non-ruminant animal feed management issues and practices cnmp core curriculum feed management –...
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Non-Ruminant Animal Feed Management Issues and
Practices
CNMP Core Curriculum
Feed Management – Section 6.3
CNMP Development Core Training Curriculum
These course materials have been developed as a cooperative effort between five land-grant universities and The Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Ames, Iowa 50011, (515) 294-4111.
Copyright © 1995-2006, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved.
Copyright Information
Objectives
• Review the digestion process and excretion of N and P
• Become familiar with how the nutrient requirements of swine and poultry vary
• Understand the issues related to feed management with swine and poultry
• Provide you with strategies to encourage producers on reducing nutrient excretion
Supplemental Materials
• NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine • NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Note 3• LPES Lesson No. 10 Reducing the Nutrient
Excretion and Odor of Pigs Through Nutritional Means NRC Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
• NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Note 4• LPES Lesson No. 11 Using Dietary and
Management Strategies to Reduce the Nutrient Excretion of Poultry
Feed
Enzymes & Gastric juices
Absorption
Lean tissue development
fecesurine
Saliva
Water
Stage of growth• Lower protein contents in diets as pigs
and poultry mature• Lower P content for animals later in
growth• More P in diets for replacement animals• More fiber (soy hulls; wheat mid; sugar
beet pulp) in gestation diets• Increased energy (corn) in lactation diets• Increased Ca content for layer diets• Milk and by-products in weaning pig
diets
Feed
AA+peptides
AA, peptides, NH3
Lean muscle (protein)
fecesurine
CP+AA
NH3, MCP
(urea)
Overfeeding Nitrogen
• Difficult to balance amino acids in diets with typical feed ingredients
• Variation in available amino acid content of feeds
• Genetic potential of pigs vary• Environmental stress (heat or cold
temperatures) can affect nitrogen utilization
• Sufficient available energy is needed for efficient N utilization
TSP Questions for Producer
• Is the operation using synthetic amino acids in their current pig rations?
• Are the rations reformulated when there are different ingredient changes especially with by-products?
• What is the laboratory analysis schedule for the feed management plan?
Strategies for Swine Improving N
management
Synthetic amino acids
Phase feeding
Split-sex feeding
Improving P management
Phytase; available P
Phase feeding
Split-sex feeding
Contributions of amino acids from corn and SBM, relative to the requirement of a 88 lb pig
050
100150200250300350
Arg His Ile Leu Lys M+C P+T Thr Trp Val
Corn SBM 48%
Corn (74.1% of diet) + Soybean meal (24.3% of diet)
Contributions of amino acids from corn and SBM, relative to the requirement of a 88 lb pig
050
100150200250300350
Arg His Ile Leu Lys M+C P+T Thr Trp Val
Corn SBM 48% Syn AA
Corn (84.1% of diet) + Soybean meal (12.9% of diet) + Synthetic Lys, Met, Thr, Trp.
Dietary Effects on N Excretion*
Diet conc. 14% CP 12% CP +lys 10% CP + lys, thr, meth, tryp
N intake, g/d 67 58 50
N dig & abs, g/d 60 51 43
N in feces, g/d 7 7 7
N retained, g/d 26 26 26
N in urine, g/d 34 25 17
N excreted, g/d 41 32 24
Reduction N, % ---- 22 41
Diet cost, $/lb 0.064 0.063 0.069
Change in cost, $//b
---- -$0.001 +$0.005
* Based upon 200 lb pig
Nitrogen Inputs From Feed
N from FeedDiets (lb/year) Ratio
Corn-Soy 162,230 100
Corn-Soy+ Lysine 140,845 86.8
Corn-Soy+ 4 amino acids 120,489 74.2
4,000 Spaces; Feeder-Finish
Nitrogen Manipulation
• For 1% reduction in CP and AA addition, reduce total N and ammonia excretion by 8% - 10%
• Practical experience has shown must adjust AA levels for sexes and different genetic lines
Fiber Effects on Nitrogen
• Fiber addition -- shift in N excretion pattern from urinary N to fecal N
• Fiber and low CP/syn. AA diet reduced slurry pH, N excretion and NH3 emissions
• Examples: Dietary soybean hull; sugar beet pulp; wheat midds
TSP Questions for Producer
• Is the operation currently grouping pigs into separate sexes and feeding different rations?
• Are rations changed at different stages of growth (phase feeding) in the production cycle?
Phase Feeding Impacts
• Reduce excessive nutrient excretion
• Reduce feed costs
• Reduce land application area and odor potential
• Increase nutrient efficiencies for production
Diet cost obtained using least-cost feed formulation for a varying number of phases in the feeding program.
$39
$40
$41
$42
$43
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Number of phases
Die
t co
st p
er p
igPhase-feeding diets are also cheaper, but the extra hassle may outweigh the benefits
Feed
PP+nPP Lean muscle (protein)
fecesurine
PP+nPP
PP+nPP+MP
(urea)
PP+nPP
Corn
0.32% P .04 3515 samples
68% phytate (61 to 85)
Phytate
The dietary P issue
• Because pigs and poultry can not digest a major portion of the P (phytic P) in typical feed grains, supplemental P is added to the ration.
• As a result, total P is fed in excess of animal need and excess P is excreted in manure.
TSP Questions for Producer
• Is the operation currently using the enzyme, phytase, in the ration and reducing the level of P in the ration?
• Are by-product feeds being used in the ration?
Nutrition Approach• Feed pigs only the P that they need.
– Reduce over feeding of P– Formulate the diet on an “available P”
basis vs. “total P” basis– Phase feeding for P as well as N
• Manipulate dietary P concentrations to reduce total P excretion while maintaining productivity.– Supplement pig diets with phytase to help
animals break down phytic P– If available, feed high available P (HAP)
corn or soybean to replace conventional corn.
Dietary Effects on P Excretion*
Dietary P, %
P intake, g/d
Retained P, g/d
Excreted P, g/d
Change, %
0.70 21.0 4.8 16.2 +57
0.60 18.0 4.8 13.2 +32
0.50 15.0 4.7 10.3 0
0.40 (NRC)
12.0 4.5 7.5 -27
0.30 9.0 2.5 6.5 -37
0.30 + Phytase
9.0 4.5 4.5 -56
* Based upon 200 lb pig
Phosphorus Strategies
• Phytase studies showed reduction of P from 25 to 54%
• Phytase increased the availability of N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca
• HAP corn has been shown to reduce P excretion by 25 to 37%
Phosphorus Input From Feed
P from FeedDiets (lb/year) Ratio
Corn-Soy 31,674 100
a. reduced safety
margin 29,164 92
b. plus phytase 25,402 80
c. a+b 22,892 72.2
4,000 Spaces; Feeder-Finish
Combination of Technologies• Comparing a control diet to a reduced crude
protein diet with 5% soy hulls (fiber), HAP corn, phytase and low sulfur minerals resulted in:– Growth and carcass qualities were the same– Reduced ammonium and total N in manure
by 28-31%– Reduced P in the manure by 54%– Reduced ammonia emissions by 50%– Reduced hydrogen sulfide emission by 48%
Strategies for Poultry Nitrogen
managementAmino acids
Phase feeding
Phosphorus management
Available P
Phytase and Vitamin D
Phase feeding
Tracking N in Broilers
Feed N = 100%
Litter
Carcass
NH3-N
51.1%
18.3% 30.6%
TSP Questions for Producer
• Is the operation using synthetic amino acids in their current poultry rations?
• Are the rations reformulated when there are different ingredient changes?
• What is the laboratory analysis schedule for the feed management plan?
TSP Questions for Producer
• Is the operation currently grouping birds into separate sexes and feeding different rations?
• Are rations changed at different stages of growth (phase feeding) in the production cycle?
Nitrogen Strategies (poultry)• Reduce CP and add synthetic AA
– Reducing CP (15% to 10%) reduced N excretion 24% w/o affecting performance
– N excretion reduction 10 to 27% broilers; 30 to 35% in layers
• Must be careful that there is sufficient nonessential AA and no AA imbalances
• Phase feeding reduces N excretion about 10%
Tracking P in Broilers
Feed P = 100%
LitterCarcass
55.2%44.8%
TSP Questions for Producer• Is the operation currently using the
enzyme, phytase, in the ration and reducing the level of P in the ration?
• Is the operation currently using vitamin D3 in the ration?
• Are by-product feeds being used in the ration?
Phase Feeding Impacts in Poultry Feeding
• Phase feeding can reduce dietary non-phytate P levels by 5% (grower), 15% (finisher) and 40% (withdrawal)
• Estimate a reduction of at least 10% litter P with 4 phase program
• Meet bird P requirements
• Select feed ingredients with a high available P
• Use vitamin D
• Use phytase to reduce P excretion (20 -25%)
Phosphorus Strategies
Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)
272712.112.1
14.914.9
Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)
Average weight = 5.0 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio (50 d of age)
Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)
2727
12.112.1
14.914.9
23.3
Based on broiler nPP requirements, Angel et al, 2000
11.2
24% decrease
Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio
Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)
Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretion in Broilers (g/bird)
2727
12.112.1
14.914.9
20.8
Based on broiler nPP requirements and use of phytase, Angel et al, unpublished
8.7
42% decrease
Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio
Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)
Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)
2727
12.112.1
14.914.9
19.5
Based on broiler nPP requirements, phytase and 25OHD3 Angel et al, 2000
7.4
50% decrease
Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio
Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)
Feed Waste: An Expensive Loss
of Nutrients
• Presuming 5% feed waste on average:– Responsible for 7.5% of N in manure.
– Similar contribution for copper, zinc, and P
– 35% of carbohydrates
• Major source of odor
Feed Management to Improve Efficiency• Diet formulation and management
– Evaluate diet content and reduce unnecessary feed ingredients
– Implement a routine chemical feed analysis program
– Apply stringent quality control feed preparation and delivery to animals
– Minimize feed wastage and check water– Implement phase feeding program– Implement split-sex feeding program
Feed Management to Improve Efficiency
• Improve nutrient utilization– Formulate feed based upon digestible
amino acids and available phosphorus
• Increasing digestibility (availability) of nutrients– choice of feed ingredients– enzymes; synthetic feed ingredients – feed processing technologies – genetically modified feed ingredients (if
available)
Class Exercise (Monogastrics)
• 4,000 head pig grow-finisher operation• What amount of phosphorus is generated by
the operation? Is it in excess of crop P205
removal?
• The P level in the grower diet is 0.50% and the P in the finisher diet is 0.40%. However, if the phytase enzyme is used, the P level in each diet can be reduced by 0.10%.
• What amounts of P excretion can be reduced by adding phytase to the pig’s diet?
Class Exercise (Monogastrics)
Formula to calculate the amount of P in the diet
• Tons of feed X 2000 lbs./T = lbs of feed X %P in the diet = lbs. of P fed
Formula to calculate the amount of P excreted
• Lbs. of P fed X 80% excreted by pig = lbs. of P excreted
Class Exercise (Monogastrics)Grower diet: • 1,200 T X 2000 lbs./T = 2,400,000 lbs. X .005 P =
12,000 lbs. P fedFinisher diet: • 2,270 T X 2000 lbs./T = 4,540,000 lbs. X .004 P =
18,160 lbs. P fedTotal: • 12,000 lbs. P + 18,160 lbs. P = 30,160 lbs. P fed.Excreted P:• 30,160 lbs. P fed X .80 = 24,128 lbs. P excreted.Conversion of P to P205 equivalent:• 24,128 lbs. P excreted X 2.29 = 55,253 lbs. P205
excreted• Since crop removal is estimated at 52,230 lbs. per
year, then there are 3,023 lbs. too much P205 excreted.
Class Exercise (Monogastrics)Grower diet: • 1,200 T feed X 2000 lbs./T = 2,400,000 lbs. X .004 P
= 9,600 lbs. P fedFinisher diet: • 2,270 T feed X 2000 lbs./T = 4,540,000 lbs. X .003 P
= 13,620 lbs. P fedTotal:• 9,600 lbs. P fed grower diet + 13,620 lbs. P fed
finisher diet = 23,220 lbs. P fed.Excreted P:• 23,220 lbs. P fed X .80 = 18,576 lbs. P excreted.
Conversion of P to P205 equivalent:• 18,576 lbs. P excreted X 2.29 = 42,539 lbs. P205
excreted
Class Exercise (Monogastrics)
Difference in P excretion
• 55,253 lbs. P2O5 excreted before phytase – 42,539 lbs. P2O5 excreted with phytase = 12,714 lbs. P2O5 less excreted
Reduction on acres needed
• 12,714 lbs. P2O5/ 65 lbs. P2O5 per acre = 195.6 acres less land needed for manure production on a P basis.
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