nuclear chemistry. parts of the atom particlecharge mass (g) mass (amu) proton+1 1.672 x 10 -24 1...
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Parts of the atomParts of the atom
ParticleParticle ChargeCharge Mass (g)Mass (g) Mass (amu)Mass (amu)
ProtonProton +1+1 1.672 x 101.672 x 10-24-24 11
NeutronNeutron 00 1.675 x 101.675 x 10-24-24 11
ElectronElectron -1-1 9.110x109.110x10-28-28 1/18391/1839
Nuclear chemistryNuclear chemistry
Most chemical changes deals with the electronMost chemical changes deals with the electron Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the
nucleus, often accompanied by a release of a nucleus, often accompanied by a release of a large amount of energylarge amount of energy
RadiationRadiation Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high
speed particles and electromagnetic waves speed particles and electromagnetic waves Radiation cannot be tasted, felt, or smelt, but has the Radiation cannot be tasted, felt, or smelt, but has the
potential to do a great deal of damagepotential to do a great deal of damage There are 4 particles or waves of radiation we will There are 4 particles or waves of radiation we will
learn aboutlearn about Alpha Alpha BetaBeta GammaGamma NeutronNeutron
Alpha particleAlpha particle
Symbol: Symbol: 2244He or He or
It is composed of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, has a It is composed of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, has a mass of 4 amus and a charge of 2mass of 4 amus and a charge of 2++
Low energyLow energy
Beta particleBeta particle
Symbol: Symbol: -1-100e or e or
A high energy electronA high energy electron Charge -1Charge -1
Gamma raysGamma rays
Gamma rays unlike the Gamma rays unlike the or or particle is not a particle is not a particle, instead a ray similar to an x-rayparticle, instead a ray similar to an x-ray
Symbol: Symbol: It is a ray it has no mass or chargeIt is a ray it has no mass or charge Very high energyVery high energy
NeutronNeutron
Symbol:Symbol:0011nn
It has a mass of one, no protons, and no chargeIt has a mass of one, no protons, and no charge
Types of nuclear radiationTypes of nuclear radiation
RadiationRadiationType ofType ofRadiationRadiation
Mass Mass (AMU)(AMU)
ChargeCharge Shielding materialShielding material
AlphaAlpha ParticleParticle 44 22 Paper, skin, clothesPaper, skin, clothes
BetaBetaParticleParticle 1/18361/1836 ±1±1
Plastic, glass, light Plastic, glass, light metalsmetals
GammaGamma ElectromagElectromag-netic Wave-netic Wave 00 00
Dense metal, Dense metal, concrete, Earthconcrete, Earth
NeutronsNeutrons ParticleParticle 11 00 Water, concreteWater, concrete
Review: Atomic number and mass Review: Atomic number and mass numbernumber
Atomic number = Atomic number = number of protons = number of protons = symbol.symbol.
Atoms are electronically Atoms are electronically neutral. neutral. Number of electrons = Number of electrons =
number of protonsnumber of protons Mass number = # Mass number = #
protons + # neutronsprotons + # neutrons
ElementElement ProtonsProtons ElectronElectron NeutronsNeutrons
HH
OO
SS
ClCl
RnRn
A +/-q
ZX
X=symbolZ=atomic number (# of protons)A=mass number (# of protons + # neutrons)q= charge (+=electrons<protons, -=electrons>protons)
Atomic number and mass numberAtomic number and mass number
How would we write H in this form?
IsotopesIsotopes Isotopes-atoms of the same element (same Isotopes-atoms of the same element (same
number of protons) that have different number number of protons) that have different number of neutronsof neutrons
24
12Mg
25
12Mg
26
12Mg
Radioactive decay (natural) Radioactive decay (natural) Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks
down by emitting radiation (naturally down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring)occurring)
92238
U → 90234Th + Which of the radioactive
particles?
Radioactive nucleus
New nucleus
radiation
(, , or )→ +
Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks down by emitting radiation (naturally down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring)occurring)
Radioactive nucleus
New nucleus
radiation
(, , or )→ +
92238
U → 90234Th + 2
4He
Radioactive decay (natural) Radioactive decay (natural)
Radioactive decay Radioactive decay and and : practice: practice
9595
241241Am Am → ? + → ? + 2244HeHe
? → ? → 771414N + N + -1-1
00ee
? → ? → 16163232S + S + -1-1
00ee
2727
6060Co → Co → 28286060Ni +?Ni +?
8888
226226Ra Ra → → 8686222222Rn + ?Rn + ?
? → ? → 8484218218Po + Po + 22
44HeHe
2626
5959Fe → Fe → 27275959Co + ?Co + ?
Radioactive decay Radioactive decay and and : practice: practice
9595
241241Am Am → → 9393237237Np + Np + 22
44HeHe
661414C → C → 77
1414N + N + -1-100ee
1515
3232P → P → 16163232S + S + -1-1
00ee
2727
6060Co → Co → 28286060Ni + Ni + -1-1
00ee
8888
226226Ra Ra → → 8686222222Rn + Rn + 22
44He He
8686
222222Rn → Rn → 8484218218Po + Po + 22
44HeHe
2626
5959Fe → Fe → 27275959Co + Co + -1-1
00ee
Gamma decayGamma decay
There are very few pure gamma emitters, There are very few pure gamma emitters, although gamma radiation accompanies most although gamma radiation accompanies most and and decay decay
In radiology one of the most commonly used In radiology one of the most commonly used gamma emitters is Tcgamma emitters is Tc
4343
99m99mTc Tc →→43439999Tc + Tc +
A gamma decay will have no change in the A gamma decay will have no change in the atomic number or atomic massatomic number or atomic mass
Bombardment ReactionBombardment Reaction
Bombardment reaction-bombarding 2 stable atoms Bombardment reaction-bombarding 2 stable atoms together, creating a radioisotopetogether, creating a radioisotope
All of the known elements whose atomic number is All of the known elements whose atomic number is greater than 92 were created from bombardment greater than 92 were created from bombardment reactionsreactions
Bombardment reactions: practiceBombardment reactions: practice
9898
249249Cf + ? Cf + ? → → 105105263263Db + Db + 00
11nn
2828
5858Ni +Ni + 1 111H → ? + H → ? + 22
44HeHe
2727
5959Co + ? → Co + ? → 25255656Mn +Mn +22
44HeHe
771414N + N + 22
44He → He → 881717O + ? O + ?
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