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D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 1
NEW YORK CITY COLLEGE of TECHNOLOGYTHE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Course : TCET 4102 Fiber-optic communicationsModule 10: DWDM and CDWM
Prepared by: Professor Djafar K. MynbaevSpring 2008
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 2
• Components for optical networks –review
• Evolution of optical networks
• Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
• Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM)
• Comparison of DWDM and CWDM
Textbook: Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology, Prentice Hall, 2001, ISBN 0-13-962069-9.
Notes:
The figure numbers in these modules are the same as in the textbook. New figures are not numbered.
Always see examples in the textbook.
Key words
• Optical networks
• Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
• Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM)
• Channel spacing
• WDM bit rate
Module 10: DWDM and CWDM
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 3
• Fiber-optic communications systems start with a simple point-to-point link.
• As the transmission length increases, the need for boosting an optical signal arises; thus, an O/E/O regenerator is introduced.
• Based on this simple configuration, massive deployment of long-distance and regional telephone networks began in the late 1980s.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution of optical networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 4
Tx
Info Info
Electrical Optical
Optical fiber
RxTx
Rx
Electrical
O/E/OREG
Tx-Transmitter
Rx-Receiver
REG-
Regenerator
Block diagrams of a fiber-optic link
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
Basic point-to-point fiber-optic link
Link with regenerator
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 5
• In the middle of the 1990s, network
operators started to experience a lack
of fiber capacity (―fiber exhaust‖).
WDM has become the solution to this
problem.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 6
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
MUXDE-
MUX
Basic wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) link
MUX-WDM Multiplexer
DEMUX-WDM Demultiplxer
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM concept
WDM concept
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 7
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM spectral view
WDM link: spectral viewComputer simulation of a WDM system using LinkSim (RSoft Inc.)
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 8
• WDM became the practical technique for
increasing channel capacity only after
optical amplifiers (OAs) had been
developed.
• Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was
the first -- and still is the most -- ubiquitous
type of optical amplifier.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: introduction of OA (EDFA)
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
WDM link: introduction of OA (EDFA)
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 9
Figure 4: WDM link with OAOverview of fiber-optic networks
Evolution of fiber-optic networks
Overview of fiber-optic networks
Evolution of fiber-optic networks
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
MUXDE-
MUX
WDM link with optical amplifier (OA) increasing link
capacity and distance first generation of optical networks.
-
OA
Overview of fiber-optic networks
Evolution of fiber-optic networks
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM link with OA
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 10
• Introducing optical add/drop multiplexer
(OADM) has allowed the network operator
to add/drop a wavelength (channel) at a
specific point in the transmission link.
• An OADM is a switch with only two (input
and output) ports.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: introduction of OADM
WDM: Introduction of OADM
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 11
Figure 5: WDM with OADMOverview of fiber-optic networks
Evolution of fiber-optic networks (Figure 3)
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
MUXDE-
MUX
OADM OA
WDM link with optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM)
Overview of fiber-optic networks
Evolution of fiber-optic networks
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM link with OADM
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 12
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: drop a channel—spectral view
Computer simulation of a WDM system using LinkSim (RSoft Inc.)
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 13
• Development of optical cross-connects (OXCs)
has enabled the network operator to switch
wavelengths (channels) among different links
creating WDM fiber-optic communications
networks.
• WDM network’s logical configuration can be
modified independently of its physical topology
by routing individual wavelengths rather than
switching entire light beams among optical fibers.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: introduction of OXC
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
WDM: Introduction of OXC
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 14
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
MUXDE-
MUX
OADM
OXC
OA
WDM network with optical cross-connect (OXC)
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM link with OXC
OXC/OADM switches λs logical topology can be changed independent of
physical topology.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
WDM link with OADM and OXC
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 15
1
2
N
1
2
N
MUXDE-
MUX
OADM
OXC
OA
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM optical network
•••
•••
J-L J-L
OA
OA
OA
WDM network with OA, OADM,
and OXC reconfiguration of
lightpaths second-generation
optical networks.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 16
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM optical network
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OXCOXC
WDM ring network with OADMs and OXCs.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 17
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: WDM optical network
OXC
OXC
OXC
OXCOXC
Advanced WDM mesh-like network with OXCs supported by
commercially available equipment.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 18
WDM network
Circuit
switching
WDM network
Burst
switching
WDM network
Packet
switching
Time
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM
networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 19
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM
networks
WDM networks’ switching evolution: Circuit switching in
ring and mesh networks (second generation), burst switching in ring
and mesh networks (R&D stage), and packet switching (R&D
stage) with optical label switching supporting all transfer modes
(next generation). (After [8[,[9]).
Today we have time, wavelength, and spatial (fiber-fiber)
switching. The finer granularity will be achieved with optical burst
switching. The finest granularity will be achieved with optical
packet switching.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 20
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: From point-to-point link to WDM
networks
Three generations of optical networks (after [9]).
Point-to-point link
Goal: Increase capacity
Technology: DWDM
WDM networks
Goal: Optical circuit switching
Technology: Reconfigurable OXC
All-optical intelligent networks
Goal: Optical packet switching
Technology: Burst, label and packet
switches
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 21
• Types of WDM– DWDM
– CWDM
• Transporting flexibility– Every wavelength is a huge transporting vehicle theoretically can carry
any information in any format
– Granularity at wavelength and subwavelength levels bandwidth on demand with fixed network physical topology
– Wavelength provides Layer 1 optical functionality, while channel provides a Layer 2 link that is mapped onto a wavelength separation the physical and logical aspects
• Switching flexible logical topology over fixed physical topology
– Broadcast and select
– Wavelength routing
• WDM technology
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 22
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
Wavelength-division
multiplexing
Dense wavelength-division
multiplexing (DWDM)
Coarse wavelength-division
Multiplexing (CWDM)
Ultra-dense wavelength-division
multiplexing (U-DWDM)
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 23
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
DWDM: ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1 (06/2002) specifies the frequency grid anchored to
193.1 THz (1552.52 nm). This grid starts from 196.1 THz (1528.77 nm) and
supports a variety of channel spacings ranging from 12.5 GHz (~0.1 nm) to 100 GHz
(~0.8 nm) and wider. The pictures below show wavelength comb and its detail on an
oscilloscope screen.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 24
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 25
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
DWDM occupies wavelengths from ~1530 nm to ~1610 nm. This range is subdivided
in two subsections: C-band and L-band, where C and L stand for conventional and long
bands, respectively.
1250 1350 1450 1550 1650
Wavelength (nm)
0.2
0.4
0.6
Att
enuat
ion (
dB
/km
)
Original
1270-1350
Extended
1350-1470
Short
1470-
1530
Con-
ven-
Tio-
nal
1530-
1562
Long
1570-
1610
EO S C L U
Ultra-
Long
1625-
1530 1610
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 26
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
•It is a gift of nature that EDFAs operate in the range (1530
nm to 1600 nm), where standard singlemode fiber (SMF)
exhibits minimum attenuation. Thus, EDFAs can be used to
compensate for transmission losses.This fortunate
coincidence has triggered the wide use of DWDM
technology.
•DWDM technology increases network transmission capacity
but it is a costly solution because cooled lasers and other
expensive components are required Applications: long-
haul and ultra-long-haul networks.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 27
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
Put more bandwidth on fiberTask:
Solutions:Ultra-dense WDM
(U-DWDM)
25 GHz and 12.5 GHz
Increase TDM
data rate
10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s
ProsConsPros Cons
U-DWDM vs. high-speed TDM
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 28
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
U-DWDM vs. high-speed TDM (continued)
U-DWDM - 25 GHz and less
PROS (after [4]):
•Electronics is available at low cost
•Simplifies TDM
•Allows for the use of slower data rates;
e.g., 10 Gbit/s and 2.5 Gbit/s
•Alleviates dispersion (both chromatic
and polarization-mode) problems
CONS (after [3] and [4]):
•Requires rigid stability from lasers,
multiplexers, and other optical
components high cost
•Requires developing new optical
components, e.g., a super-continuum
source
•Requires more channels to deliver high-
volume traffic to utilize the advantage of
slower channel bit rate more
components, especially TX and Rx
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 29
PROS (after [3]):
•Reduces cost of transmission
(increasing data rate by factor of
four reduces transmission cost by 40%)
•Better supports 40 Gbit/s services
•Can be overlaid on existing 10 Gbit/s
networks
•All key components are available (with
the exception of 40 Gbit/s FEC devices)
•Reduces number of components per
channel.
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
U-DWDM vs. high-speed TDM (continued)
TDM - 40 Gbit/s
CONS (after [3] and [4]):
•Magnitude of chromatic dispersion
increases with the square of the bit rate;
e.g., a rise from 2.5 Gbit/s to 10 Gbit/s
increases Δtchro 16 times
•Polarization-mode dispersion (PMD)
becomes the major hurdle at L > 1000
km
•Must use FEC and more sophisticated
modulation formats to improve OSNR
•Better work with new improved fibers
problems with installed plant.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 30
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
U-DWDM vs. high-speed TDM – summary
•There are no decisive arguments in favor of or against each approach
•40-Gbit/s technology is ready to be deployed (though FEC devices
are not yet available)
•25-GHz channel spacing has been demonstrated at the commercial
level; 2.5 Gbit/s data rate at 6.25-GHz spacing has been demonstrated
•Both technologies allows us to reach the same level of spectral
efficiency
•There is no crucial need for deployment of either technology
market will decide
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 31
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
ITU-T Recommendation G.694.2 (approved in December 2003) specifies the
frequency grid for CWDM: It must range from 1271 nm to 1611 nm with 20-nm
channel spacing.
Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM)
1271 1351 1451 1551 1611Wavelength (nm)
0.2
0.4
0.6
Att
enuat
ion (
dB
/km
)
EO S C L U
••• ••• ••• •••
From specified
18 λs, the most
popular are
eight λs,
occupying the
range from 1471
to 1611 nm.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 32
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
CWDM became a feasible technology only after enhanced singlemode fiber (E-
SMF) was developed.
CWDM (continued)
1250 1350 1450 1550 1650
Wavelength (nm)
0.2
0.4
0.6
Att
enuat
ion
(d
B/k
m) EO S C L U
S-SMF (standard SMF)
E-SMF:
Enhanced SMF, also called zero-water-peak SMF (ZWP)
CWDM bandwidth1271 1611
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 33
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
Advantages:
•CWDM offers a cost-effective solution to the ―fiber-exhaust‖ problem since
inexpensive components can be used. The most saving comes form the use of un-
cooled lasers, which results in small-form-factor pluggable transceivers.
Disadvantages:
•Inexpensive components can support only relatively low-rate signals (maximum
2.5 Gbit/s per wavelength).
•EDFAs do not cover the entire CWDM spectrum; therefore, transmission
distance is limited to 20 km. (Transmission up to 80 km distance has been
demonstrated.) Partial solution: SOAs that cover the range from 1300 to 1600
nm.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 34
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
DWDM vs. CWDM:
DWDM CWDM
Dense channel spacing
more bandwidth more expensive
Wide channel spacing
less bandwidth less expensive
Long-haul networksHybrid
networks
Metro core and access
networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 35
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
DWDM vs. CWDM (continued):
•DWDM and CWDM are complementary rather than competitive
approaches;
•In metro core networks, both technologies are applicable; the use of
both CWDM and DWDM makes the overall network more cost-
effective;
•Hybrid CWDM/DWDM systems that transport both CWDM and
DWDM signals are commercially available (Nortel, Meriton, and
ADVA). [Source: Lightwave, February 2004, pp.15-20.] Main problem: Large
dispersion of E-SMF fiber. Solution: the use of negative dispersion
fiber [5].
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 36
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
DWDM vs. CWDM (continued):
Example of hybrid DWDM/CWDM transmission. Source: www.rbni.com.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 37
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
Logical topology:
•Switching at the wavelength level allows for overlaying
flexible logical topology on fixed network physical
topology.
•We distinguish between two types of WDM networks by
their approaches to delivering information (logical
topology):
–Broadcast-and-select
–Wavelength-routing
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 38
Main
Tx
Tx
Rx3
ONU
Tx
Tx
Rx2
Rx1
Rx4
Tx
λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4
Broadcast-and-select network
with bus topology.
λ2
λ3λ4
λ1
λ2λ3λ4
λ1 λ1
λ2
λ4
λ3
λ2
λ3λ4
λ1
λ2
λ3λ4
λ1
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 39
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
Tx1/Rx1
Tx3/Rx3
Tx2/Rx2
TxN/RxN
λ1
λ2
λ1
λ3
λ1
Wavelength conversion
Wavelength reuse
λ2
λ2
λ2
λ1
λ1
λ1
λ1
Network establishes temporary path called lightpath for transmission a specific
channel (wavelength). For example, channel λ1 is transmitted from Tx1 to RxN.
Wavelength-routing network
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 40
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
• Both types of networks may be static (when
configuration is predetermined) and dynamic
(when networks reconfigure in response to current
demands).
• Examples of broadcast-and-select networks
include CATV and PON networks. WDM
networks with reconfigurable OADMs and OXCs
are examples of wavelength-routing networks.
• Wavelength routing is a separate topic that is
outside the scope of this tutorial.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 41
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
WDM technology: Components and subsystems (after [6])
Components
•Couplers
•Filters
•Multiplexers and
demultiplexers
•Wavelength converters
•Equalizers and
attenuators
•Isolators and circulators
Subsystems
•Transmitters and receivers space and
power dissipation problems arrays of laser
diodes and photodiodes (e.g., [7])
•OXCs and OADMs
•Optical amplifiers and optical regenerators
•Dispersion compensators
WDM technology: Testing new testing technology
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 42
Overview of optical networks
Evolution: main features of WDM networks
By this stage of WDM network evolution,
the main stress has been placed on the
physical aspect of development of
optical networks.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 43
References from Module 9:
1. John R. Vacca, Optical Networking Best Practices Handbook, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley – Interscience, 2007.
4. Djafar K. Mynbaev, The physical layer of the optical networks: Devices and subsystems, IEEE Communications Society, online tutorial, 2006.
5. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology, Prentice Hall, 2001.
6. Djafar K. Mynbaev, ―Next-generation optical networks from network layer and physical layer perspectives,‖ Tutorial presented at the 11th International Conference on Telecommunications, Fortaleza, Brazil, August 2004.
7. Manasi Deval et al, ―Distributed Control Plane Architecture for Network Elements,‖ Intel Technology Journal, November 14, 2003, pp.51-63.
8. Uyless Black, Optical Networks, Prentice Hall, 2002.
9. Yinghua Ye and Sudhir Dixit, ―Surviavibility in IP-over-WDM Networks,‖ in IP over WDM edited by Sudhir Dixit, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley – Interscience, 2003.
10. Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks – A Practical Perspective, 2nd ed., San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
11. Vivek Alwayn, Optical Network Design and Implementation, San Jose, CA: Cisco Press, 2004.
12. Arun K. Somani, Survivability and Traffic Grooming in WDM optical Networks, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 44
References for Module 10:1. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology,
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001.
2. Benyuan Zhu, ―Ultra high density and long haul transmissions,‖ OFC’04, ThE1.
3. B. Mikkelsen et al, ―Deployment of 40 Gb/s systems: Technical and cost issues,‖ OFC’04, ThE6.
4. Jeff Hecht, ―Speeding up transmission rates with slower signals,‖ Laser Focus World, November 2002, pp. 91-96.
5. H.S. Chung, Y.G. Jang, and Y.C. Chung, ―Directly modulated CWDM/DWDM System using Negative Dispersion Fiber for Metro Network Application,‖ OFC’04, WG5.
6. Stamatis Kartalopoulos, ―The Flexibility of DWDM in Handling Continually Increasing Bandwidth Demands for Future Optical-Fiber Communication Networks,‖ IEEE LEOS Newsletter, April 2002, pp 15-19.
7. John Ceske et al, ―CWDM vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array spanning 140 nm of the C, S, and L fiber transmission bands,‖ OFC’04, TuE7.
8. Ken-ichi Sato, ―Key Enabling Technologies for Future Networks,‖ Optics & Photonics News, May 2004, pp. 34-39.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 45
References (continued):
9. Fei Xue and S.J. Ben Yoo, ―High-Capacity Multiservice Optical Label Switching for the Next-Generation Internet.,‖ IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2004,ppS16-S22.
10. S.J. Ben Yoo, ―Optical-label switching, MPLS, MPLambdaS, and GMPLS,‖ Optical Network, May/June 2003, pp. 17-31.
11. Botaro Hirosaki et al, ―Next-generation Optical Networks as a Value Creation Platform,‖ IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2003, pp. 65-71.
12. Ken-Ichi Kitayama and Masayuki Murata, ―Versatile Optical Code-Based MPLS for Circuit, Burst, and Packet Switchings,‖ Journal of Lightwave Technology, November 2003, pp. 2753-2764. 1.
13. Nasir Ghani, Sudhir Dixit and Ti-Shiang Wang, ―On IP-WDM Integration: A Retrospective,‖ IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2003, pp. 42-45.
14. Monir Hamdi and Chumming Qiao, ―Engineering the Next-Generation Optical Internet,‖ Optical Networks, November/December 2003, pp. 5-6.
15. Uyless Black, Optical Networks, Prentice Hall, 2002.
16. Angela L. Chiu andJohn Strand, ―Control plane considerations for all-optical and multi-domain networks and their status in OIF and IETF‖ Optical Networks, January/February 2003, pp.26-35.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 46
References (continued):
17. Chinsheng Xin et al, ―On an IP-Centric Control Plane,‖ IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2001, pp. 88-93.
18. Alan McGuire, Shehzad Mirza, and Dareen Freeland, ―Application of Control Plane Technology to Dynamic Configuration Management,‖ IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2001, pp. 94-99.
19. Manasi Deval et al, ―Distributed Control Plane Architecture for Network Elements,‖ Intel Technology Journal, November 14, 2003, pp.51-63.
20. ―Driving Optical Network Evolution,‖ www.iec.org/online/tutorial/drive_opt/index/html.
21. ―OIF UNI/NNI Interoperability Demo,‖ www.oiforum.com/public/downloads/UNI-NNI.ppt.
22. Jim Jones, “User-Network Interface (UNI) 1.0,” Optical Networks, March/April 2003, 2003, pp. 85-93.
23. Daryl Eigen, Shibin Jiang, and Ike Song, ―Metro Amplifiers Provide Gain Without Pain,‖ Optical Networks, March/April 2003, pp. 95-97.
24. Peter Tomsu and Christian Schmultzer, Next Generation Optical Networks, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
D.Mynbaev TCET4102,Module10,Spring2008 47
References (continued):
25 Josep Sole-Pareta et al, ―Some Open Issues in the Optical Networks Control Plane,‖http://pcsostres.ac.upc.es/doctorat/papers/200306-172/icton2003-xmasip.pdf.
26 Sergio Sanchez-Lopez et al, ―PNNI-based Ciontrol Plane for Automatically Switched Optical Networks,‖ Journal of Lightwave Technology, November 2003, pp. 2673-2681.
27 Lu Shen and Byrav Ramamurthy, ―Provisioning and restoration in the next-generation optical core,‖ Optical Networks, March/April 2003, pp. 32-45.
28 Soo-Hyuan Choi et al, ―Standardization efforts in optical networking focused on architecture and signaling issues,‖ Optical Networks, May/June 2003, pp. 32-48.
29 Wesam Alangar, ―Optical networking evolution in ITU-T and IETF – A reality check,‖ OFC’04, FH1.
30 Nic Larkein, ―ASON and GMPLS – The Battle of the Optical Control Plane,‖ Data Connection Limited, Enfield, UK, August 2002.
31 Thomas DiMicelli, ―Emerging Control Plane Standards and the Impact on Optical Layer Services,‖ www.oiforum.com/public/downloads/DiMicelli2.ppt
32 Djafar Mynbaev, ―PON performance improves with multiplexing,‖ WDM Solutions, January 2003, pp.18-20.
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