nursing research a beginning
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Nursing ResearchNursing ResearchA BeginningA Beginning
Professor Lisa High
University of Windsor
Introduction to Nursing ResearchIntroduction to Nursing Research
Welcome to the world of “NURSING RESEARCH”
Learning a unique new language Incorporating new rules Expansion of your perceptions and methods of reasoning
Nursing ResearchNursing Research
Hallmark of any profession Search for new and unique body of knowledge
Who was the first researcher is nursing? What did the research involve?
How does the CNO fit into the practice of research?
Definition of Nursing ResearchDefinition of Nursing Research
Root meaning:
(1)
(2)
More specifically:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
What is the significance of Nursing Research
Primary goal – to develop a scientific knowledge base for nursing practice.
Significance/Value:
(1) Description
(2) Explanation
(3) Prediction
(4) Control
What Research Contributes ToWhat Research Contributes To
To acquire knowledge To build a theory base To validate reality To test reality A way of understanding the empirical world To test/confirm/refute a premise
Importance of Nursing ResearchImportance of Nursing Research
Continued improvement in patient care Evidence-based practice Reinforcement of nursing as a profession Today in this “cost containment” healthcare system to
document relevance and effectiveness of nursing practice To understand the varied dimensions of the profession To describe the characteristics of specific nursing
situations To explain phenomena To initiate activities to promote desired patient outcomes
What is the Nurses Role?What is the Nurses Role?
Every nurse is responsible (CNO Practice Standards)
What is “research utilization”?
Nursing Research: Past, Present and Nursing Research: Past, Present and FutureFuture
Florence Nightingale – Notes on Nursing (1859) 1900 and 1940’s – focused on problems confronting nurses most studies on nursing education 1950’s – established the Nursing Research Journal in US To study clinical topics/clinical nursing problems Canadian Journal of Nursing Research – 1969 1970’s – need additional communication outlets – additional
journals – Advanced Nursing Science - Research in Nursing & Health - Western Journal of Nursing Research - Journal of Advanced Nursing
Nursing Research: Past, Present and Nursing Research: Past, Present and FutureFuture
1970’s cont’d – shift to teaching, administration and nurses themselves to the improvement of patient care
1980’s – 1st review of the Annual Review of Nursing Research
- Federal funding – Canada - National Health Research Dept.
- US – National Center for Nursing Research
- new journal – Applied Nursing Research
- McMaster – clinical learning strategy developed – EBM
Nursing Research: Past, Present and Nursing Research: Past, Present and FutureFuture
1990’s – National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
- Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
- several more journals were introduced
Future Directions for Nursing Future Directions for Nursing ResearchResearch
Increased focus on outcomes research
Promotion of evidence-based practice
Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple confirmatory strategies = REPLICATION
Greater emphasis on “Integrative Reviews”
Involvement of “Transdisciplinary research”
Outcomes research (performance indicator, benchmarking)
Emphasis on the visibility of nursing research
Expanded dissemination of research findings
Sources of Knowledge - Ways of Sources of Knowledge - Ways of Acquiring KnowledgeAcquiring Knowledge
Eight Methods: - tradition - authority - borrowing - trial and error - assemble information - personal/clinical experience - intuition - logical reasoning - disciplined research
Reasoning – What is it?Reasoning – What is it?
Definition –
Stevens (1994) identified 4 patterns of reasoning:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Two Types of Logical ReasoningTwo Types of Logical Reasoning
(1) DEDUCTIVE -
(2) INDUCTIVE -
Thinking in NursingThinking in Nursing
Nursing thought flows along a continuum of both –
(a) Concrete thinking –
(a) Abstract thinking –
Thinking in NursingThinking in Nursing
3 major abstract thought process:
(1)
(2)
(3)
ParadigmsParadigms
What is a paradigm:
Paradigms for Nursing ResearchParadigms for Nursing Research
QUALITATIVE:
QUANTITATVE:
ParadigmsParadigms QUANTITATIVE
Positivist or post-positivist paradigm
Assumption: reality can be studied and known
Hard science Focus: usually concise Reductionistic Objective Reasoning: logistic, deductive Basis of knowing: cause & effect
relationships Tests theory Control Instruments Basic element of analysis: numbers Statistical analysis Generalization
QUALITATIVE Naturalistic paradigm Soft science Focus: usually broad Holistic Subjective Reasoning: dialectic, inductive Basis of knowing: meaning,
discovery Shared interpretation Communication and observation Basic element of analysis: words Individual interpretations Uniqueness
Paradigms & MethodsParadigms & Methods
“research method” – techniques used to structure a study, to gather and to analyze information relevant to a research question
Quantitative and qualitative researchers use different approaches – to answer different questions
Scientific Method & Quantitative Scientific Method & Quantitative ResearchResearch
Scientific Method:
General set of orderly, discipline procedures
Empirical evidence- Systematic fashion of data collection- A series of steps used by the researcher via of a pre-
specified plan of action- Use mechanisms to control the study- Minimizes biases- Precision and validity are maximized
Scientific Method & Qualitative ResearchScientific Method & Qualitative Research
Scientific Method:
- Human complexity/depth of humans- Idea of truth is a composite of realities- Focus on the dynamic, holistic and individual aspects- Flexible, evolving procedures- Findings emerge over the course of the research- Analysis progresses concurrently- Researcher sifts through information, gain insight, new
questions emerge
Paradigms Common FeaturesParadigms Common Features
Ultimate goals – knowledge
External evidence – gather and analyze evidence empirically
Reliance on human cooperation – human study participants
Ethical constraints – research that involves human beings is guided by ethical principles
Fallibility of disciplined research – all studies in either paradigm have limitations, involves trade offs and decisions
Purpose of Qualitative &Quantitative Purpose of Qualitative &Quantitative ResearchResearch
Specific Purposes:
(1) Identification
(2) Description
(3) Exploration
(4) Explanation
(5) Prediction and Control
Basic & Applied ResearchBasic & Applied Research
Basic research: undertaken to accumulate information, extending the base of knowledge in a discipline – why?
Pure science (ie. Bench scientists/natural science)
Applied research: focuses on finding an immediate solution to an existing problem – what is the goal?
Clinical science (ie. Practice setting, practice setting)
Understanding the “Research Process”Understanding the “Research Process”
Quantitative
Experimental
Non-experimental
Qualitative
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Understanding the “Research Process”Understanding the “Research Process” Major Steps – Quantitative:
Phase I – Conceptual Phase
Phase II - Design and Planning Phase
Phase III - Empirical Phase
Phase IV - Analytic Phase
Phase V - Dissemination Phase
Understanding the “Research Process”Understanding the “Research Process”
Major Steps – Qualitative:
Identifying a research problem
Doing a literature review
Selecting and gaining entry into research sites
Designing qualitative studies
Addressing ethical issues
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