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Introduction
What is Cooperative Management ?
Cooperation or co-operation is the process of working or acting together, which can be
accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents. In its simplest form it
involves things working in harmony, side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it
can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the
social patterns of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in competition.
Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources
simultaneously, while sharing processor time.
Cooperative management means: -
- foster free circulation of information within the company,
- establish, support and reward behaviors based on trust and mutual help,
- make sure that the companys best interest is also the best interest of its employees in
order to induce them into participating,
- mobilize human skills, processes, as well as financial and technological resources so
that the companys goals can be reached.
Objective of Study
1) To understand the meaning of cooperation.
2) To state the characteristics of a cooperative society.
3) To describe the procedure of formation of a cooperative society.
4) To identify the different types of cooperative societies.
5) To identify the Programmed for the development of cooperative.
Time Period of Study
I have started this project from 14 April and i have done it on 28 April. And I have
completed this project in 14 days.
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Methodology used in Research:-
All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than over confidence, for it
leads to inquiry and inquiry leads to inventions.
The methodology of the research combines systematic and comparative analysis of
scientific literary sources, periodicals and virtual databases. The secondary data was
collected from the books, magazine, journal and from the internet.
Operational definition of Cooperation or Cooperative
Management
Let us take one example
Suppose a poor villager has two cows and gets ten litres of milk.
After consumption by his family everyday he finds a surplus of five liters of milk. What
can he do with the surplus? He may want to sell the milk but may not find a customer in
the village. Somebody may tell him to sell the milk in the nearby town or city. Again he
finds it difficult, as he does not have money to go to the town to sell milk. What should
he do? He is faced with a problem. Do you have any solution for him?
One day that poor villager met a learner of NIOS who had earlier read this lesson. The
learner told him, you see, you are not the only person facing this problem. There are
many others in your village and also in the nearby village who face a similar problem.
Why dont you all sit together and find a solution to your common problem? In the
morning you can collect the surplus milk at a common place and send somebody to the
nearby town to sell it. Again in the evening, you can sit together and distribute the money
according to your contribution of milk. Of course first you have to deduct all the
expenses from the sale proceeds.
That villager agreed to what the learner said. He told everybody about this new idea and
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formed a group of milk producers in his village. By selling the milk in the nearby town
they were all able to earn money. After that they did not face any problem of finding a
market for the surplus milk.
This process continued for a long time. One day somebody suggested that instead of
selling only milk why not produce other milk products like ghee, butter, cheese, milk
powder etc. and sell them in the market at a better price? All of them agreed and did the
same. They produced quality milk products and found a very good market for their
products not only in the nearby town but in the entire country.
Just think it over. A poor villager, who was not able to sell five litres of milk in his
village, is now selling milk and milk products throughout the nation. He is now enjoying
a good life.
How did it happen? Who made it possible? This is the reward of a joint effort or co
operation.
The term co-operation is derived from the Latin word co-operatic, where the word co
means with and operatic means to work. Thus, co-operation means working together.
So those who want to work together with some common economic objective can form a
society which is termed as co-operative society. It is a voluntary association of persons
who work together to promote their economic interest. It works on the principle of self
help as well as mutual help. The main objective is to provide support to the members.
Nobody joins a cooperative society to earn profit. People come forward as a group, pool
their individual resources, utilise them in the best possible manner, and derive some
common benefit out of it.
In the above example, all producers of milk of a village joined hands, collected the
surplus milk at a common place and sold milk and milk products in the market. This was
possible because of their joint effort. Individually it would not have been possible either
to sell or produce any milk product in that village. They had formed a co-operative
society for this purpose.
In a similar way, the consumers of a particular locality can join hands to provide goods of
their daily need and thus, form a co-operative society. Now they can buy goods directly
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from the producers and sell those to members at a cheaper price. Why is the price
cheaper?
Cooperative management, also co-management, tries to achieve more effective and
equitable systems of resource management. In cooperative management, representatives
of user groups, the scientific community, and government agencies should share
knowledge, power, and responsibility.
Cooperative management is closely allied with collaborative management, participatory
management, community management, joint management, and stakeholder management.
Main condition
There are four main conditions that tend to be necessary for cooperative behavior to
develop between two individuals:
An overlap in desires
A chance of future encounters with the same individual
Memory of past encounters with that individual
A value associated with future outcomes
Objectives of Cooperation
Share same objectives
Give a high satisfaction level to our common customers
Increase our global competitiveness
Develop jointly our respective business in a win- win and loyal approach
Create a successful relationship
Schneider Electric does not compete with Schneider Electric Alliance system
integrators
Schneider Electric Alliance system integrators propose and deliver systems based
on Schneider Electric solutions whenever it's possible.
Actively develop business
System integrator continues to push its business growth, looking for new projects
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Schneider Electric still making prescription actions toward end users to promote
its offer.
Co-operatives in India were introduced by the British primarily to aid small-scale farmers
and to improve access to rural credit. The first Co-operative Societies Act was adopted in
1904, which then only included credit co-operatives. The act was soon amended to grant
the registration at the State level of non-credit co-operatives, including housing and its
administration, allowing them to adapt the legislation to prioritize local needs, in the
years 1912 and 1919 respectively.
Types of Co-operative Societies
Although all types of cooperative societies work on the same principle, they differ with
regard to the nature of activities they perform. Followings are different types of co-
operative societies that exist in our country.
1. Consumers Co-operative Society: -
These societies are formed to protect the interest of general consumers by making
consumer goods available at a reasonable price. They buy goods directly from the
producers or manufacturers and thereby eliminate the middlemen in the process of
distribution. Kendriya Bhandar, Apna Bazar & Sahkari Bhandar are examples of
consumers co-operative society.
2. Producers Co-operative Society: -
These societies are formed to protect the interest of small producers by making available
items of their need for production like raw materials, tools and equipments, machinery,
etc. Handloom societies like APPCO, Bayanika, Haryana Handloom, etc., are examples
of producers co-operative society.
3. Co-operative Marketing Society: -
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These societies are formed by small producers and manufacturers who find it difficult to
sell their products individually. The society collects the products from the individual
members and takes the responsibility of selling those products in the market. Gujarat Co-
operative Milk Marketing Federation that sells AMUL milk products is an example of
marketing co-operative society.
4. Co-operative Credit Society: -
These societies are formed to provide financial support to the members. The society
accepts deposits from members and grants them loans at reasonable rates of interest in
times of need. Village Service Co-operative Society and Urban Cooperative Banks are
examples of co-operative credit society.
5. Co-operative Farming Society: -
These societies are formed by small farmers to work jointly and thereby enjoy the
benefits of large-scale farming. Lift-irrigation cooperative societies andpani-panchayats
are some of the examples of co-operative farming society.
6. Housing Co-operative Society: -
These societies are formed to provide residential houses to members. They purchase land,
develop it and construct houses or flats and allot the same to members. Some societies
also provide loans at low rate of interest to members to construct their own houses. The
Employees Housing Societies and Metropolitan Housing Co-operative Society are
examples of housing co-operative society.
Characteristics of Co-operative Society
A co-operative society is a special type of business organisation different from other
forms of organisation. Let us discuss its characteristics.
i. Open membership:
The membership of a Co-operative Society is open to all those who have a common
interest. A minimum of ten members are required to form a cooperative society. The Co
operative societies Act does not specify the maximum number of members for any co-
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operative society. However, after the formation of the society, the member may specify
the maximum number of members.
ii. Voluntary Association :Members join the co-operative society voluntarily, that is, by choice. A member can join
the society as and when he likes, continue for as long as he likes, and leave the society at
will.
iii. State control:
To protect the interest of members, co-operative societies are placed under state control
through registration. While getting registered, a society has to submit details about the
members and the business it is to undertake. It has to maintain books of accounts, which
are to be audited by government auditors.
iv. Sources of Finance:
In a co-operative society capital is contributed by all the members. However, it can easily
raise loans and secure grants from government after its registration.
v. Democratic Management:
Co-operative societies are managed on democratic lines. The society is managed by a
group known as Board of Directors. The members of the board of directors are the
elected representatives of the society. Each member has a single vote, irrespective of the
number of shares held. For example, in a village credit society the small farmer having
one share has equal voting right as that of a landlord having 20 shares.
iv. Service motive:
Co-operatives are not formed to maximise profit like other forms of business
organisation. The main purpose of a Co-operative Society is to provide service to its
members. For example, in a Consumer Co-operative Store, goods are sold to its members
at a reasonable price by retaining a small margin of profit. It also provides better quality
goods to its members and the general public.
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v. Separate Legal Entity:
A Co-operative Society is registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. After
registration a society becomes a separate legal entity, with limited liability of its
members. Death, insolvency or lunacy of a member does not affect the existence of a
society. It can enter into agreements with others and can purchase or sell properties in its
own name.
vi. Distribution of Surplus:
Every co-operative society in addition to providing services to its members, also
generates some profit while conducting business. Profits are not earned at the cost of its
members. Profit generated is distributed to its members not on the basis of the shares held
by the members (like the company form of business), but on the basis of members
participation in the business of the society. For example, in a consumer co-operative store
only a small part of the profit is distributed to members as dividend on their shares; a
major part of the profit is paid as purchase bonus to members on the basis of goods
purchased by each member from the society.
vii. Self help through mutual cooperation
Co-operative Societies thrive on the principle of mutual help. They are the organisations
of financially weaker sections of society. Co-operative Societies convert the weakness ofmembers into strength by adopting the principle of self-help through mutual co-operation.
It is only by working jointly on the principle of Each for all and all for each, the
members can fight exploitation and secure a place in society.
Salient Significance :-
Cooperation in a vast country like India is of great significance because :-
It is an organization for the poor , illiterate and unskilled people. It is an institution of mutual help and sharing.
It softens the class conflicts and reduces the social cleavages.
It reduces the bureaucratic evils and follies of political factions.
It overcomes the constraints of agricultural development.
It creates conducive environment for small and cottage industries.
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Development of Cooperatives in Rural or Urban Areas
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The following above situation: in agriculture fewer workers produce more; the non-
agricultural population absorbs this greater production, which is on the increase in urban
as well as rural areas. The farmers thus have a larger income, which enables them to
afford a larger volume of consumer products. The non-agricultural population, in urban
and rural areas, devotes itself to increasing local industrial productivity. This additional
production is consumed by the non-agricultural and agricultural sectors of the population,
the purchasing power of which will be increased.
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Provides refinance facilities to the institution as under
TYPES OF REFINANCE FACILITIES
AGENCY CREDIT FACILITIES
Commercial Banks Long Term credit for investment purposes,
financing the working capital requirements
of Weavers' Cooperative Societies (WCS)
and State Handloom/Handicraft
Development Corporations
Short Term Cooperative structure (State
Cooperative Banks, District Central
Cooperative Banks, Primary Agricultural
Credit Societies)
Short Term (crop and other loans), medium
term (conversion) loans, term loans for
investment purposes, financing weavers'
cooperatives - State Handloom
Development Corporations for working
capital by State Cooperative Banks
Long Term Cooperative structure (State
Cooperative Agriculture and Rural
Development Banks, Primary Cooperative
Agriculture and Rural Development Banks)
Term loans for investment purposes
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) Short Term (crop and other loans) and term
loans for investment purposes
Urban Cooperative Banks (Scheduled) Long term investment activities both in
farm and non-farm sectors in rural areas.
State Governments Long Term loans for equity participation in
Co-operatives, Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund (RIDF) loans for rural
infrastructure projects
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
- Informal Credit Delivery System
Revolving Fund Assistance for MicroCredit Delivery Innovations and
Promotional Projects
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B. Developmental & Promotional
The developmental role of NABARD can be broadly classified as:-
Nurturing and strengthening of - the Rural Financial Institutions (RFIs) like
SCBs/SCARDBs, CCBs, RRBs etc. by various institutional strengthening
initiatives.
Fostering the growth of the SHG Bank linkage programmed and extending
essential support to SHPIs NGOs/VAs/ Development Agencies and client banks.
Development and promotional initiatives in farm and non-farm sector. Extending
assistance for Research and Development. Acting as a catalyst for Agriculture and
rural development in rural areas.
C. Supervisory
Supervisory Activities As the Apex Development Bank, NABARD shares with the
Central Bank of the country (Reserve Bank of India) some of the supervisory functions in
respect of Cooperative Banks and RRBs. Special Focus
Removal of regional/sect oral imbalances
Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation
Development of rural micro-enterprises
Strengthening Rural Financial Institutions (RFIs)
Encouraging prudential financial standards in RFIs
Encouraging capital formation in agriculture
Promotion of micro-finance/ development
Rural Infrastructure Development
Hi-tech and export oriented projects
Creating policy environment for flow of rural credit
Experimenting with new models, products and innovative practices in rural credit
Thrust on rural awareness and financial services
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Customers of the Bank
The customers of NABARD are Cooperative Banks, State Land development Bank,
Scheduled Commercial Banks, Urban Cooperative Banks and such financial institutions
as may be approved by RBI. Further, NABARD also deals with voluntary
agencies/NGOs besides various State Govts. While discharging various credit functions,
NABARD has no direct business dealings with public at large, although all the functions
are directed at securing and promoting integrated rural development and prosperity of
rural areas. The interaction between NABARD staff and the ultimate borrowers i.e.,
farmers, artisans, craftsmen and entrepreneurs, takes place while conducting a number of
field level studies, fostering the growth of the SHG bank linkage, developing Vikas
Volunteer Vahini (VVV) and sanctioning/monitoring the various promotional schemes
under NFS/FS. NABARD has recently introduced the Capital Gains Bonds and these
bonds are subscribed by publics.
Quality of Service
NABARD has a complement of suitably qualified and experienced staff in the following
areas : General Banking Agriculture and related services such as Irrigation, Plantation
and Horticulture, Land Development, Agriculture Engineering, Bio-technology,
Fisheries, Forestry, etc.
Agriculture Economics& Information Technology.
The staff provide need-based services to its client banks, state governments, SHGs/NGOs
which ultimately serve the interest of agriculture and rural development. NABARD
through its District Development Managers and Regional Offices deals with client banks,
State Govts. and voluntary agencies. It has been the endeavour of NABARD to provide
various credit and financial services to the RFIs timely and efficiently. The above
customers of NABARD, in turn, have public at large, as their customers. Thus, indirectly
NABARD is responsible for giving timely services to these clients to enable them to act
timely with their customers i.e. general public at large.
To improve the quality of service as well as keeping in tune with the emerging
developments in Information Technology, NABARD has launched an Action Plan on
information technology and its implementation has been vigorously pursued. Networking
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Access to information NABARD has its own website and its address is
www.nabard.org. The website highlights all major areas of its functioning and broadly
indicates all matters relating to organisation, role and functions, operations, rural
economy, international associates, addresses of its offices, etc. The general public at large
may, if required on matters relating to credit for agriculture and rural development
approach HO, ROs or DDMs of NABARD whose addresses are given in the above
website. The National Bank Home Page is updated periodically to provide latest
information on the policy changes, operations, etc. Apart from the website NABARD has
its own Public Relation Officer to disseminate any information relating to the
Organization, agriculture and rural development and related policies adopted by the
Organization. The information relating to agriculture, rural development, banking, etc.
are also published by NABARD through its various publications such as books,
periodicals, booklets, etc. in both Hindi and English and some periodicals even in local
languages. The Annual Report of NABARD including its Balance Sheet/Profit and Loss
Accounts is published/circulated giving necessary details/disclosures about its
performance.
Important Initiatives by NABARD
Institutional Strengthening Initiatives Preparing Institution Specific Development Action
Plans (DAPs) and entering into MoUs with Cooperative Banks and RRBs
Facilitating State-specific reform packages for Cooperative Banks
ODI Intervention and Training and capacity building in RFIs
Support for improvement of business, system, HRD, etc. of cooperatives
Social Re-engineering through Vikas Volunteer Vahini (VVV)
Institution of Awards for good performing Cooperative Banks
Assistance for Business Development Cells (BDC) in Co-operative and RRBs
Micro Finance Innovations and Strategies
Grant support to Self Help Promoting Institutions (SHPIs) to improve access to credit for
rural poor Capacity Building of partner institutions in micro Finance Supporting and up
scaling of SHG-bank linkage programme.
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Development Initiatives
Introduction and popularisation of Kisan Credit Card Scheme
Support for watershed development programmes from Watershed DevelopmentFund
Supporting & promoting Dry land farming practices
Promoting investment in NFS including rural housing, communication and
service sector
Credit intensification through area programmes like DRIP and Cluster
Development
Strengthening rural Haat/marketing pursuits
Support for REDPs Institutionalisation
Support for women entrepreneurs and addressing gender issues in credit
Assistance for environmental awareness/protection
Support for Agri business, Agri-clinic and extension activities
Research and Development Initiatives
Support to Research activities in areas of agriculture and rural development
Support for seminars, conferences and workshops
Conducting institution/area/sector/project-specific studies
Dissemination of findings of studies and research and innovative models and
practices.
Supervision
On-site inspection and off-site surveillance of RFIs Issue of warning signals to banks
showing deterioration in financial position and adverse features Taking preventive and
revival measures for weak banks.
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Institution of purpose-specific funds in NABARD
Watershed Development Funds (WDF)
Co-operative Development Funds (CDF)
Rural Promotion Corpus Fund (RPCF)
Credit and Financial Services Fund (CFSF)
Micro-Finance Development Fund
Soft Loan Assistance for Margin Money Fund
National Rural Credit Operation Fund
National Rural Credit Stabilisation Fund
Agriculture and Rural Enterprises Incubation Fund
Ministry of Rural Development & Cooperatives
The Ministry for Rural Development & Cooperatives was created with the primary
mandate to initiate, implement, manage and sustain development programmes amongst
rural communities especially in the key areas of infrastructure/ economic empowerment
and human capacity building. This is in recognition of the fact that about 80% of the
Benue population, who also account for most of the State's economic production, live in
the rural areas where basic infrastructures and other amenities of modern living have
remained largely undeveloped. The challenge of improving the conditions of living for
increased well-being of the rural populace is therefore critical to the development of the
entire State. In addition, the Ministry has the responsibility of coordinating and
monitoring the activities of other organizations and agencies involved in the
implementation of rural development activities, as well as mobilising additional resources
for rural development in the State. In its one year of existence, the Ministry has carried the
following Programme:-
The Ministry has designed and formulated six programme components as Follows:
1. Rural (Feeder) Roads Construction:
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To build and maintain all year round motorable road network in the rural areas.
2. Rural Electrification:
To supply electricity to all rural communities in the state through the exploitation of
renewable energy generation, transmission and distribution.
3. Cooperatives and Micro Finance Administration:
To mobilize and organize the populace/ especially rural dwellers to form and operate
cooperative societies to enhance resource mobilization for economic development
through self-help efforts; to make financial services available to rural cooperative
societies via synergy and mainstreaming of the informal sub-sector into the formal
financial system.
4. Rural Market Development & Community Skills Acquisition:
To provide and maintain modern market facilities that enhance exchange, promote value
addition and guarantee returns on effort to rural farmers, as well as eradicate rural
poverty by generating employment through artisanal skills acquisition and training.
5. Rural Housing & Settlement Planning :
To facilitate the provision of decent and affordable housing for the rural dwellers by the
utilizing of the National Housing Fund through the services of private estate developers,
and significantly affect the settlement pattern in the rural areas to-enhance development.
6. Capacity Building for Management of Development:
To ensure sustenance of infrastructural and economic reforms through capacity building
for management of development, positive attitudinal orientation for collective governance
and provision of support services to rural communities.
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Conclusion
We have learnt that the main objective of co-operative form of business organisation is to
provide service rather than to earn profit. The co-operative society is the only alternative
to protect the weaker sections of the society and to promote the economic interest of the
people. In certain situations when it is not possible to achieve the target by individual
effort, collective effort in the form of a co-operative society is preferred. Housing co-
operatives, Marketing co-operatives, etc., are formed to achieve the common economic
objectives of the members. Generally co-operative society is suitable for small andmedium size business operation. However, large scale co-operative societies like IFFCO,
KRIBHCO etc. Are also found in India .From the above explanation we conclude that-
A co-operative society is a voluntary association of individuals having common
needs who join hands for the achievement of common economic interest. Its aim
is to serve the interest of the poorer sections of society through mutual help.
Membership of co-operative societies is voluntary and open to all. It is
democratically managed and it has a separate legal existence . The main motive is
to provide service to the members. It works on the principle of self help through
mutual cooperation of members.
A co-operative society can be formed under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912,
with a minimum of ten members. For registration, an application along with bye-
laws of the society has to be submitted to the Registrar of Co-operative Societies.
Co-operative societies are easy to form and have a stable life. Membership is open
to all and members have limited liability. There is democratic management based
on one-man, one vote. The societies have stable life and they enjoy government
patronage.
They suffer from insufficient capital, problems in management and conflict
among members. There is lack of motivation in members due to absence of direct
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reward for individual effort. Excessive government regulation and control may
also pose problems for them.
Co-operative societies are suitable in protecting exploitation of weaker sections of
society and promoting their economic interest. It is ideal where service motive,
and not profit, is the priority.
The cooperative form of enterprise provides rural populations an option to organize and
improve their livelihoods by providing income and creating jobs. Policy makers must
ensure the current policies and administrative practices (registration procedures, taxation
policies, accounting standards, capital standards for financial institutions as well as
ability to access funding, etc) do not hinder the development and growth of cooperatives.
Bibliography
1) http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2) http://www.indian.edu
3) http:// www.coopgalor.com
4) http://www.marketingteacher.com
5) http://www.facebook.com
6) https://www.egyankosh.com
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