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The term "nutraceutical" was coined from "nutrition" and
"pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice, MD, founder and
chairman of the Foundation for Inno-vation in Medicine (FIM),
Cranford, NJ.
According to DeFelice, nutraceutical can be defined as, "a food (or
part of a food) that provides medical or health benefits, including
the prevention and/or treatment of a disease.“
Nutraceutical Definition
Carotenoids
Saponins
Tocotrienols
Tocopherols
Simple
terpenes
Coumarins
Tannins
Lignin
Anthrocyan
ins
Isoflavones
Flavonones
flavonols
Amino acids
Allyl-S compds
Capsaicinoids
Isothiocyanates
Indoles
Folate
choline
Asorbic acid
Oligosacchari
des
Non-starch PS
n-3 PUFA
MUFA
Sphingo
lipids
lecithin
Ca
Se
K
Cu
Zn
Probiotics
prebiotics
Isoprenoids (terpenoids)
Phenolic Compounds
Protein/Amino Acid - Based
Carbohydrate &
Derivatives
Fatty Acids & Struct.
LipidsMinerals Microbial
NUTRACEUTICALS
We are looking for
• Natural, healthy food
• Nutritional
• Wholesomeness
• Low fat
• Low sugar
• Fibre rich
• Specific health benefits
Class /components
Source Potential benefit
Fatty acids Milk & Meat Improve body composition, reduce cancers
n-3 FA(DHA,EPA) Fish oils, & maize. Reduce CVD & improve mental, visual function
PolyphenolsCatechinsFlavononeproanthocyanidine Saponins
Probiotics/Prebiotics
FruitsTea,vegetables,Soya beanSoybeans, chick pea
Dahi, yogurt
Reduce CVDReduce risk of cancer
Lower cholesterol, anti cancer
Improve GI health
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
Caroteinoids
- caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat & maize fodder, Carrots, vegetabels,fruits
Nutralises free radicals
Luteine vegetabels Healthy vision
Zeoxanthine Eggs,citrus,corn
Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate cancer
Dietary fiber
Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast, colon cancer
-glucan Oats Reduce CVD
Whole grain Cereal grains
NUTRACEUTICAL SCENARIO IN INDIA
The Indian Nutritional market is estimated to be
USD 1 Billion.
While the global market is growing at a CAGR
of 7%, the Indian market has been growing much
faster at a CAGR of 18% for the last three years,
driven by Functional food and beverages
categories.
India’s nutritional supplement market is
expected to more than double in the next four
years at over Rs9,500 crore.
Functional Foods
• Functional foods are ones in which concentration of one or more
ingredients has been manipulated to enhance their contributions to a
healthful diet. - Institute of Medicine, US. 1994
• Functional foods are modified foods that help to improve health and
prevent diseases when ingested. - Wyllie, 1994
• Functional food is a food, which has been tailored to meet a specific
dietary health concern. - Turner, 1995
Functional foods – GOOD FOR US
To get more benefits from what you consume
The health functions :-
Immune supports
Energy enhancement
Healthy joint functions
Stress relief
weight loss
Overall well being
Functional Food Development – creative art
Probiotics, herbal extracts, plants sterols, betaglucans, essential fatty acids
and antioxidants.
RECENT ADVANCES IN EXTRACTION OF NUTRACEUTICALS
• Soxhlet Extraction
• Accelerated solvent extraction
• Supercritical fluid extraction
• Microwave-assisted extraction
• Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Soxhlet extraction
• Soxhlet- used for a long time, is a standard technique and the main
reference for evaluating the performance of other solid–liquid
extraction (or leaching) methods.
Practical issues- Advantage& Disadvantages.
Solvent choice Hexane Boiling point- 63-69˚C Isopropanol+ Hexane- Increase yield & Extraction kinetics.
Alternative solvents
Isopropanol, ethanol-less recovery-decreased low molecular affinity Between solvent &
solute.
Matrix characteristics Particle size
Operating conditions Extraction & Evaporation Temp- Effect on final product.
Advantage Very simple & cheap, no filtration requirement.
Disadvantage Time is long, Large amount solvent required, Agitation – Not provide to accelerate the process. More solvent- Evaporation & concentration procedure.
Supercritical fluid extraction
Principles and mechanisms
Supercritical state - achieved when the temperature and
the pressure of a substance is raised over its critical value.
CO2 gas critical point – Temperature of only 304K and
pressure of 7.3MPa.
Solvent choice CO2 gas- Non Flammable & Non-Toxic. Good solvent- Non Polar compounds ,Ex: Hydrocarbons. Dissolving power Higher diffusion coefficient & lower viscosity & surface
tension. Extract polar compounds- polar SCF- Freon-22, nitrous
oxide &hexane.
Plant materials High moisture- cause mechanical difficulties. Particle size- Large particle cause long extraction.
Operating conditions Temp & Density of fluid Lower molecular weight & less polar compounds- readily
extracted.• Advantages Heat sensible compounds. Directly coupled with chromatographic method.
Ricebran N-3,n-6 Fatty acids
safflower Phystosterols
Sesame Carotenoids
Almond Oryzanol
Amaranth Glycolipis
Avocado Lipoproteins
Practical issues - Advantages & Disadvantages
Review of work done by using SCF Extraction
Ref: Herero et al./J.Chromotography A1217 (2010) 2495-2511
Accelerated solvent Extraction
Principles
ASE is a solid-liquid extraction process
Performed at elevated temperature ,
usually between 50 and 200°C and at
pressures between 500-3000psi.
The solvent used in ASE is usually
organic solvents.
High extraction Temperature Degradation of thermo labile compound.
Christen et al.(2002) Phytochem.anal.13, 105-113
ULTRASOUND –ASSISTED EXTRACTION
Principles
Sound waves, which have frequencies higher than
20 kHz, are mechanical vibrations in a solid, liquid
and gas.
Expansion pulls -molecules apart
&compression pushes them together. The
expansion can create bubbles in a liquid and
produce negative pressure. The bubbles form, grow
and finally collapse. Close to a solid boundary,
cavity collapse is asymmetric and produces high-
speed jets of liquid. The liquid jets have strong
impact on the solid surface(Garcia, 2003)
Important factors & Advantages, Disadvantages.
Plant matrix Moisture content Particle size Solvent Frequency Pressure Temperature
Excess Sonication time – damage the quality of extracts.
Efficient Method for extracting bio active compound from
Solvia officinalis (Salisova et al., 1997) and
Hibiscustiliaceus L. flowers (Melecchi et al., 2002),
Antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis (Albu et al., 2004), and
Steroids and triterpenoids from Chresta spp.
UAE is cheaper & Easier.
Microwave –Assisted Extraction
Microwaves are electromagnetic
radiations with a frequency from 0.3 to
300GHz.
Water within the plant matrix absorbs
microwave energy , cell disruption is
promoted by internal super heating ,
which facilitates desorption of
chemicals from the matrix.
Matrix characteristics• Impossible to perform- completely dry material & very wet samples.• Plant particle size- 100µm-2mm. Solvent choice• High dielectric constant.• Hexane –acetone. Operating conditions• Solvent volume must be sufficient to ensure that solid matrix is entirely
immersed.• Temperature. Disadvantage • Filtration required to remove the solid residue.
Ref: Christen et al.(2002) Phytochem.anal.13, 105-113
MICROENCAPSULATION
Microencapsulation is a processing method in which
small quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous
materials are packed into a wall matrix; which forms
microcapsules. It has been observed that these
microcapsules can release their contents at controlled
rates over prolonged periods of time (Champagne,
2007).
The basic steps in the microencapsulation involves the preparation of a
stable emulsion to be processed; homogenization of the emulsion;
atomization of the emulsion; and dehydration of the atomized particles
(Shahidi & Han, 1993).
What are all encapsulated
Flavors
Amino acids
Antimicrobials
Bases
Colorants
Edible oils
Leavening agents
Minerals
Salt
vitamins
1. Wall / Capsule
2. Core materials
Common terms used in Encapsulation
solubility
viscosity
inert
diffusibility
film forming
emulsifying properties
Wall Materials
Microencapsulation by Spray Drying Technique
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