ngos and disaster response
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NGOs and Disaster NGOs and Disaster Response—Response—Who are These Who are These Guys and What Do They Guys and What Do They
Want AnywayWant Anyway??
Melinda HofstetterMelinda Hofstetter
Center for Disaster Center for Disaster Management and Management and
Humanitarian AssistanceHumanitarian AssistanceTulane University, Washington D.C.Tulane University, Washington D.C.
www.cdmha.orgwww.cdmha.org
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The CDMHAThe CDMHA
is a joint program of:
Tulane UniversityTulane University and the
United States Southern CommandUnited States Southern Command
University of South FloridaUniversity of South Florida in partnership with
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Mission of the CDMHAMission of the CDMHAFacilitate civil-military operations and cooperation
Develop and implement education and training programs in disaster and crisis management
Facilitate collaborative education, training, research and information and communication services between disaster response and humanitarian assistance agencies (e.g. the military, NGOs, PVOs, etc.)
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ObjectivesObjectives Make sense of the NGO universe so that Make sense of the NGO universe so that
you will find it easier to work with themyou will find it easier to work with them Standards of Conduct Standards of Conduct Discuss NGO concerns about working Discuss NGO concerns about working
with the military and whywith the military and why How NGOs fit into the disaster relief How NGOs fit into the disaster relief
equationequation The civil and military relationshipThe civil and military relationship
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NGOs and PVOsNGOs and PVOs““An extraordinarily complex An extraordinarily complex
system which makes medieval system which makes medieval Europe look centralized and Europe look centralized and ordered by comparison.”ordered by comparison.”
John Paul Lederach, director of the John Paul Lederach, director of the Mennonite Central Committee and the Mennonite Central Committee and the
Conflict Analysis and Conflict Analysis and Transformation Program Transformation Program of the eastern of the eastern Mennonite UniversityMennonite University
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DefinitionsDefinitionsNo distinction between NGOs No distinction between NGOs
and PVOsand PVOsDoes not include professional Does not include professional
associations, businesses, and associations, businesses, and foundationsfoundations
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Who Are They?Who Are They?Working Definition:Working Definition: Non-profit organizations or associations Non-profit organizations or associations
of private citizens with any of private citizens with any common common interestinterest
The cThe common interestommon interest, for our purposes, is , for our purposes, is international humanitarian assistance international humanitarian assistance activities (development and relief) activities (development and relief)
May be international or local May be international or local
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics NGOs vary greatlyNGOs vary greatly Organizational structure is similar to Organizational structure is similar to
businessesbusinesses• Non-rigid hierarchy; significant Non-rigid hierarchy; significant
flexibility and authority at the field flexibility and authority at the field levellevel
International NGOs often team up with International NGOs often team up with local NGOslocal NGOs
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What do They Do?What do They Do? Operational vs AdvocacyOperational vs Advocacy Grassroots, long-term projects, Grassroots, long-term projects,
development workdevelopment work Willing to work in high risk areas; not Willing to work in high risk areas; not
constrained by sovereigntyconstrained by sovereignty Emphasis on sustainabilityEmphasis on sustainability Full integration with local populationFull integration with local population Good positioning for disaster responseGood positioning for disaster response
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Who Pays Them?Who Pays Them?Funding SourcesFunding Sources
• Private Donations (citizens and Private Donations (citizens and foundations)foundations)
• International Organizations (UN)International Organizations (UN)
• National GovernmentsNational Governments
• Importance of MediaImportance of Media
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Core ValuesCore Values NeutralityNeutrality
• Aid will not be used to further a particular Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint.political or religious standpoint.
ImpartialityImpartiality• Aid is given regardless of race, creed, or Aid is given regardless of race, creed, or
nationality.nationality.• Aid is based on need alone.Aid is based on need alone.
IndependenceIndependence• Aid agencies shall not act as instruments of Aid agencies shall not act as instruments of
government foreign policy.government foreign policy.
INCREASED THREAT TO AID INCREASED THREAT TO AID WORKERSWORKERS
Increased Range of Conflict since Cold WarIncreased Range of Conflict since Cold War• Civil WarsCivil Wars• Ethnic conflicts and genocideEthnic conflicts and genocide• Complex crisesComplex crises• Identified as symbols of western values Identified as symbols of western values • Increased banditry and crimeIncreased banditry and crime
Ignorance, indifference and indiscriminate Ignorance, indifference and indiscriminate violence violence
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Core ValuesCore Values Should offer access and protection from attack; not Should offer access and protection from attack; not
always true anymorealways true anymore Core values will impact NGO willingness to work Core values will impact NGO willingness to work
with the military.with the military.
• Even perception of value violation will be avoided.Even perception of value violation will be avoided.
PERCEPTION IS REALITY!PERCEPTION IS REALITY!
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Who Monitors These Guys?Who Monitors These Guys? Little External MonitoringLittle External Monitoring Self-Control: NGO StandardsSelf-Control: NGO Standards
• Red Cross Code of ConductRed Cross Code of Conduct
• InterAction PVO StandardsInterAction PVO Standards
• Sphere Minimum Standards in Sphere Minimum Standards in Disaster ResponseDisaster Response
15 is the six inches between the other guy’s ears
Seize the High Ground!Seize the High Ground!THE KEY TERRAIN
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PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY HAVE OF NGOsHAVE OF NGOs
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PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF THE MILITARYPERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF THE MILITARY
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NGO and Military Cultures: DifferencesNGO and Military Cultures: Differences
NGOsNGOs IndependentIndependent Decentralized Decentralized
AuthorityAuthority On-The-Job On-The-Job
TrainingTraining Few Field ManualsFew Field Manuals Long-term Long-term
PerspectivePerspective
MilitaryMilitary Highly DisciplinedHighly Disciplined Hierarchical Hierarchical
CommandCommand Extensive Branch Extensive Branch
TrainingTraining Doctrinal PubsDoctrinal Pubs ““End-State” End-State”
ApproachApproach
NGOs AND THE MILITARYNGOs AND THE MILITARY
Clear separation of Clear separation of missions and missions and operationsoperations
POW monitoringPOW monitoring Medical aidMedical aid Single neutral agendaSingle neutral agenda
Overlapping Overlapping humanitarian humanitarian missionsmissions
Chaotic complex Chaotic complex environmentsenvironments
Neutrality concernsNeutrality concerns Security concernsSecurity concerns
Humanitarian aid to soldiers and sailors
Complex inconsistent “partnership”
Tradition Today
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NGO and Military Cultures: NGO and Military Cultures: SimilaritiesSimilarities
Motivation: Adrenaline Motivation: Adrenaline Junkies and IdealistsJunkies and Idealists
Desire to See the WorldDesire to See the WorldSeparation from Family and Separation from Family and
FriendsFriends
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Both are mission driven.Both are synergistic.
They shouldn’t be antagonistic.But attitudes can cause them to be so.
It’s the PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION!!!
LTC M.M. Smith, USA
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Humanitarian EmergenciesHumanitarian Emergencies International assistance requiredInternational assistance required Donors rely more on NGOs, because of Donors rely more on NGOs, because of
their access to the populations in needtheir access to the populations in need• And again, their access is dependent on their And again, their access is dependent on their
neutralityneutrality Most humanitarian emergencies do NOT Most humanitarian emergencies do NOT
involve the militaryinvolve the military• The need for civ-mil cooperation may be the The need for civ-mil cooperation may be the
exception rather than the ruleexception rather than the rule
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Review of Emergency ResponseReview of Emergency ResponseEmergency RespondersEmergency Responders
Affected Country’s GovernmentAffected Country’s GovernmentNational Bilateral donors: OFDA, ECHONational Bilateral donors: OFDA, ECHO
UN Agencies: OCHA, UNHCR, WFP, UN Agencies: OCHA, UNHCR, WFP, WHO, UNDPWHO, UNDP
Religious OrganizationsReligious OrganizationsNGOsNGOs
Military Forces (on rare occasions)Military Forces (on rare occasions)
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UNAgenciesUNICEF
WFPUNDP
NGO
UNHCR
NGO
NGO
USG
Red Cross
ICRC
Affected Country/Government
NGO
Donor
OtherGovernments
NGO
Donor
NGONGO
The Fog of Disaster The Fog of Disaster Relief Relief
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Do They Coordinate?Do They Coordinate? US Embassy Country TeamUS Embassy Country Team Other USG Agencies (OFDA "DART")Other USG Agencies (OFDA "DART") UN Coordination Entities [UNHCR, WFP, UN Coordination Entities [UNHCR, WFP,
UNDP, UNICEF, OCHA, Special Humanitarian UNDP, UNICEF, OCHA, Special Humanitarian Coordinator]Coordinator]
NGO-Only Coordination Bodies/Field-level NGO-Only Coordination Bodies/Field-level coordination meetingscoordination meetings
Host Government Ministries / AuthoritiesHost Government Ministries / Authorities Civil-Military Cooperation or Operation CentersCivil-Military Cooperation or Operation Centers
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NGO Role in Disaster ResponseNGO Role in Disaster Response
NGOs, as implementing NGOs, as implementing partners of donor partners of donor
organizations, organizations, are are the legsthe legs on which disaster on which disaster
response stands.response stands.
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NGO Fears About Working NGO Fears About Working With the MilitaryWith the Military
Perceived Violation of Core ValuesPerceived Violation of Core Values• KosovoKosovo• ChechnyaChechnya
Military Domination of Military Domination of Humanitarian ResponseHumanitarian Response
Appropriate Military Role: Refer to Appropriate Military Role: Refer to Humanitarian CommunityHumanitarian Community
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Common MistakesCommon Mistakes
Assuming Control of Assuming Control of Humanitarian ResponseHumanitarian Response
Intelligence / Information Intelligence / Information ExchangeExchange
NGO INFORMATIONNGO INFORMATION Best source of refugee informationBest source of refugee information First hand observation and knowledgeFirst hand observation and knowledge Situational/non-threat focusSituational/non-threat focus Direct access to local leaders and Direct access to local leaders and
factionsfactions
Sensitive to association with government/military agencies!
AREAS OF EXPERTISEAREAS OF EXPERTISE Local SituationLocal Situation EnvironmentEnvironment Health and Medical IssuesHealth and Medical Issues ReligionReligion Clan/tribe relationships & hierarchyClan/tribe relationships & hierarchy DialectsDialects Psychological ProfilesPsychological Profiles Personality ProfilesPersonality Profiles Local OrganizationLocal Organization Effects of Local Weather and Terrain on Equipment and Effects of Local Weather and Terrain on Equipment and
PersonnelPersonnel
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Civ-Mil Services Typically Requested Civ-Mil Services Typically Requested by NGOsby NGOs
Security ServicesSecurity Services Landmine LocationsLandmine Locations Security Briefings Security Briefings Convoy SupportConvoy Support Guidance on Local SecurityGuidance on Local Security Technical Assistance Technical Assistance Access to Remote Areas, Ports, and AirfieldsAccess to Remote Areas, Ports, and Airfields Logistics AssistanceLogistics Assistance
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Avoiding the Common Avoiding the Common MistakesMistakes in Humanitarian Responsein Humanitarian Response
Intelligence/information exchangeIntelligence/information exchange
SustainabilitySustainability
ProportionalityProportionality
Target populationsTarget populations
““Warlord photo ops”Warlord photo ops”
INDIRECT CONTACTINDIRECT CONTACTFunctional military counterpartsFunctional military counterpartsState Department/other agenciesState Department/other agenciesOther third partiesOther third parties““Virtual contact”- the internetVirtual contact”- the internetCivil Affairs and IntelligenceCivil Affairs and Intelligence
Learn about them before you deploy!
DIRECT DIRECT CONTACTCONTACT
BasicsBasics• De-mystify information De-mystify information
sharingsharing• Be honest and openBe honest and open• Build rapportBuild rapport
DiscretionDiscretion• What and WhyWhat and Why
•Cooperative
•Non-intrusive
•Give and Take
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Coordination Coordination at JTF Levelat JTF Level
CJTFCJTF
CMOCCMOC
NGOs and IOsNGOs and IOs
UN Relief AgenciesUN Relief Agencies
OFDA / DARTOFDA / DART
HACCHACC
Command
Coordination
RegionalCMOC(s)
RegionalCMOC(s)
CINCCINC
HOCHOC
Agencies atStrat. Theater
Level
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CMOC
Military:
U.S. + ?
NGO
IO
PVO
ICRCUS Gov’t
Agencies
UN
Agencies
HN/Local
Populace
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DOD UN/IOs
Religion Business
HostNations
USG
NGOs
Zone of Collaboration/Coordination
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Alphabet SoupAlphabet Soup
CMOCCMCC
CIMIC
HOCHACC
OSOCCHAC
CMAC
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Cooperation as Vector Analysis:
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Cooperation: “Unity of Effort”
MilitaryEfforts
IO/NGOActivities
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Humanitarian Space
Overview of InterventionOverview of Intervention
Complex
EmergencyInternational
Community
Political / Military Response
Humanitarian Response
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