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California Education and the Environment InitiativeVisual Aids
Earth ScienceStandard
E.5.d.
E
Ocean Currents and Natural Systems
California Education and the Environment InitiativeApproved by the California State Board of Education, 2010
The Education and the Environment Initiative Curriculum is a cooperative endeavor of the following entities:California Environmental Protection Agency
California Natural Resources Agency
California State Board of Education
California Department of Education
Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle)
Key Partners:Special thanks to Heal the Bay, sponsor of the EEI law, for their partnership
and participation in reviewing portions of the EEI curriculum.
Valuable assistance with maps, photos, videos and design was provided by the
National Geographic Society under a contract with the State of California.
Office of Education and the Environment1001 I Street • Sacramento, California 95814 • (916) 341-6769
http://www.CaliforniaEEI.org
© Copyright 2011 by the California Environmental Protection Agency© 2013 Second Edition
All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be used or reproduced without
permission from the Office of Education and the Environment.
These materials may be reproduced by teachers for educational purposes.
Lesson 1 Rise and Fall of the California Sardine Industry
1 Pacific Sardine Structure Key 3
2 California Sardine Industry Timeline 4
3 Physical Environment and Sardine Fisheries 5
4 Monterey Bay and Surrounding Areas 6
Lesson 2 Ocean Water’s Influence on the Distribution of Organisms
5 Ocean Layering Experiment 7
6 Structured Layering of the Ocean 8
7 Phytoplankton 9
8 Seasonal Productivity in Surface Waters 10
Lesson 3 Ocean Currents’ Influences on Coastal and Marine Organisms
9 Major Ocean Currents 11
10 Uneven Heating of Earth 12
Lesson 4 Human Connections to Ocean Processes
11 Jetties: Sand Deposition and Erosion 13
12 Santa Barbara Breakwater 14
13 Santa Barbara Harbor and Breakwater 15
14 Dredging Santa Barbara Harbor 16
Contents
Lesson 5 Marine Organism Distribution and Human Economies
15 Structure of Kelp 17
16 Surface Kelp Forest Canopy 18
17 Products Containing Alginate 19
18 Kelp Forest 20
Lesson 6 Management of California’s Sardine Industry
19 California’s Sardine Fishery 1945 –1963 21
20 California’s Sardine Fishery 1964–1985 22
21 California’s Sardine Fishery 1986–1999 23
22 Sardine Landings, 1981 –2004 24
23 Sardine Catch from Monterey Bay, 1919–1929 25
24 Sardine Catch and Ocean Temperature 26
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 3
VA #1 Pacific Sardine Structure Key
Dorsal fin
Operculum (gill covering)
Caudal fin
Mouth
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fin
Anal fin
Pacific Sardine Structure Key
Visual Aid1
4 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #2 California Sardine Industry Timeline
California Sardine Industry Timeline
Visual Aid2
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 5
VA #3 Physical Environment and Sardines Fisheries
Physical Environment and Sardine Fisheries
Visual Aid3
Human Uses
Byproducts
Biology
Pacific Sardine
6 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #4 Monterey Bay and Surrounding Areas
Chlorophyll (mg/m³)
.05 .1 .5 1 5 10 50
0 50 10025
Miles
N
S
EW
Phytoplankton
Monterey Bay and Surrounding Areas
Visual Aid4
San Francisco
Monterey
The areas surrounding Monterey Bay are important for sardines. The topography allows deeper nutrient-rich waters to form an upwelling.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 7
VA #5 Ocean Layering Experiment
Ocean Layering Experiment
Visual Aid5
■ ■■ Pour 100 ml of room-temperature tap water into a 500 ml beaker.
■ ■■ Add two cubes of ice and let them melt.
■ ■■ Measure and record the water temperature on the Ocean Layering Data Sheet. (Note: Take the temperature the same way each time, with the thermometer in the same position. Allow sufficient time so that the reading on the thermometer is accurate.)
■ ■■ Add 50 ml of hot tap water to a glass container and record the temperature.
■ ■■ Place a few drops of food coloring in the hot water and stir until the water is an even, dark color.
■ ■■ Place a small sheet of plastic wrap on the surface of the cold water in the beaker.
■ ■■ Carefully pour the hot, colored water from the glass container onto the plastic wrap.
■ ■■ Slowly remove the plastic wrap.
■ ■■ Observe what happens to the color in the water and describe any layering or mixing on Ocean Layering Data Sheet.
■ ■■ Record the water temperature again.
8 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #6 Structured Layering of the Ocean
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Temperature (°C) Density (g/cm3)5 10 15 20 25 1.023 1.025 1.027 1.029
Surface Layer
Intermediate Layer
Deep Layer
Permanent or mainthermocline
Dep
th (
m)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Temperature (°C)5 10 15 20 25
Dep
th (
m)
Tropicthermocline
Temperatethermocline
Polarthermocline
Source: Peter Castro and Michael Huber, Marine Biology, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 2007), 59.
Structured Layering of the Ocean
Visual Aid6
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 9
VA #7 Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton
Visual Aid7
Colonial freshwater phytoplankton Dinoflagellate
Diatom Cyanobacteria
10 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #8 Seasonal Productivity in Surface Waters
This chart shows the relationship between the physical properties of the ocean environment and the biological productivity that occurs within it.
Seasonal Productivity in Surface Waters
Visual Aid8
Temperate Productivity
Tropical Productivity
LIGHT
Polar Productivity
Nutrients
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
Lat
itu
de
Lig
ht
Nu
trie
nt
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 11
0 1,000 2,000 4,000
Miles
Warm Current
Cold Current
23.5°
0°
23.5°
23.5°
0°
23.5°
A R C T I C O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
I N D I A N
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
West Wind DriftWest Wind Drift
West Wind Drift
Ca
liforn
ia C
urrent
Humboldt Current
North A
tlantic Dr ift
Greenland Current
North Atlantic Drift
North Pacific Drift
North Equatorial Current
Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent
South Equatorial Current
Gu
lf S
tr
eam
Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent Indian Equatorial
Countercurrent
Pacific Equatorial Countercrrent
VA #9 Major Ocean Currents
Major Ocean Currents
Visual Aid9
12 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #10 Uneven Heating of Earth
Heating by the Sun Cooling
Eq
uat
ori
al r
egio
ns
Po
lar
reg
ion
s
Surface Flow
Thermocline
Deep Spreading
Sinking
Source: Tom Garrison. Essentials of Oceanography. 2nd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2001.
Uneven Heating of Earth
Visual Aid10
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 13
Net Longshore Drift
OceanJetties
New Sand Deposits
ErosionInlet
Estuary
Beach
Beach
0 .5 1.25
Kilometers
VA #11 Jetties: Sand Deposition and Erosion
Source: Paul Pinet, Invitation to Oceanography, (Jones & Bartlett, 2005) 389.
Jetties: Sand Deposition and Erosion
Visual Aid11
Longshore currents flow parallel to the shoreline. The amount and pattern of sand deposition that results from the longshore current is called the “longshore drift.” The presence of a jetty results in the accumulation of sediments on the upcurrent side of the jetty and erosion on the downcurrent side. Wave action protects the inlets formed by jetties, allowing broad beaches to form. Jetties also provide new rocky reef habitat for organisms that would not ordinarily live so close to shore.
14 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
10 m
9 m
10 m
9 m
Santa Barbara
Breakwater
SandDeposition
Erosion
Sand Transport
Pier
Longshore Current
Dredging required
N
S
EW
0 .5 1.25
Kilometers
VA #12 Santa Barbara Breakwater
Santa Barbara Breakwater
Visual Aid12
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 15
VA #13 Santa Barbara Harbor and Breakwater
Santa Barbara Harbor and Breakwater
Visual Aid13
16 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #14 Dredging Santa Barbara Harbor
Dredging Santa Barbara Harbor
Visual Aid14
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 17
VA #15 Structure of Kelp
Kelp is one of the largest and most complex of the brown algae. It anchors itself to the rocky ocean bottom with a holdfast and grows toward the surface. The blades are attached to a stipe. The gas-filled bladders (pneumatocysts) help the blades to float toward the sunlit surface.
Structure of Kelp
Visual Aid15
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Gas-filled bladder(pneumatocyst)
18 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #16 Surface Kelp Forest Canopy
Surface Kelp Forest Canopy
Visual Aid16
Kelp is a type of brown algae that grows rapidly—up to 50 centimeters per day in optimum conditions—toward the water’s sunlit surface. Holdfasts anchor kelp to the rocky ocean bottom in shallow waters. These characteristics result in a “forest” that extends from the bottom to the surface of the ocean and provides habitats for many species.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 19
VA #17 Products Containing Alginate
Products Containing Alginate
Visual Aid17
Ice Cream Mayonnaise
Jam Toothpaste
20 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
VA #18 Kelp Forest
Kelp Forest
Visual Aid18
Kelp forests are three-dimensional structures that provide habitat for many species. This photograph shows that many adult and juvenile fish make their homes in the forest. Harvesting kelp removes the upper layer of the kelp, destroying habitat and potentially affecting all of the organisms in the kelp forest.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 21
California’s Sardine Fishery 1945 –1963
Visual Aid19
VA #19 California’s Sardine Fishery 1945 –1963
Date Event
1945 An estimated 550,000 metric tons of sardines caught off the California coast. Catch greater than any other fish catch in North America. Twenty-four canneries operate along Cannery Row.
1947 Sardine fishery falls to 100,000 metric tons; and a tax imposed on fishermen to help support scientific research.
1949 Research collaborative established to investigate the sardine fishery’s collapse. Participants include: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the NOAA/NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This group is later named the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI).
1957 Ocean off California warms by 3.6° F (2° C), causing anomalies in precipitation, plankton abundance, and fisheries.
1958 Oceanographers, fishery personnel, and meteorologists conclude that understanding and forecasting fluctuations in coastal fisheries are best achieved by studying the entire ocean and ocean-atmosphere relationships.
1960 Approach to sardine question becomes more interdisciplinary and ecosystem based.
1963 First volume of CalCOFI atlas series describes temperature and salinity in the California Current.
22 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
California’s Sardine Fishery 1964–1985
Visual Aid20
VA #20 California’s Sardine Fishery 1964–1985
Date Event
1964 Sardine spawning biomass in this year (at 30,000 metric tons) is 1% of the spawning biomass of 1938. (Spawning biomass is an estimate of the total weight of the fish population. The sardine biomass estimate is based on a sample of fish eggs and plankton eggs.) State legislature enacts fishery moratorium.
1969 By counting fish scales taken from sediment off the Santa Barbara coast, CalCOFI scientists reconstruct an 1,800-year record that shows sardines follow a cycle of decline and recovery approximately every 30 to 60 years.
1972 Sardine spawning biomass minimum at less than 10,000 metric tons.
1977 Researchers observe long-term changes in sea-surface temperature, ocean circulation, and climate.
1979 Egg-production method, a new technique for measuring the size of the fishery, is introduced.
1982 Large anomalies in temperature and zooplankton biomass in the CalCOFI data first linked to tropical ocean warming phenomena.
1983 Quick-response study of 1983–1984 El Niño makes it one of the most thoroughly documented El Niño events to date.
1985 Sardine spawning biomass reaches 30,000 metric tons; the highest since 1964.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 23
California’s Sardine Fishery 1986–1999
Visual Aid21
VA #21 California’s Sardine Fishery 1986 –1999
Date Event
1986 California lifts its moratorium on sardine fishing in response to measured increases in spawning biomass.
1995 Sardine spawning biomass reaches 300,000 metric tons; the highest since 1954.
1998 Significant data compiled on consequences of El Niño to nutrient, chlorophyll, and zooplankton patterns in the California Current, providing a close look at links between ocean physics and biology.
1999 Spawning biomass of sardines exceeds 1 million metric tons for the first time since the CalCOFI surveys began in 1951.
24 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
Mill
ion
Po
un
ds
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
Pacific Sardine Landings(Sardinops sagax)
Calendar Year
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
198819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Source: National Marine Fisheries Service, 2005
VA #22 Sardine Landings, 1981–2004
Sardine Landings, 1981–2004
Visual Aid22
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids 25
Sardine Catch from Monterey Bay, 1919–1929
Visual Aid
VA #23 Sardine Catch from Monterey Bay, 1919–1929
Mill
ion
Po
un
ds
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
Sardine Catch from Monterey Bay
1919
–20
1920
–21
1921
–22
1922
–23
1923
–24
1924
–25
1925
–26
1926
–27
1927
–28
1928
–29
Calendar Year
23
Source: Milton J. Linder, Fishing Localities at Monterey from November, 1919, to March, 1929, for the Pacific Sardine
(Sardinops sagax)
26 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.5.d. I Ocean Currents and Natural Systems I Visual Aids
Source: Monterey Bay Aquarium. “Seafood Watch Pacific Sardine Report, Volume 1, 2004”
http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_PacificSardineReport.pdf
VA #24 Sardine Catch and Ocean Temperature
Correlation Between Pacific Sardine Abundance and Water Temperature
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
0.5
0.0
0.0°
0.1°
- 0.1°
Mill
ion
s o
f M
etri
c To
ns
Deg
rees
Cel
ciu
s
Pacific Sardine
Temperature Anomaly
Calendar Year
Sardine Catch and Ocean Temperature
Visual Aid24
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