth he-aring on the souircepoint. A schenn.fic rhagramu of the Ocean, llrenze uampling couriie is mhown in
vigu.-e L. [An aerial photograph af Cape Can evi%-Al is shoj.%n iii F'igure 2 which alsoincludes the smpling ;in _ serioic roadi. eIt should be noted th at th o srntes ton of
thtecieypelddaloeain tt txcpoelnsdrn nsoewn -..€•dtoL leeoe twsncesr odee~ieacultruzn ifsin•-:
.,.. tt..
4
tl
SOUC
- J °- .
.-.
OCEAN OREEZE DIFFUSION COURSECAPE CANAVERAL*
Fig~ure 1. 0X. lati 131 s Difftrrhin Course Layout
aa a a -4 _
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It'
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L ", ... .. .:• " , ,, P ;
ell,- .. .-. ; . . . .I
# . , ,, • '• . ..- • . ,. / .o'
A.8 .
"Figure. 2./. Aeia Phtgrp of • Caavr l Shoin Sa pln Are'
" ,•' "-" ' X -- .~, ;",- .( , .. I:,.. _
'•: . .:. *j. .
", ,
. -",,',, .., I , : A• , ',.
t.• ~~Filgure 2. Aerial Phltougrfph of (• , Ccnaverall Showing Samplingl Arc '
"Service Road*
%
• .. ,.
the course was such that Are 3 could only be sued with northerly winds, a wind dl-
rectiorm which occurs fairly frequently during the winter at Canaveral. Woto h
Ocean Breeze experiments were conducted charite sea-breeze condliona. or under
easterly winds. Therefore. moat of thee" data ame restricted to Arcs I &ad 2.
The terrain at Canaveral constuta glenerally of rolling sand dunes 10- to 20-ft
high. Much of the diffusion coarse was covered with dense palmetto growth and
bruahwootL The palmetto varies in height froam about 2 to 5 ft; the brmshwood fromn
about 7 to 14 feet. (See Figure 3 for a typical photograph of Canavernal vegetation.
Because of the dense vegetation, all filters were placed at 15 ft above local ground
level. To enable a rough check on the degree of vertical mixing within the cleared
areas alonag each arc, an additional iS filters aeah were installed at 5-ft heights on
Arcs I and 2 at azimuth positions of 240% 246% 232,. 2580. 284*. 270% 2760, 2821.
288-, 25 i*, 3 Ga)*, 3061, 3120. 31V. and 3240'. A summary of comparisos between
- observed 5- and IS-ft concentrations is presented In Chapter If-
..4..
Figure 3. Palmewtto nod Birush Growth Typical of Much of ,-
Cape Can.&vcrnl Veg~etation
IL reparation or the diffusion course % us accornplfibleJ by a local company under
conrac t tit' irForcm Missile Test Centcr (ArkMTC), Pecor -ling to specifications
furnlishedI by AlVCRIf.. This work included at laring out lthe v~sgetation for the source
pVle and sampling arcs. surveying the positions of the filters and source point.
installing the sampling posts, providing electrical power at the source point, and
€o05tructing service roads behind each sampling arc. Pan-American Airways,
Inc.. the AFMTC range contractor, provided the hose. vacuum pumps, gasoline
entines. and hardware necessary to ir.strument each sampling position. Pan-
American also provided the radio-equipped trucks and personnel necessary to
operate the diffusion coarse..
Technical supervision of the diffusion experiments v'as provided by personnel
of the Atmospheric Physics Operation. Genera! Electric Compuny, Richland,
Washington. This consisted of training the field crew. scheduling each diffusion
experiment within the framework of other activities and favorable wind and stability
conditions at Canaveral. and maintaining a clcsc check for anomalies in the opera-
tlon of the generators and samplers. General Electric also furnished all the filters
and tracer material necessary for the experiments, and provided AFCRL with a
ta:ulation of the diffusion data resulting from each experiment.
4. VANDENBERG AFD - DRY GULCH EXPERI&MEIN1T
The terrain at Vandenberg is extremely comp.ex, about as far removed from
a• ideal flat plane as one could imagine. Significant terrain features consist of a
broad mesa 200 to 300 ft in elevation sloping to the wout with a 40- to 80-ft bluff
at the coastline and rugged foot-hills and ridges Inland. The mesa is cut'up by say-
eral sharp, fairly deep ravinus and has well-defined valley aysoems at its northerrn..
and southern edges. Both valley systems are oriented rougly along WNW to ESE
lines; the northernmost valley (San Antonio Valley) being fairly narrow with rela-
Uively steep sides, the southernmost valley (Lompoc or Santa Ynez Valley) being
quite broad with gently sloping uldes. Vegetat•on at Vandenberg generally consists
of grasses to a height of I to 2 ft, occasional clumps of brush 5- to C-ft high and an
occasional line of eucalyptus trees to heights of $0 to 80 feet. (See Figures 4, 5 and
$ for typical photographs of Vundvrabut ii trrl.ir, and vegatation features.)
The complexity of the terrain at Vander.berg lud us to design two Dry "
Gulch diffJslon courses; one tp on the mess. and one along the Lompoc Valley line,
both courses being oriented to sample the pred3minant on-shOre iea-breeze circu-
lation. The B-courae laid out nn the mesa hid a sourcu point about 2600-yd inland
from the coastline. Two sampling arc%, 13- 1 -•'. H-2, weru suurvey•d concentric
on the source point at radii of 1. 43 and 3. 52 mt (2301 and 5665 n,). Samplers were
placed at 2* intervals on Are f1-I which ran from 87" azimuth throtgh cant to 171'. _
Samplers were placed at I" int.rvass on Arc n-2 which rin from 85" azimuth through
east to ill. (See Fi-ure 7).
LI
!V.1
'1 Figure 4. GrossGrowth on Burten Mesa.
* .. *Vandenberg. Are B-2Intersected Line of~ - Eucalyptus Trees
jP Shown.
Figure 5. Dry GulchService Road Along .Southern End of AreD-11. Are Extends1lInt Mouth of LompocvaUcy
p. Figure 6. Dry 6.lch
SrieRoad Alonag
PrznaHills acrossHils on Pt. Arguello
9
A,
0 YSuBOW u
-100 moo UPP
- ft
VANViENSERO PRELIMINARY ME7EOROLOOICALNETWORK AND DIFFUSION GRIDS
Figure 7. Dry Clileli Diffusion Courses
10
The D-course laid out along the southern edge of the mesa and uap the Lompoc
Valley had a source point about I IOO0-yd inland from the coastline- Three sampling
arcs. D- 1. D-2. and D-3. were surveyed concentric on the source poilM at radii
of 0. 53, 0.93, and 2.93 mi (853. 1500. and 4715 in). Arcs V-i and D-2 emtended
from 64 aslaimoh feem thes source p*Wa to SSV*. cD2eilddCrmIOt
180. for the first two series of experiments by which time it was discovered that
the mean w'ind direction frequently did not follow terrain features along the valley.
but instead followed fairly stralght lines across the hills on the north side of the
valley. Accordingly, Arc D-3 was extended 200 on the north to 90* for the third and
final series of Dry Gulch experiments. Arcs. D-l and D-2 had 21 sampler spacing;
Arc D-3, 11 sampler spacing. AU sampler heights for Dry Gulch were 1. S ma
above local ground level.
Preparation of the diffusion courses consisted of the same activities as out-
lined for Ocean Breeze. It was accomplished by The Mat-tin Company. Vandenberg.
under contract to the Air Force Ballistics Systems Division according to AFCRL
specifications. General Electric Company personnel performed the same activities
(or Dry Gulch as they did far Ocean Breeze..
5. MIETEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT -
Supporting meteorological measurements wL-re taken for each Oicean Breeze
experiment by personnel of Pan-American's Capts Wieather Station. Wind speed aind
direction were measured by Belfort Instrument Company's Type M4 located at the
source point and exposed at 3 height of 12 ft above terrain. (See Figure 6 for a
photograph of the Ocean Breeze source point. ) Recording was on strip charts that
were driven at the rate of 3 in- Inmln for a ntomlinal 60-nmin period beginning with the
tracer emisstion period. Computations of mnean wind speed and the standard devia-
tion of wind direction fluctuations were ihcn made for the 30-mmn period corres-
ponding to the emnission per'2d or, in some cases, a 48-min period starting with
the emission period. rhese '!ata are tabulated In Chapter Ill.
Temperature profile i~formation was derived from three wiresonde measure- .m~ents of temperature from 'he surface to 500 ft read at 50-ft intervals on each
ascent and descent of wiredonvde captive ballocn. The wirenondes were begun about
15 otlin prior to the beginnimng of emission an.'I usually took a~bout 45 nmin for coni-
pletloit. The wiresondes 'sere taken at the Cape Weather Sta ion a few hundred feet
downwind from Arc 2 at an aLimuth bearing from the sour-ce point Of ;About 196*. ,
(See Figure 1. ) Mean verti,:al teinperatui c differptices coinpuzzed fro~m thwse dataL
are tabulated in Chapter Ill. It is worthwhile to note here. ho.wever. that these data
II r.
* I"
are more subject to error thaw all other data obtained during Ocean Breeze simply
because of the inherent limitations of the wiresonde observational System.
Detachment 11. 4th Weather Group. Air Weather Service. Patrick AFB pro-vidded support to the Ocean Breeze activities by furnishing copies of standard syn- "
apt- Me for- Pvtrfek AFS am Cape Canaveral- TbwdmNab o&i• t• WIAX -
10A and LOB surface obrervation forms. copies of the surface synortic maps
analyzed for the area, and rawinsonde data collected from Cape Canaveral bt Pan
American Airways, Inc. The Weather Detachment also provided wintd direcUon
forecasts in direct s-Jpport of scheduling '_ach Ocean bsreeae diffusion experiment.
Since these data are standard synoptic data usually readily available to interetted
parties, they are not presented here. The rawlnsonde data. however, are presented.
Supporting meteorological measurem~ents were made for each Dry Gulch
experiment by personnel of Detachment 3. 3rd Weather Wing. Air Weather Service.
Wind speed atd direction were recorded by Belfort Type M wind sets exposed at 12
ft above terrain at each source point. rfe-.ording was at the rate of 3 in./min as at
Ocean Breeze and the same type of data redelction was acrxmplished. (See Chapter
Temperature differences for the first 29 Dry Gulch experiments were obtained
by 'gantrysondel, ajerry-rigged devi.•e utilizing wiresoade instruments mounted on
an Atlas gantry. Since this was not a particularly trustworthy method of obtaining
temperature difference data, the 'gantrysondala were replaced by wiresondes.
Location of the wiresonde and 'gantrysonde' sites is shown In Figure 7. The mean
vertical temperature difference data obtained from these observations are presented
in Chapter Ill.
Between the first and second series of Dry Gulch experiments, it was decided
to augentt Vie wi-ebonde measurements by measuring the temperature difference
between 6 and 54 ft on a fixed tower known as the MOD-1! site. (See Figure 7.)
These measurcments were obtained by recording the temperature differcnce indica-
ted bv thermocuuple junctions exposed at these heights in wind or naturally-ventilatedradiation shielda deaigned, built. and loaned by Dr. William Clayton. Agricultural
& Mechanical College of Texas. College Station. Texas.
Between the second and third series of Dry Gulch experiments. one more
observational site of vertical temperature difference was established, using 6-
junctiorn thlirmopilcs in Bcckman-Whitley aspirated shieids at heights of 6 and 54
feet. Recording was nn IRustrak recorders. The site for thcse observ;utions was
near the source pxoint for the D-course. Tabu!atian of mean vertical temperature
differenmes obtained from these two charts fur the Dry Gulkh experiments is pre-
sented in Chapter Ill.
In aidition to tihe i.eteorological support provided by Detachment 3P the U. S,
Wea:h(.r Bureau awii-sondte statia at Puir,t Arguello. a support group at the Pacific
-I
S-'
. . _ .• •.,
Missile Range. made special releases and detailed computations of the wind andtemiweature profiles vp to 700 rmb for most of the Dry Gulch experiments. For
those experiments tha coincided with their regular observation time, the regular 0raw'.nsonde observation was used. These rawinsonde data are tabulated In ChapterIll. It should be =04Ld lawover. that the rawinsonde site ts about 8-mi south atand 200-ft higher thaa fle wireaoode site. Vandenberg local cir culation patternsare characterized by frequent occurrence of a marine in~version layer. a phenomenonwhich has possible im~ortant effects on air pollution levels. For a discussion of- -
which effects were observed. refer to Volume It. Chapter Ill of this report.One other set of meteorological observation* made for both Ocean Breeze and
Dry Gulch Ehould be muinioned. These consistc'" of battery -operated BelfortInstrument Company Type Cis which were installed at 12 sites at Canaveral and 18sites at Vandenberg for the purpose of obtaining horizontal wind-trajectory infor-mation. These inatrunerts were especially built for thease programs, but pr.,vedto be unsuccessful. 71be prin.Ary reason for their failure was corrosion of thespeed aind direction communtators when exposed t( high ccncentrations of sea salt.a problem anticipated bu wt fuhll appreciated prior tu Lanarument. installation.Personnel of Detachuste 3. Vandenberg wert particularly Industrious sand ingenic..eIn mnaintaining and madifying the Type C wind aets in the field, but the resultingdata are deemed insufficient In both quantity and quality to merit tabulation.
6. EXPERIMENTA L TECHNIQU E FOR TRACER EXPERT IENIS
The general rnetlmrd in conducting a dispersion experiment is to release a tracermaterial Into the air at a known and cons tant rate, and sam~le the material atvarious distaunces and azimuth@ downwind. The results must be quantitative so thatcareful design of sampler and assaying systems is essential. *n addition, theanalysis planned for the data must be at least partially determined in advance sotha~t titt. ririal %cuaIttdnee requirements on the data can bc factorcd Into each step Inthe coniduct of the experiment.
The atmospheric trazer material used during these experiments was the flunrvacent pigmenct, zinc sulfide. U.S. Radium Corporation designation No. 2210.It to a very fin,- particulate which fluorexea green under ultraviolet light. Thep~article size fl:.trlbut~on i.* nearly log-normal with a geometric mean of 2. 5p and .
a utalbdardi deviation of the logarithms of the diameter of 0. 70. The materialtspecific gravity is 4. 1.
Thie fluorescent powder is mixed with a su.rface active agent, sodium la'iryisulfAte, In the Lratio Of 2 g dutergent per kg of pigment. A small amount of wzter,about 112 gal. iý; added !o the dry material and thoroughly muixed with a paint ahaker.
13
Class beads are added to enhance mixing. The slurry Is then transfUrred to alarge formulation tank, where it is further mLxed with additional water for at
least 20 min before release through the dispenser. The recirculation rate. prior toand during emission, Is 4800 gal per hour. Homogeneity of the formulation is
chedted by drai'tn soamples directly from we intake U"e ,QC dispeut duarinag
generation.
The fluorescent pigment slurry is dispensed through two standard ToddInsecticidal Fog Applicators (TIFA). The TIFA. shown in Figure 8. is an aerosol
fog generator which consists of four primary compQnents: an air blower, which
oelivers 160 cfni to the atomizer cup, used to atomize the liquid carrier; a com-bustion chamber, used to heat the air from the biowcr and aid atontization and
evaporation of the carrLer; a tormilation pump to supply the foi mulation to the
atomizer cup under pressure; and a 7. 5 hp gasoline engine to drive the blowerand the pump and. also. to supply a f-ontinuou$ electric spark to fire the combustion
chamber.
'..: -1'i,
--. "• ." • ---' .. -I. . " •
NJ
Figure 8. Ocean Breeze Source Point Showing the ToddInsvcticida, Fop AprAicators Ernoting Pigment. BelfortType 'M WVind Set is Seen vn Background.
The generators are :ppratud In pairs, side by side, with a common formulation.
tank to obtain release rates up to 8 kg per hour. The di.p~ensing rate is varied by
adjusting the formulation pressure or by ad-.usting the droplet size sele:ctor or a
77.-,..'.2 -
.- - -.... . .. . .. ...... * * 4. 7 _.
14-*..
combination of both. (Once set, the dispensing rate is essentially constant.) t,
was determined that a volumetric generation rate of 20 gal per hour and a blower-.
air temperature of 7500F would produce a sprpv which essentially evaporates within
a few feet of the nozzle. To minimize losses on veeetation close to the source, the
nozzles of the two dispensers were pointed upward at an angle of about 300. giving
an effective source height of 2 to 3 m above ground. The nozzles of the two dis-
pensers were pointed inward t-) make an angle of about 40" with the centerline ofthe sampling grid producing effectively a single source.
The generation rate was set prior to each release and was not altered after
generation was started. The actual amount of pigment emitted during each run wascomputed by subtracting the amount of formulation remaining in the tank at the end
of the generation period from the total formulation in the tank at the beginning of
the generation period.
The primary sampler used in the Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg AFB experi-ments was a membrane filter inserted in a disposable polyethylene holder. Sam-
ples collected on a filtcr were bulk samnples intended to collect all pigment passing - '
through the intake zone during a given run. FIgure 9 shows that the sampler unit
consists of five parts: The base contairn a cavity in which a cylindrical roll of
crened-paper filter backing is inserted; a molecular membrane filter (Membrane
Filter. 47 mm diameter, Type AM-l of Gelman Instrument Co. . Chelsea. Michigan)
is placed on the plane circular surface formed by the base and the filter backing;
the retaining ring pinches the periphery of the filter tightly against the base. while
the circular area of 1-5/8 - inch diameter that is still exposed is supported by the
norous creped backing; the dust cap merely protects the filter surface both prior
to and subsequent to sa.npler exposure. Vacuum is applied at the ribbed nozzle of
the base and the dust cap is removed durinj field operation. Each rIiter holder was
used only once; thus, there was a complete new act of sampling units for each field
test, eliminating any possibility of contamination from the sampling assembly.
Figure 9. Blow-jp of Membrane Filter Sampler Unit
r7
- ,.
The basic vacuum system used throughout consisted of a Gant-Model 2535V.heavy duty, vane-type vacuum pump driven by a Clinton-Series 290. Model TBA.
air-cooled. 4-cy, 1-cylinder, gasoline engine thown in Figure 10. Each unit -
would provide 5 cfm of air flow at critical flow and would operate for at least 4 hr
withou refueling. Wheir* lower volumetric now rates were adequate. the samplers
were manifolded to the vacuum pump by connecting them with 1-In. vact•um hose.
"K..
I--
Figure 10. Photograph of Vacuum System Used with Sampler Units
It is Important to determine the rate of air f'low through the filter if the exposure
data are to be accurate. Consequently, all the orifices used In the Ocean Beeeze "'"
and Dry Gulch Programs were individually calibrated, taking Into account the
small reduction in flow due to the pressure drop across the filter. The approxi-mate size of the orifices required for critical flow for each arc was first deter-
mined from the anticipated source strength. the estimated dilution of material asdetermined from previous cxpcrlments. and the range of mass values that the
counting equipment could accurately detect. On.e the desired fi-j rate for each
arc was determined, the individually calibrated orifices were selectively grouped rfor each arc. Because of the small range of flow rates on any one are. it was
possible to use the mean value for the entire arc. The resulting error contributed
less than I per cent of the overall standard error, which is listed in 'he table of
results. Chapter It.The mean values of the flow rate are given ir. Table L- "'".
K...
TABLE t. Mean nlow rates for O--ea Breeze and Dry Quaic experiments
b
Ocean Breeze Dry Gatch3 -. 3 .1
Arce Flow Rate fmn see-I Are Flow Rate (Mn see1 0.0009 B-1. . -001864
8-2 o- 001864
2 0.002043 D-1 I. 000920
D-2 4. 0018843 0.002048 D-3 0.001864
7. DESCRrPT1VE SUMMARY OF EXPRRIMENTS
An attempt was made to conduct diffusion experiments which would sample
significant seasonal differences in local circulation patterns at Canaveral and
Vandenberg. For Canaveral. experinenls were conducted during the summer and
winter seasons; summer hecause of the high frequency oroccurr.ce of sea
breezes; winter because of fairly frequent cold frontal passages which occurred
with northerly winds and. it was thought, possibly frequent very unstable conditions.
For Vandenberg. experiments were conducted within and during the absence of the
marine layer with a strong capping inversion. These were also es! entLilly summer
and winter experiments.
The purpose of the experiments was. again, to provide data for developing and
testing diffusion prediction equations for operational use at Canaveral and Vanden-
berg. Concurrent with the field diffusion work. AFCRL was actively engaged in
cbtaining an automatic metevrological data observation and processing system to be
installed at each base. This system continually provides as output. among other
things, Aolutiuns to the diffusion prediction equation developed for the missile base.
(See Volume II, Chapters II and Ill.) Therefore, In an ittempt to test the system
output against actual diffusion test data, a third series of experiments was con- .
ducted at both bases.
There were -,6 diffusion experiments conducted during Ocean Breeze over
approximately a 12-mo period; 23 were conducted between IS May and 14 June
1961; 27 between tl January and 3 Februry 1962; 26 between 10 March and 31March 1962. There were 109 diffusion experiments conducted during Dry Gulch;
52 were conducted between 12 June and 3 Augu3t 1961 (24 on B. 25 on 0, and 3
on course B with Arc D-3 also activated); 27 between 5 February and 29 Narch -
L962 (13 on B, 14onD); 30between 31 May and 29June 1O62(07onB, i3onD).
17
The diffusiuo experiments are summarized in Table 2 according to a stability
classUfleation scheme loosely defined as very stable, moderately stable, moderately
wnutable. and vwyr unstable. To classify each experiment, values of the mean
temperature difference between 6 and 54 fIt. denoted by AT. were used. Numerical
limits of AT for the various categories are indicated in the Table. The primary
value of Table 2 is to emphasize the very high frequency of the experiments that
ase classified as moderately unstable. This, of course, is a direct result of
orienting the diffusion courses to study on-shore circulation patterns. Stable
coitions occur very rarely with on-shore winds at either base, the most common
stable situation being nearly calm conditions or winds drifting air very slowly out
to sea. Neither of these latter conditions coald be studied with the diffusion
coarses, althoug this is obviously of little concern to the operational problem of
4schedulUng potentially haza-dous air pollution incidenOts. Under calm conditions,
one simply does #ot schedule a potentially hazardous 9-tivity, regardless of the
stability. With persistent off-shore winds, no air po.lution haLard exists to per-
ooanel working at the missile bases.
The strong bias toward unstable conditions is somewhat undcsiruble for the
purpose of developing diffusion prediction equations or general applicability for a
wide range of low-level stabilities. The solution to this problem that has been
adopted at both Canaveral and Vandenberg may be found in Volume !I, Chapter 1.
TABLE 2. Oce-an Breeze and Dry Gulch experiments summarized by stabilityclass ifications. &T - temperature at 54 ft minus temperature at 6 ft
Very Xoder&.toly Moderately Ver T No.Unstable Unstable Stabte Tobta
tATS3. 0"F) f-3 0< To1 0'F) (0<A& <3.0"F) (AT'J .OF) Experimunnt/
Acoaanr- It 0 41Arva i-
Ocean Sri 0303AllArco0 0
Dry Gulch 5 42 q 0 548 -course-. "''
D Catch. 4 44 4 0 2bD -coar se
C*7 Golck.9-nurse and 0 3 0 0 3Arc .13
"T'otals• by '-:;
Stob3lt7 Category 14 147 24 0 IRS .,
S.:.:
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the help of the many people whose diligent andenthusiastic efforts made the design and conduct of these experiments possible-
Morton I- Bared, AFCRL. has participated actively in many long discussionsof the overall effort with the authors. Max F. Scoggins, General Electric Company,personally checked the samipling equipment installations and trained the field crewsin the ne#-essary experimental techniques for both Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch.Charles Simpson, General Electric Company, wae the test conductor for all Onean
Breeze experiments. Charles Elderkin, General Electric Company, was the testconductor for all Dry Gulch experiments.
[A. Colonel Robert I- Miller, at first a member of Detachment t1 at PatrickAFB and later Detachment 54 at Hanacom Field. 4th Weather Group, Air WeatherService. was the AFMTC Project Officer for Ocean Breeze from January 1951 toJanuary 10C2 and AFCRL's representative for the lost two series 0f Ocean Breezeexperiments. Richard Whelpley, Pan-American Airways, Inc. , was outstanding irkensuring the successful end accurate completion of the Ocean Breeze diffusioncourse. David Dunkle, Pan-American Airways, Inc. , managed the general logiati-cat plans preparing for Ocean Breeze including ordo.-ing and preparing for use thefield d'.ffusion equipment. David Newton, Manager. Range Operations, Pan-American A~rweys. Inc. . almost single-handedly took care of our day-to-dayacenduling. personnel, vehicle, and general logistic problems.
Major J')hn 11. Taylor. AFCRL. was the AFCJIt, Project Officer for all theDry Gulch experiments. Major W. Leon Dotson. Detachment 3, 3rd Weather Wing.Vandenberg, organized the meteorological support services required by the Dry
L
.,..
'0"'r.~ , 6- e ,e
Gulch program and, in addition, served as our point of contact on many dallylogistical problems. M/Sgt. Oranville Fr~chette and M/Sgt. Howard Cooke.Detachment 3, 3ra Weather Wing, were outstanding in maintaining all the metembr-
logsal support squepme, used during Dry Chlch. W1asm Selby. The Mai-UsCompany, supervised the preparation of the Dry Gulch diffusion courses. Ms-rvq
Hines, The Martin Company, supervisor of the Dry Gulch field crew. was extrvwin-13 helpful in solving many of our daily scheduling, personnel, and vehicle problem&.
The deep personal interest in the objectives of the effort displayed by all thi__ -
people, and many others too numerous to mention, has been invaluable.
ReFerences
1. M. L. BARAD, ed., Project Prairie Grass, A Field Program In Diffusion.I and Ii, Geophysics Research Paper. No. 59, AVR.RL, Bedford, Mass.,
2. M. L BARAD, and J. J. FUQUAY, ads., Green Glow Diffusion Studies, I am aGeophysics Research Paper, No. 73. AFCRL. Bedford, Mass, 1961.
%
*°
'Sl
" " m i m mm l mi •.5li i.mm.
21
I. INTRODUCTION 212. DESICRIPTION OF ASSAYINO TSCHNIQUE 212. OCEAN BREEZE DIFFUSION DATA 24. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 5- AND 19-VFIOCEAN BREEZE EXPOSURE DATA 24S. DRY GULChI DIFFUSION DATA 26
I.Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Diffusion DateLClslu 1. 8imps..CharleuL KEilehma
PWu W. NicholsGoswra I1oeric Compasw
I. INTRODUCTION
The diffusion data obtained during the experimento described in Chapter I werereduced by pmrnennol of the General Flectric Company at Ricklan4. Wmabintogio.
The purpone of this chapter is to present summaries of thes" diata PV101 notestaken diuring tlia experimcrts which in mnany cases may be used to explain. queutiots-
able data are also prevented.
2. DESCRIPTION OF ASBAYDIG TECHNIQUIC
All bulk sample. of trocur coitalited during Projects Ocean, Breeze and Dry
Gulch wore forwarded to thlnford for assaying in a Rankin frointet. 7h1s device(Vfigurr. 1) permits quantitative dutectiun of the ri .cjre,'~ingj tracer an the standardfilter.
In the partially dlsassuznblui Rtankin coonter nhuwn at the left in Figure 1, It can
be seen that 12 complete field tianiploirs call be tnserted simultaneously In tlia turn- 7table of the counting pig. Tits only processing tha~t llluot be dune to a field filter
before its inscrtion in the coun~ter is tits removal of thv dust cap.
'14,
-. o.-. .
|I. *.°..
22
M Par 02 P "
•, .' • ;.• .. ..
Figure 1. The Rankin Counter. The Instrument partiallydisassembled Is shown a left, the assembled unit at right.
The filter in rotated to the counting position directly under a Dumont 0292multiplier photatube. Figure 2 schemvatically Mlustrates a filter in counting posi-tion. A 200-microcur-o plutonium source In the shape of an annulus about the baseof the phototube, bombards the zinc eutfide tracer with alpha particles. The result-Ing scintillations are viewed by the p..totub*, amplified, ind tallied on is scaler.
The Gelman A M- t membrane filter used in the sampler retains the bulk ofsampled tracer particles at Its surface. This surface retention facilitates theexcitation of the sampled tracer by the bombarding alpha ppmrticies.
Design of the counting pig permntk the counter uperator to Insert andJ removeftiters from the turntable at the same time
a filter ts being counted under the photo-
tub*. rils praodure resultod in consid-
ton. 0 ru puo m o hbloe saving of time cunsidarinb the largeFLJ0166:4 AP" um~ber uf filturs (roughly 40, 000O) ansayed
during Ocuan Rroete wind Dry Gulch, -
The qculcr count rat& (C) is convertedto the nines (M) of tracer by means of
Ss to vw t the rolattonamip *'.
liUM 1 16 AI 0.05211 logl 0C -9P. 07924
otgoe of . ath c smleudtrarn by t ihere C is in coal nts per rinute. The£ultdr in rouiting pdth tion in flankin brm t kgro-nd counting rate Inshrout .5 counts 'I
couuite,
filtrs rom lNIturnabl at heame ima. "- .. ,
per win - the equtalese of 4 X 109g of tracer. The calibration has been found tOhold for msasses as hIgh ad 4X 10- grams.
S. OCEAN DlREZEZ WrFUSOI DATA
Table I conesins values of dosage in gmn seec . as measured at a height of15 ft above Owe Ground for each of three sampling arcs employed in the OceanBreeze prograM, as well as values of the relative standard error, which Is definedathe standard deviation of repeat determinations of mass on a given filter as a
percentage of Oea mass collected.
For coaveniencea, the data to Table I are presented in the form of a computerlisting. The first word Is an Identification word; the second contains the exposure
as measured at sa azimuth given in the irst word. The appropriate rotative
standard error Is given in the third word. The fourth, fifth. sixth, and seventhwords contsao the douds and relative error at the next sampler position In a clock-
wise rotatkmLIn the first word, thea first. dli~t denotes the arej ths, second tb~rd, and fo~urth
digits specify hse number of the experiment; the sixth, always a r, denotes the
15-fl level. the seventh. eighth, ninth, and tenth digits denoto the azimuth of thesampler. At entry of 2040 in leb last fotr digits of the fint word indicates an
azimuth of 204. 0. However, since the tenth digit specifies the number of quarter-
degrees, an entry of 2042 in the last four digits indicates an azimuth of 204. t o.
This device was adopted to accomreodate the half-degree spacings on Arc 2.
Table 2 contains the values of exposure In gm sac m' a measured at heightsof 5 ft above the ground and rt interpreted In the same manner as the data In Table
t, except that the sixth digit of the identification word is always an 8to denote the
S-ft level.
An asterisk preceding an exposure' word indicates that the value reported
could possibly be In error. Errors arise because of such reported mishaps asdust on filters i. slit fiters, engine troubles. tilter caps lete on, and so forth.
Table I summarizes a notes taken at the site during d th testing and in the analysis
of the sample* in the Hanford laboratory. Thetse notes correspnnd to the asterisks
printed with tht exposure data. It will be noted that litghet dust was found on many
of the samples. This resulted mainly from the fact that the sampling time was* necessarily long because of light winds associated with many of the toet*. This
problem was critically examinad during the Green Glow program aud correction
factors were applied to compeninae for thil effect. ' he dust on the filters at Cape
Canavof rl was, however, so lght tht the effect of its prraonln dd not satgnifiantly ..-..-..
affect the exposur e values that are given.
Table 4 presents the arcwise integrated exposures and the standard deviationof arcwise mass distributions for Ocean Breeze. The arcwise integrated exposure
Is defined as the product of the exposure and ,ampler spacing summed over the
entire arc. or AlE • ZE.y Ay (over all y) where y denotes the arc position endAy is the sampler spacing.
Table S lists the, pe mode dartng which ftvorescenf prtifctes were emitted forthe diffusion experiments at Cape Canaveral, and also the total amounts (Q), in
kilograms. of tracer material emitted. The length of the period of emission was
always 30 minutes.
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEZN l- AND I1-FT OCEAN BREEZE EXPOSURE DATA
Secondary level samplers, placed 5 ft high and spaced 6" ap.lrt between 2400
and 330" azimuth on Arcs I and 2, were ir. the tracer plume on 39 field tests, of
which only 0 were run at night. The ratio of exposure at 5 ft to exposure at 15 ft
was calcuiated for each data point, and a.ill be designated R in the following dis-
CUNSIGILThe range of R found was 0. 1 to It. 5 for day runs and 0. I to 4. 3 for night
runs. After averaging all observations uode at each azimuth, the range decreasedto 0. 1 to 2. 5 for day runs and 0, 1 to 4. 3 for night runs. Values of R greater than
approximately 1. 5 or less th-n about 0. 5 almost invariably occurred at the edge
of the plume, with exposures two to five orders of magnitude less than the peak ex-
posures. Two exceptions were found; one during a day run (R • 8. 5) and one duringa night run (R - 4. 3). Doth exceptions were at the peak, and no explanation seemssatisfactory for these two oddities.
The mean of 11 for all day runs was 1. 0; for all night runs, 0. 9. The overallaverage R for all runs, all azimuths, and all arcs was 1. 0. The variance of R
was 0. 33 for day runs; 0. 48 for night runs. The frequency distributions for day
runs were positively skewed; for night rune, slightly negatively skewed. (See
Figures 3 and 4.)Seasonal and vegetailonal effects were examined, but little Rignificance could
be attached to the variations observed. In general, day run# showed no seasonal -
va'l*ation, but a slight dependence on vegetation was indicated. R being about 20
per cent less when surrounded by vegetat ion more than 5 ft high than when our-*.rounded by vegaoation iexs than 5 ft hlgh. Night rtns, hivwevor, showed no vegeta-
tion depundunce; s alighl variation with season appeared, fl during the summerheing uhout 10 per cent less than that diring the winter.
W 2 -,IUMIM
Fiue3 rqenydsrbto of Fiur 4. Frequec - itiuino
5 . DR GUC IFUINDT
tF-gthe 3.s Freqecyh distribu atio of Fiura4dFeqnydistrnefo h sucpibutio .3mio .
2 - f the teon B5f exosurse ar taluestarnte of 3.5 5mI- to e 15firt DCosurse alues t
0 he expo dsurne faaror the Drys Gulch exper8-ment aren poresend irc Tatl 0. 9mi.
the 9 amte bahicd f orutrste Orce Bezdat2.9mirda. HowevnerItbeouause nofted that
considerable editing of the original data was necessary before the tabulated Van-
denberg results Lauld be obtained. This editing was necessary for aeveral reasons.
First, sampling cquipmeiit failure recorded by the field crew during the tests
sometimes produced Incorrect data. Equipment failure included engin~es stopping
during the test, lack of neccssary pressure diffecrential to piroduc~e critical flow,
and damage to filter samples. Dust and carbon collection on some filters. casling
a reduction in tracer detection. was also noted when the camp!.. were assayed.During run 5%, due to the highest wind of any of the tests. so many adjacent Mlwo-
on Arcs 7 and 8 were dust laden that no attempt could be made to adjust thems. AMotherz erronew~s data weaeittii f rom sampling equipmen fatbere, wemoorpfteeI WMtvalues interpolated between the surrounding correct dot&.
Second, unusually low dosages were measured at a few sampling positkomwhere sampling was seriously o~atructed by terrain or vegetation- These casesoccu'-red where samplers sat at the bottom of deep ravines not charact~eristic ofthe general terrain and where samplers fell within or just behind one of the fewgroups of trees that were not characteristic of the general vegetative cover. In
* addition to shielding the samples from the plume, thes, areas often trapped th
engine exhaust producing a collection of carbon on Lbe filters that reduced the traces* detection still further. Serious dosage reduction of this sort necessitated e~duli Et
data for several of the tests from the following ,tampling positions: 8-132, 8-134.
B-136, and 9-119, located in deep gullies and 2-099. 2-102. and 9-138 located be-
bind trees. Tbese data, were replaced with Jutte-epalations between the siwrsroadrepresentative samples. Many other dosage measu~rements were considered vsliwhere samplers were paitially shielded by the rough terrain features generaftfound over considerable areas at Vandenberg.
Data ivere corrected from six sampling positions a1 2-033 throug-i 2-138 la thelanding strip approach zone where small orifices had to be used during the first
series of 52 tests. None of the engine and va4-uut pump assemblies could be placedin this area an~d It %;as necessary to reach these samplitig positions. with long boses
from pumps situated outside the approach zone. Flow through the hoses produced apressure drop which would have been too large to allow critical flow through Ohe
0. 001864 rn3 lsec orifices used on the rest of the arc. Consequently, critIcs!orif ices giving half this flow rate were used at these six sampling positions A"d the
counts fur the samples taken there were doubled. This allowed the larger flow rateto be used for the entire arc in data reduc~ton and a change in the computer do"reduction program was avoided.
The edge of the plume extended beyond the limits of the sampling course noe oneor trois arcs during several teats. In ten of these cases, it was possible to cos-fidently extrapolate with the addition of no more than thrveedata points thus exteninfzgthe crouxswind distribut~on to near backgroundJ counts. This was done only when the.- .
shape of the extended crosswind distributiz~n tail was clearly established by thevalid samples taken n(.ar the end of the arc or by the shape of the crosswind distri-bu.:.az conitained within the sampling grid on the other arcs. This editing provided
better estimates of the crosswind variance an these ten cases.
a reucton n tacer•.•tecion wa als noed henther~amle8wer a~in4
27
Because o the intenstive testing at Vandenberg with orten two and as many asthree tests in a day, the accumulation of tracer umterial deposited on the ground
and its continual re-entrainment during the subsequent tests led to anomalous
sampling. in most cases, the magnitude of this field contamination was low enough
ha oL cp raba ouy wih those dosagos at the edge of the plume. This led to avery small average value of field background which was factored into the data re-
duction and which had an insignificant effect on the dlusage calculation. However,when the contamination was found at the tail of the crosswind distrtb~ation, it could --
possibly alter the calculattim of the crosswind variamce of the plume if not excluded.To combat the conthmination problem. an attempt to minimize the effect was made
by scheduling the diffusion tests with at least two hours from the end of one experi-
ment until, the beginning of the next to allow the wind to 'clear ofir the course and
reduce the particle pickup to a low leveL Also. in editing the data, the anomalouscounts were removed when the contamination was identified by noting the path of
previous plumes. wshere contamination would be most likely, and by accounting for
particular areas that were found to be recurrent soarces of contamination. Also.
plotting crosswind distributions and comparing them Crow otue art to another aided
in identifying and clininating contamination samples.There were 17 cases of data obviously erroneous in which the reason for the
error was unknown. These could possibly be accounted for by undetected faulty
equipment, such as a plugged orifice which would restrict the flow, but would offer
no visible evidence of improper operation. The uampling position at 7-148 evi-
dently experienced some undetected equipment failure such as this during the first
phase of the Vandenberg esperiments; in almost every instance where the plumepassed that position, a suspiciously low dosage was measured. The lack of expe-
rience of the field crews during the first few tests could also account for some ofthese unexplained erroneous values.
Whenever observed data were changed because of any of the reasons mentionedabove, an asterisk appears in front of the data point in the table of dosages, indi-
eating a notation was made concerning that value. Many additional asterisks appear
indicating notes Ahere no change in the data was necessary. Such notes concern .
sampling equipment adjustment ulhcre adequate sampling was not intecrupted, de-tection and correction of equipment failures before or after plume pawage wheresampling of the plume was not affected. light dust or smoke on the filters that did
not reduce the count noticeably, cases where the filter was recounted and the secondcount was listed. arpd one case where a second sample was collected at sampling
position 7-122 durinA the last t'.¶u phases of the Vandenberg te.t series. This sam-
ple was taken at the tc, p of a sma•'I hill just ahead of the original sample to determineLd the hill altered the dosage r.,eastird at this point. There was oftei a factor of
17-- - r.- ..-.
.,. -; .,.
33 h ". -y
two between the counts at these two samples, but the original sample usually fit the %
awasrind distribution as well as the second sample and the original sample was
ozed in all cases.
For all those instances where interpolated or extrapolated estimates were
use.a Uli*tof the notes per-taihtg to these date potvtra 1rhr -hrt In Ta . ,.
"The arcwtse integrated exposures and the standard deviation of arcwise mass
distributions for the Dry Gulch experiments are presented in Table 8. Emission
period data and total amounts of tracer emitted are listed in Table 9.
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TABLE S. Summary of field and laboratory notes for the Ocean Briseile* ~experiments. Position denotes are and azimuth location of sampler -
U FIFTEEN FOOT SAMPLE HEIGHTS
1 1-228 Sample dropped cnt ground1.230 Engine changed out duruing test1.242 Filter split1:246 Filter dropped2.222 to 2-226 Engines out *bout 5 minutes fdqrn tues2.242 Engine out 2 minutes during teat2.244 Filter not properly seated In holder
2 1-230 Engine out 5 minutes during test2-230 Engine out 2 rrioutes during test62a3 Engine out 5 minutes during teat
3 2.-206 through 2-228 Heavy ground fog6 2-294 Data correct. troubles encou-iteced
prior to testto 1 2.184 Engine dead at end of test - still warm11 2.204 Ligbt rain afteu 1945 1
2-212 through 2.232 Light ran after 19458a3.216 Sample missing. dat~a Interpolated
)A 1.224 shuough 1-262 Spray Painting no"s samplers, paint% tested and found not to alfea
these data14 2-222 and 2-230 Engines dead. values interpolated15 2.298 Small blid-peck hole in filter16 1.258 Small bird.peck hole in flate19 1-272 Bird observed perched on sampler20 2-248 Light intermittent rain during test
2-258 Filter m innng, value interpoltaed2-278 and 2-278 Heavy rain showe, at 1255 Sf2.294 and 2.206 Liplit rain shower at 1216 82-318 Sample dropped on ground
24 3-161 Split In fitetr25 2.160 through 2.174 Light dust on fillte
3.161 through 3-173 Lgtdust on IIICer28 2.132 through 2.170 Lgt dust on (Lf ter
3 .152 through 3.168 LISght dust on fIIIlete27 2.178 through 2-186 Very light dunt on filter
3.1744 Ibt carbon on filter3-183 Fate touched with finger
28 1.182 through 1.188 Light carbon on filter2.182 through 2-186 Liaght carbon on filter
29 1.176 Data correct. suspicious sample recounted"lw30 3-159 through 3-188 Light carbon on fiser32 2-182 Data correct. suspicious sample recounted36 1.264 and 1-256 Data correct, suspicious sample recounted37 1.254 Filter touched with finger
1-256 Data correct, suspicious data recounted38 1-282 Filter nct completely seated in sampler39 1-194 Data cocrect, suspic Iout data recounted
2.190 Engine dead. data interpolated2.200 Heavy cv~on. data interpolated2-242 Engine dead. data Interpolated
41 3.164 Engine dead, data Interpolated42 1-194 -20 Data correct. suspicious sample recounted
% . -103throgh 1210 Dust In vicinity, did not affect 3amples2.200 Data correct. suipiclous sample recounted3-11.9 ihioughl 3.162 Smolke In vicinity, did not arffect sample$
....
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TABLE 3 (contd)
Run position Note
1- 1 Engine dead. but warm at end of t.3-216 Data correct, suspl ulft Sam"iplm e
Datat correct. auspicious sample recmnoto."
45 1-194 Data correct. suspiciou"s- S .
41 1-218 Data correct. suspicious sample reoo41nll -
2-210 Filter dropped2-216 Data cutrect. suspicious sample eecoumSl2-218 Engine dead at end of tet1-236 Data correct. suspicious $am'Ie Icvu,.o o- eo r'
66 1-194 Filter mising. value Intepo a'ed67 1-236 Data correct, suspicious sample zec.-aw-
68 1.236 Data correct, suspicious sample reco.s,- ,
FIVE FOOT SAMPLE HEIGH1TS
Run Position Note
I1 1-240 No filter. counted backing1.252 Carbon on lUt.-2-268 Light dust on filte-
15 1-288 FIrter dropped21 2.246 Carbon on filter -
35 2-264 through 2.294 Light dust on filters
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TABLE 5. Total amount of tracer generated. Qi in kilograrns.Identified bj run number, date, and time the 30-main emissionperiod began for Ocean Breese I.
M- fate rthe Relesue Regan (EM
I 1.04 15 May 61 1826S 1.78 17 May 61 1650S .65 17 May 61 21004 1.18 18 May 61 16506 .5/ 1 May 61 2033 '6 .5s 19 May 61 19407 1.95 24 May 61 16500 .61 24 May 61 2056* 1.70 29 May 61 1648
15 1.11 29 May 61 20621.1 1.80 31 May61 184612 :t.13 5 Jun 61 110013 ).94 6 Jun61 090014 '14.56 Jvun 61 123715 2.73 7 Jun 61 090616 2.13 7 Jun 61 12391" 2.84 8 Jun 61 084013 2.67 8 Jun 61 123119 2.61 9 Jurn 61 083520 2.84 9 Jun 61 121021 2.79 12 Jun 61 104522 2.81 13 Jun 61 1029.23 2.62 14 Jun 61 103724 2.86 11Jan61 1327
26 2.06 17 IJan t 1843 . *...,
"26 2.19 17 Ian 62 182121 3.06 18Jan62 141228 2.19 18 Jan 62 172429 2.27 19 Ian6 2 163430 2.04 19 jan 62 183031 2.99 20 jan 62 134932 2.93 20 jan 62 154233 2.45 20 Jan 62 166934 3.04 22 Ian 62 164035 1.47 22JIan 62 182538 2.93 23 Jan 62 1440"87 2.93 23Ian 62 161638 2.29 24 Jan 62 143139 2.24 25 Jan 62 180740 2.83 26 Jan 62 162241 2.88 29 Jan 62 193042 2.88 30 Ian 62 140543 3.04 31 Jan 62 135444 2.93 31 Jan 62 1542"45 2.88 1 Feb 62 1447"46 2.93 1 Feb 62 104847 2.99 2 Feb 62 1402 ...48 2.99 2 Feb 62 161949 2.88 3 Feb 62 1335s0 2.93 3 Feb 62 150651 2.88 10 Mar 62 133752 2.91 10 Mar 62 160763 3.04 10 Mar 62 163954 2.99 13 Mar 62 1344
L: t..•-•.
73 7
TABLE S (contd)
Run 001a Da Time Release Began (EST)
8 3.04 13 Mu 62 15022.92 13 Mar ff 163S
S2.96 14 Mar 62 1344S8 2.88 14 Mir 62 152069 2.8 14 Mar 62 171060 2.96 16 Ma 62 150561 2.91 $a 4a1 62 162162 2.99 -6 62 1753 lot:62 2.93 -, 62 134264 2.90 i. ,-.462 145166 2.77 20 Mar 62 154066 2.99 22 Mar 62 165167 2,90 24 Mar 62 163461 1.47 24 Mar 42 161569 1.22 27 Mar 2 1821 ." -70 2.24 27 Mu 62 195471 2.34 28 Mar 62 182072 3.01 29 Mar 62 1 I--'73 2.28 20 Mar 62 L74 3.31 30 Mar 62 153875 2.24 80 Mar 62 1848
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W ~~ IA AU M M M H~NMNNE$MU'o 00 a' 000 0g 0 go l 0 0000000
UNorNO Po, *o #99a- F.V d vI
4:0 9M E0i~ M t!NN 0M MN FMt 0 f 0 0 . noas000 0§000~"ol 00H00000 U00M0
5 0 * , *. . . . . . t o o * * . . . * . .. * .
* N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r N.N f"00 40 M N ' 10P4. U .m4w~ d~ 4-M~ NU0 0 U cooE~ Op a 00090
inU M40M'- 00- s-0 I^QQQ NP1. .U0 :-.f M? 00 00 00 61 d' N
P. 'D 555 0 i 003 1Po... *.@r6 * Soso@ * O~e .
oc
e05 o a o0 o o00 550 40 0 0 0 a a0 0 00 p 43 0 0 N 0 0 0 a
(P.
123
* @0000 00 OCOS00 0 ~0 @
tUO e. 04 F. ~ g4 v14 f W 0f p40 u0 I
0 8000 osoS*8 .. § *
I**.
0000-* 0 0
"V. f"OO . c :200V 08 on A@0S0s
Ir If * 10 900600ee .0 00000 40. *...
S 44 01 00* 0ed ft~ f" N4PF 0 a44 'A a 4*t i nf
OwP P.. Or" ~ 4. 4 O
00000009~m.~42000000CP 0co0ý*00 00
WW 0. EN~m nv P-N0I
8ý w* ir0007=0
PAP@00 0 00 0000000
136
TABLE T. Summary of field and laboratory note. for the Dry Gulch experiment$.
Position denotes are and azlmiab location of sampler.
Run paid
2 l-Low vacainm gauge teadingi; correction applied fromt
coourw.W*MS* original count-1454.I8.114 tonkrplateds no vacuumn relief valve - replaced 1100 Iwo..8-39 Interpolasieds no mrembraine filter in filter holder.8-tmInterpolated: dead engine at 1315 firs..- out of gas; in avine".
8.334 Interpolated, engine not Installed.8.136 Interpolatedl dead crigine at 1.115 Mu. . out of Sat; In ravine.Ila3 Intsrpolateds dead engine at 13251 heavy carbon deposit.:31119 laterpodlaeis low count - no explanationh Interpolated
count -360. original count.27.3 1406 nterpollaleds law count -no expIanattoasi Interpolated
- count-28.fto* original count-S 1.7-124 lmtrupolated, low count - no ex planations Interpolated
count-24.102 original count-203.1_1"Intepolatse: ieavy carbon deposit.8.114 Interpolated; low count - Do explanarlo.: Interpolated .
eount-88.781 original count.5294.s-132 Interpolssieds Vt avy Carbon deposits In raivine.8.134 16e4o1te1 engine not Installed.4 2.3111 late plaed$ low Count * no explanations Interpolatedcooat .3U origintal count.8.
2-132 Interpol ated, heavy smoke t'epouitt in favine.8-136M1p ntreateds heavy carbon deposits In favine.2-4 I11141p(Moleds heavy carboo deposit.
7 7.338InltepolatedI dust cap not removed.1-110 Inturpolateds no flow through filter.$.110 Inltrpoltaeds low count - no explanations loterpolatedi
8.131 ~~count-27171 original count-661. cat.00original colunt.070.
8-134 Literpolatoeds In ravines Interpolated count.1200.original countd147.11.136 Inrerpolateds in ravinel interpolated count-700,original count-SI.0 1-173 Ixtrapolated beyond edge of grid.
1.176 Extrapolated beyrond edge of grid.to 8-136 Interpolated: In ravine; lnterpz1a:ad count-1393.
original count.222.9.100 Extrapolated beyond edge ofgrild.13 1.1.3 intetpolasted; in avine; Interpolated count-1126.
17 1.148 toterpolatedl low comlit - no etplanations Interpolatedp.. count-2232 original count-11.
3.332Interpolazel heavy carbon lepoilt, in ravine.Sr8-136 Intelpolatedi In ravines Interpolated count-911O,original count-2771.
9.144 Interpolated: dead engine - gat viilve not opened.8.146 Interpolated; dead engine - gas valve not opened. k8.148 Interpolatled; dead engine . gas valve not opened.9-13S Interpolated, below critical flow - bad vacuumn gAUge187-148 Interpolated: low count - no explansition; bi'utrpoiatcd'
coun;.5b),718. original counr.1021.V.135 nterpolaucd; below critical flow - bad vacuum gauge.
135
"TABLE 7 (4onnd)
* 3 1-llbtecpstinf ol heay depomil.1-10 Interpolateds beavy carbon deposit- le-..t-2-410 lnterpol•zed bebdl 014"t lnOpolete'i Cont.1231. -
original count.804.""S-l1 Intatpolateds heavy dun deposit.
I -13 integpolited; heavy carboo depuslt.'3-51 interpolateds dead eonon - out of gass heavy carbon
2-102 Intetpolatedi behind ..... interpolated vount486l.
original comutos1s.""-108 Interpoleted; near trees mu.ounded b1. cyclone fences
• ~intetpolatnd-1287, 0II&~AI c:ount.,rIb.
St 1-1441 Interpolated; low count - oc explanations intepolatedcount.25.6 arigioal ~1unt-IOU
1-148 laterpolawl; low count - no explanations interpolatedcount-124S original count-229.
.4 I-t1S boterpolarelS moderae carbon deposits Interpolatedcount-67741 ginal count-1l31."• " 8~1-M2 Intetpolst•j no nlow thuough (lilter..;.
I1terpolatedi clean filter mistakenly brought In from ficld.•-108 |Esruapasated beyond edge of glad. i.
9.101Ixtrapolated beyond edge of Vrid9-108 Esxtapolated beyond edg4 of Vid.C
1i0 1- 1,311 interfpolated; deud egi~ne at 7145; plugge ortfice.II •1410 Extrq aupolaend beyond $484l of fpd.d
34 19-1 Etrapolated beyond edga of grid.9".101 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid.4-10# Extrapolated.beyond edge of grid.
411-140 tntetpolaterl; low vourst - no explanationsa interpolated-, count*-S,060. original count-53 ".
9-136 interpolated; in den ttees: interpolated count.295 .
original count-O2.42 0.I3-I nterpolated; In ravines Interpolated count-3838,
"original count-6OO.43 1.1731 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid.
.. 116 extrapolated leyond edge of grid.2-172 Extrapolated beyond 4dge of aid."2-131 Interpolatedi cap not removed,.
46 7-182 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid."44 2-151 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid."41 1.122 Interpolated; low count . no explanationt Interpolated
count*24 ,226. eriginal count11,95-6..1 2-146 interpolated, low count * no explanations Interpolated
courit4-016 original count-9.It 2-Il NnterpolatedS dead engine.
2-172 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid..- 118 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid.
US 2.121 tnterpolated; dead engine - cold at 17M0."4 -1449 tnterpolatedi filter not changed; found on rest 568 * no good. *
23-157 Interpolated; filter leos..6 8-112 interpol ateds dead engine.61 9-122 Interpolated; filter lost.. *,,
is 2.149 Interpolated; dead engine , cold at 16420.77 Intel lrpolateds dead engine - cold. jas tank 3/4 full at 1340.8-.I 9-100 I~terpolated; dead engine.
9•101 InterpolatedA dead engine.
S. 1-147 Ilmerpoliied; low count - no explaintioni interpolatedcount.1300, original count-.""
Iilk
"- .* -'
.*
S&b"* * ; . . I. ."* o.* o
TABLE 7 (contd)
RumPosition Note
64 9.126 Intqwpolatedl low cowli - n~o explaoAtImo Intetpdaz.d
87 8.116 Interpolated$low cout nho explanation; Interpolated -
count-2300. oiginsl°coun:4.88 1.123 Interpolated; dead egsine - wati at 1845 e rarted.89 1-169 Interpolated; dead engine at 2145.90 8.132 inuepolatedi In ravine; Interpolated coat-M2,-
original count-2.
95 1-119 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid.1-181 Extrapolated beyond edge of grid.
96 8.116 Interpolated; filter rupuzed. "-"eo"91 8-118 Interpulated; low count - no exptanaioo; fntpolaJ"
count-.700. original count-38.9-119 Interpolated: Lo ravine; Interpolated cotm:.100-
original cont-431.IN 2.141 lnterpolatedl dead englue - cold at 2105 - restarted.
101 9-119 Inerpolateds in ravine; interpolated countl1310Ooriginal count-268.
103 2-149 Interpolated; dead engine. "gr"d105 6.118 Interpolateda dead engine - bad spak plug; reame.104 0-096 wncerpolnaeds dead enj.n_ - out 01 S. Co14 St 02...
?07 T.144 DIterpofated; droWpelluer after test.108 1.179 Ixuapolated beyond edge of grid.
1-181 Uxuapolated beyond edge of id.1-183 xtrapolated beyond edge of grid.
I-
*ýWft
N .. - e5 * n.. .. .. q. . .. . ..... - -ox ts 2 a S7-
a.- . -
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.4.1 ..1 ...-. V t : "°'," * * ."
C,',e.°
d4 -: Z S2 Z 3 :
d.4 " .4 a.°a
~~ j-;r--- ------ -. ~
- 0 4 V* @. ~*• CA fo' 0 n
co
i; A
o - ,
£~ ~ !i! - 2138.. --
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9.9 .* 8 0 4 . 90 .. .'. .. 4' 4'.•- 49*-0'-".. a-
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. . . . .... . . .. . .. .4 - ..
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-"0 iz * . 44 - 9.9 a aa 4' d9. d9909
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5- *.F -- re,. N444~4N44 44NflN 4 N= l 44 4e~l~ift 4 4444 ft tf N 441 44 led444 N94N (4444 9
34.354, S' .4.930.4O.33'3'44 504 * ~afC'b t344.5,44I~3'4G'444 44348
139
TABLE 9. Total amount of tracer generated. Q in kilograms. identified by run.inumber. date and time the 30-min emission period began for Dry Gulch 'I
R i ,,M Time Releme Del, (PST)
2 2." S-1441 10453 .5t 26-1-81 08004 1.60 6-IS41 09556 1.26 0-13-6 19051.19 a-1461 16577 1.2 9-2"-6 1905
"" 2.50 6-13.61 1"0"* 1.20 6-23-41 1830
10 1.22 S-14-81 1005it 1.24 4 -29• 150012 1.19 9-2"41 183013 1.76 6-141_ 014 1.10 6-224-1is 1.76 528-61 150lis 1lie 9-13.41 200012 t.12 6-13-61 1617is !.16 6-949-1 202519 1.* 6-43 1 194620 2.40 7146-1 160621 12.2 7-064r1 09521 t.32 I-1041 074223 2.36 7-M861 123024 1.S2 1-07.61 080825 1.40 74.1114226 1.917&36 091721 1.94 7-10-41 0846"28 1.•4 7-11461 093529 1.96 7-13-61 110030 2.31 1-17461 110031 1.74 7-18461 110432 2.40 7-19.61 09083 Lt 7-19-61 1230
34 1.82 72"2l4 0915"35 2.44 1-21-41 090036 1.87 1-24-61 160032 1_35 7.24-61 193638 1.85 1-.2-1 151039 1.35 --. 1 193040 2.67 7-26"81 152241 1=2L 7-26-61 193042 2.49 7.27-61 153043 1.30 1-27-1 195044 2.52 7.28-61 I1bi4. 1.28 7-28-61 19564d 1.36 7-29-61 193041 2.64 7-11153548 1.27 7-31-61 190549 2.40 8-01-61 163050 1.23 8-1.61 1925bt 2.40 8-02-61 192552 2.46 6-03-61 193713 2.11 2-.06-62 1645 "54 3.04 2-0641 141565 2.73 3-01-62 162258 3.-'3 3-rA242 145557 2.78 3-4-62 1235
7 .- o
140
TABLE 9 (corld)
MAL Date Time Release Began (PST)
562.90 t-09-92 161050 3.06 3-10-6- 1"6•60 3.11 S-T0-6g 13S561 3.24 3-12.62 144662 2.33 3-12-62 183063 3.22 3-13-62 144764 2.73 3-19-62 12456 2.49 3-19-42 16456 2.21 3-19-62 194067 2.78 3.21-2 124560 2.60 3-21-62 161069 2.03 3-21-62 1912t'0 1.48 3-22-62 185071 2.78 3-23-62 124S'72 2.49 3.23-62 194013 2.81 3-24-62 144374 ?.70 3-26-62 130513 1.72 3-26-62 185076 2.03 3-27.62 1545'2.01 3.28-62 1630'I, 2.49 3-29-62 1500
'92.7$ 2-29412 185064 1.83 A.31.62 855381 2.07 6-01-62 194382 2.24 6-04-G2 154083 2.16 6.05-62 125084 1.70 6-05-62 29168S 1.73 6-06-62 18308s 2.39 6-07-62 163587 1.34 6-07-62 1955 " "88 2.49 6-08-62 1501
801.81 6-08-62 190891.87 6-09-62 193091 2.59 6-11-62 185092 1.93 6-11-62 204593 2.27 6-12-62 164394 2.68 6-12-62 203595 2.70 C-18.62 191596 2.87 6-20-62 165091 2.17 6-21-62 180098 2.03 6-21-62 203598 2.54 6-22-62 1237
100 2.05 6-22-62 2008lot 2.89 6-23-62 1600103 1.90 6-23-62 1945103 2.43 6-25-62 1725104 2.19 6-26-62 2015I0S 2.81 6-26-62 1745106 2.03 6-28-62 2100107 2.05 6.28.62 1730108 1.93 6.28.62 2032109 2.84 6-29-62 1550
Lp J.° . '..
_ _ _ - --- - - - -• - .•----"
.
141
VI.-, °
* Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the careful and Jiligent efforts of the Emanypeopla who have helped to prepare these data for publication. In particular. we
wish to express oar thanks to Daarold Ilughey and W. T. Hinds, General Electric
Company, for their long hours spent with the Rankin counter and processing the
raw data through tie IBM 704. We are also indebted to Joan Dwyer, AFCRL. for
- preparation of Ta-Ijes 1, 2. 4, 6. and 8 from the basic data tabulation sheets.• ... . . . . .'
• .- .--a--:,, ...
...... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... .....
- - . . . --
143
1. STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF TIM-AZIMUTH FLUCTUATIONS 143
2. AZIMUTH FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 14r3. TEMPERATURE DWFERENCES AND
WIND SPEED DATA 1464. RAWINSONDE DATA 148
III. Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Meteorological Data
Air Force Cambridge Researcb borAtores.-,
I, STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF THE AZIMUTH FLUCTUATI1..
The wind direction trace3 on the Type M strip charts were read at 2-sec lirter-vals on a Gerber Automatic Chart Reader, No. GDDRS-3. and were digitized on
cards by Research Calculations. Inc. These data cards were used as input for an
IBM 650 program to compute the standard deviations. a (6a) of azimuth fluctua-tions, ek. Strip chart readings were made only every 2 sec because the type M
vanes are relatively slow response instruments. Turbalent eddies of less than a2-sec durationmade practically nocontribution to the @(%_). It has been concluded by
Hay and Pasquili that the crosswind spread of particles from a continuous poiW"
source could be reliably computed from smoothed azimuth fluctuation data. They
Cindicated that these data should be smoothed by using a running mean averaging
period of approximately one quarter of the mean downwind travel Ume of ihe re-
leased particles out to a selected distiancee For the diffusion prediction equations
developed at a later date. however, the r•inning mean averaging period chosen fer
%.%
144
Ocean 'iDry Gulc was If seeo~s. A description of the development ofthese & may be found is. Chapter I of Volume 1U.
Her. heo smoothed a M.) are nosted. The results using various non-overlapping averaging periods are also Usted since these were easily computed in.the same computer program. The variable subscript 9 indicates the time span.in second*. of the variates. used In each o0l ) computation. a - 2, 4, 8.16. 32, 64. 128. 256. 512. 1024, 1534. 2048. 2580.
The first 30 min of each wind direction record that was read coincided withthe tracer emission period. For most of the experiments, another 10 min wereread to take Intc account a rough indication of downwind mean travel time. There-fore, a sample size of 1440 dsat. pobins was used for most of the computationi for
a% Xo(" -).
For the nonovcrlapping meae.
iF2
(~)~*j-~1 1. 2. n(2
where ns i]
For the overlapping means. r
.is/2---.. , (3)
where n, N-s/2 + I
U Table I presents these standlArd deviations for Lill Ocean Rrccze diffusion runs ex-cept run 6 (type .i chart lost eneousc). Word one of the output is an Identification
word. A one in Column 1 indicates the location, AMR. The next four columnis arethe dlte block: month and day. A ive, six. or scv'.n In Column 6 indicates thefirst, ,ecund, or third experiment, respectively. of the same day. Column 7 con-tains a I or 2; a year code. The last three columns tiheate the numblr of tein --
uthe of recording tetr were read. and were programmed to estahllab the upperi mits of nd for the noroverlapping smoothina s as follows:
16 3 64 28 56 S2. 024 534204825L
145
Column Time Itaimusms a.6, 9* 10 (Min) (see)
080 13-17 64
099 18-26 64
88827-34 128
969 35-43 128
099 44-48 128
The nei2 eight to eleven ter -digit words cottain the wnooiver~app4ng means used
In the longest nonoverlapping sigma comp~tatton. that Is, that wiii the largest a.
These means are rounded off to the nearest whole degree =nd are packed two to a
word with four xeros separating each pair.
Tb. following two lines are the nonoverlapping rariance and standard devidtlcn
for each valuse of a . Thus. the first of these lines shows v102)2. Va(O. 1(04,)2
4(0 140) 262
Is a 2-sec reacting. Both 00*,) and (oa.) are repeated at be' Wirnnng of the over-
lapping output that follows the nonoverlapping outpuzt.
All the sigma tabulations are in floating pc!-fl f~-zrfl %7!h the last tAo digits of
each word representing the machine exponent. mn. Each oAmzber Is. therefore.
"eqal to Lb. eigbt-digit digitand multiplied by ten raised to the (tn-5O) power. The
decimal point of the dligitand is al-ways located Immediaely to the left of the ex-
treme left digit. The final one word line of output. (found tta!niy in Phase 11 and
UI of the Ocean Breeze runs), Is the mean wind direction, 02)1 ~ . and Is
also In floating poitt. ZTable 2 lists the Dry Gulch results. The data were rcd'.ced and processed In
the same gmanner as the Ocean Breeze data. A two !n Co!uzrrn I of the identifica-
tion word indlicate% the D coiurse at V.andenberg, aryl a three. the B course.
MJissing data for high vaiues of s in 'he D-y G-,.!ch ex-,-;!ntf!9 =e !d.e !o
dropping of the ter~s position of the elght- !lti ~gltan.i %hta the nrich-Ine exponent
exceeded 58. This occurred In the F, (6'3)'- hcr tte Qý -Rere la:-ge fourth
quadrant values, and a mlat greater than 1535. Us!-.Z F;. G&), a neg~tlve resuilt
was produced. but. of course, this -Aas st Vi, zero:- t;--? c'ptp.
At a later date, all the Type NI chart; for 'b-th Ocean 8~Žean- fry.- Gulch
%4re reread at lO-tec in~tervals fo~r the 10-fn'n e-_.*un t The rhe
sig~mas. u(010). A er*2 cornpiyjte:i o~n a Packar B-ý 2!') Z'~.e ~~~ pra~rarn
%%hich aI.4o processed nonI-ffus.on Ocean B~re'~e a. D- G: :h :-.n, .'n th! si.mxc
Way the diffusion runs v~ere prociased on t.-e IHNM t5,O.
"-"'.' .- '
L AZIMUTH FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
Frequency distributions of the 3-sec and 10-see azimuth readings were corn-
pared by constructing histograms of the 2-sec data using 10° class Intervals.
Frequency polygons of the 10-see dai were hen. suimrmpeattp d on tIW 3 ste" )it' -,,rama. In each of these graphical representations, the frequency polygon con-
formed very closely to the corresponding histogram. These comparisons are not -
shown here. However, a scatter diagram of 0(0 2) vs o(e 10) Is presented inFigure I for Ocean Breeze, and Figure 2 for Dry Gulch. For comparison purposes
these data are presented in Tables 3 and 4 respectively.
3. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES AND WIND SPEED DATA
The 6T's for all Ocean Breeze runs were computed from three wiresond;
temperature measurements taken at intervals of 50 ft to a height of 500 ft for each
ascent and descent of the captive balloon. These temperature differences are tab-
ulated In Table 9 In degrees centigrade. The fetter m denotes missing data. No"
wiresonde data were available for runs 54, 60, 63, 64. 72, and 74. Therefore.
&T's Hsted for these runs were obtained fromWIND System printouts.
Temperature differences for Dry Gulch experiments were initially obtained by
wiresonde Instruments mounted on an Atlas Gantry, and after Experiment 20, by
wiresondes, for the first series of experiments. For the second and third series,
measurements of temperature differences between 6 ft and 54 ft were recorded
from shielded thermocouple junctions, and these, as well as the wiresondes, were
used. Throughout the second series of experiments, ATs 4 _,'s were also obtained
from Rustrak recordings of 6-junction thermopiles mounted in B3eckman-Whitley
aspirated shields. The 6T's for all the Dry Culch experiments are found in Table
6 In degrees centigrade.
The 'gantrysondel readings arc listed unde! Column 1 of &T data where the
difference was taken from 50 ft to roughly 6 feet. In Column 2 are found the
readings that were estimated from rawinsonde data taken at nearby Point Arguello
because no 'gantrysondes' were available for these runs. All wiresonde data avail-
able for Experiments 300 through 10913 are listed In Column 3 of the AT data.
These readines are from 50 ft to about 6 feet. The next column of the &T listings C.
shows measurements rucordcd from the shieldcd tLhermnocouple junctions erected
on the B course referred to as Mod 1i site. The last column is a tabulation of the
Rustrak recordings from the 6-junction thermopiles, located near the D course
source point.
The wind speed data for asl Ocean Breeze and Dry Ciilch experiments were
read from the strip chart recordings of the Belfort Instrument Company's Type M
.-.u.'.-.s
-rtIi
"U - -'- -
II
'.~"-'.'-. " -.-
... .1 Vafo....ai ,e.z
V -, .":/"*'o'__" ° •- - -. °- .
30' .I...'.
Figure 2. o(O 2 ) w (• for OIean Guleh
- A -. ;.....** ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ 4*.~~*g*~i7
g . •.- .
148
1. 6
anemometer and are tabulated together with the Al's in the aforemeaftmi tamles..These U data are in tenths of moters per second.
4. RAWINSONDE DATA
Rawinxonde data collected from Cape Canaveral by Pan American N~rw~s aretabulated for the three experimental phases of Ocean Breeze in Table?7. V anob- .
period, or during the 60 min following the generation shut off, .then the two elluestobservations are given, if available. The time to the rigft of the data is Ow
starting time of the experim'wzt. the time In parentheses an the next line to tb* ofthe rawinsonde observation. No observations were Available that coincided wV"Experimients 24, 41, 42, 43. And 44.
Values of pressure, height. temperature and relative humidity are g1w.% #o
signifncari and mandatory levels. The pressure Is given in whole millihera. theheight in meters above the ground, the temperature in degrees centigrade. md the
relative hqmidity In per cent.The values for the winds are given for the standard heights. The h,.- is
give.A in meters above the ground, the direction In whole degrees. and the speed Inmeters per second. Calm wind conditions are denoted by c.
Table 8 presents the rawinsonde observations for Dry Gulch made by the U. S.Weather Burieaus Point Arguello rawinsonde station. No observations wter eoall-
able for Experiments 20-R, 49-D, 50-B, and 102-D. All values are give -a-thesame units as the Ocean Breeze observations.
,
Rf.nces
1. J. S. MAY and F. FASQUiLL., 1959: Diffusion from a Continuous Source ftRlelation to the Spectrum and Scale of Turbulence. Aeent ir, Ge ,a th.-..Vol. 8, pp. 345-365.
The~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~O value Wor the %-4d ar ie o h sadr egt.4-4 ThN vvý
gtv• i" mter abve he roud, he lretlo Inwhoe dgres° nd he qped I •.-'/
-... ,
r
'i-'p
Ree1ene
ISE f
140
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00- 00.0- oo
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