nonrenewable energy nonrenewable energy. 1. energy resources 2. oil 3. natural gas 4. coal 5....

Nonrenewable Nonrenewable EnergyEnergy

1. Energy 1. Energy ResourcesResources

2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Energy SourcesEnergy SourcesModern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.

Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.

Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work:

1)1)The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.

2)2)The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.

Energy Units and Energy Units and UseUse

Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.

1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ1 cal = 4.184 J

Two other units that are often seen are the Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power.of energy, but are units of power.

1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.

quad (Q) - used for describing very large quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 10quantities of energy. 1 Q = 101515 Btu Btu

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use

Evaluating Energy Evaluating Energy ResourcesResources

U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;

84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);

7% from nuclear power;

9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

Changes in U.S. Energy UseChanges in U.S. Energy Use

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

Fossil FuelsFossil FuelsFossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:

Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4)

Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleumCoal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

Problems with Fossil FuelsProblems with Fossil FuelsFossil fuels are nonrenewable resources

At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century

Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollutionBurning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming

1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

OilOilDeposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a wellFossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals

Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impuritiesHow Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

Sources of OilSources of Oil•Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves:

•Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela

•Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports.

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.

•Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.

•Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

OilOil

Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

Natural Gas - Fossil Natural Gas - Fossil FuelFuel

•Mixture •50–90% Methane (CH4)

•Ethane (C2H6)

•Propane (C3H8)

•Butane (C4H10)

•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Sources of Natural Sources of Natural GasGas

•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

billion cubic metres

Natural GasNatural GasExperts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

Natural GasNatural GasWhen a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distributionLiquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

Coal: Supply and DemandCoal: Supply and DemandCoal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat

Over many years, thick peat layers formed. Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

Ranks of CoalRanks of Coal

Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.

Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.

www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

Ranks of CoalRanks of CoalBituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.

Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.

www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

PEATPEAT

LIGNITELIGNITE

BITUMINOUSBITUMINOUS

ANTHRACITEANTHRACITE

Main Coal DepositsMain Coal Deposits

BituminousBituminous

AnthraciteAnthracite

SubbituminousSubbituminous

LigniteLignite

Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages

Pros•Most abundant fossil fuel•Major U.S. reserves•300 yrs. at current consumption rates•High net energy yield

Cons•Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide•Major environmental degradation•Major threat to health

CoalCoal

Coal gasification Synthetic natural gas (SNG)Coal liquefaction Liquid fuelsDisadvantage

CostlyHigh environmental impact

Sulfur in CoalSulfur in CoalWhen coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)

Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO2 when coal is burned

Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

Acid Mine Acid Mine DrainageDrainage

The impact of mine drainage on a

lake after receiving effluent

from an abandoned

tailings impoundment for

over 50 years

Relatively fresh tailings Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. in an impoundment.

The same tailings The same tailings impoundment after 7 impoundment after 7

years of sulfide years of sulfide oxidation. The white oxidation. The white

spots in Figures A and B spots in Figures A and B are gulls. are gulls.

http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

Mine effluent discharging

from the bottom of a waste rock

Shoreline of a pond

receiving AMD showing

massive accumulation

of iron hydroxides on the pond

bottom

Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or

streams.

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyIn a conventional nuclear power plant

a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction heats waterproduce high-pressure steam that turns turbines generates electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyControlled Fission Chain Reaction

neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium

release energy (heat)

Controlled Nuclear Fission Controlled Nuclear Fission ReactionReaction

cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

•Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive

•Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

RadioactivityRadioactivity

• Types• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2

neutrons, and therefore are positively charged• Beta particles are negatively charged

(electrons)• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are

a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)

• Sources of natural radiation• Soil• Rocks• Air• Water• Cosmic rays

RadioactivityRadioactivity

Relative Doses

from Radiati

on Source

The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope

Half-time emitted Uranium 235 710 million yrs alpha, gammaPlutonium 239 24.000 yrs alpha, gamma

During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

Half-LifeHalf-Life

Diagram of Radioactive Decay

•Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes

•Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation

•Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers

Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)• Sources: nuclear power plants,

hospitals & universities• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped

into the ocean• Today deposit into landfills

2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)• Fuel rods from nuclear power

plants• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is

24000 years• No agreement about a safe

method of storage

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste1. Bury it deep underground.

• Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…

2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.• Problems: costs, accident would

affect large area.

3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.• Problems: long-term stability of ice

is not known, global warming

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste

4. Most likely plan for the US• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in

desert of Nevada • Cost of over $ 50 billion• 160 miles from Las Vegas• Transportation across the country

via train & truck

Yucca Mountain

Plutonium BreedingPlutonium Breeding238U is the most plentiful isotope of UraniumNon-fissionable - useless as fuelReactors can be designed to convert 238U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu

Conversion of Conversion of 238238U to U to 239239Pu Pu

Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breedbreed" more fuel, from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes, than they consume

Reprocess Nuclear FuelReprocess Nuclear FuelDuring the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs outAccumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactorFuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year

Plutonium in Spent FuelPlutonium in Spent FuelSpent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed plutonium atoms Miss out on the opportunity to splitPlutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uraniumCleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyConcerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industryAccidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.U.S.

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island

•March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown

•50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area

•Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released

•Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion

•Released radiation increased cancer rates.

ChernobylChernobyl•April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere

•Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths

•Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;

•About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes

•~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated

•> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity

•Cost of incident > $358 billionwww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyNuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40 yearsNew reactor designs are still proposedExperimental breeder nuclear fission reactors have proven too costly to build and operateAttempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessful

Use of Nuclear Use of Nuclear EnergyEnergy

•U.S. phasing out•Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly

•U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear•No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978

•40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030

•North Korea is getting new plants from the US

•France 78% energy nuclear

Phasing Out Nuclear PowerPhasing Out Nuclear Power•Multi-billion-$$ construction costs

•High operation costs

•Frequent malfunctions

•False assurances and cover–ups

•Overproduction of energy in some areas

•Poor management

•Lack of public acceptancewww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

2) Energy2) EnergyEnergy & Energy & Mineral resourcesMineral resources

nonrenewable energy nonrenewable energy. 1. energy resources 2. oil 3. natural gas 4. coal 5....

nuclear energy

units of energy

heat energy

energy use

unit of energy

energy efficiency

solar energy

energy generation

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