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( .)
1 ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 1
1.2 2
1.3 4
2 .......................................................................................................6
3. .........................................................................................9
3.1 11
3.2 12
3.3 14
3.4 17
4 .......................................................................20
4.1 20
4.2 27
5 ............................................................44
5.1 20 45
5.2 45
6 ..............................................................................................................................................49
6.1 49
6.2 49
6.3 50
1.1
. . . 2535
. . 2543
1,866
( .)
6
.
. . 2535 1,866 ( 29 . .51)
39.17%
( 29 . .51)
39.17%
14.31%14.68%
12.27%
11.36%8.20%
1-1
:
1
¿“æ√«¡Õ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π 1
1.2
2549
2/2550
. . 2546
79%
7% ( ) 9% ( )
6%
79%
, 6%
, 9%
, 7%
1-2 2546
: 2546
. . 2546-2549 ( 1-3) 3/2550
2
. . 2549
3/2550 5.2%
2550
3 3
-5.7% -7.8% 2
(MPI) -2.9%
2 3
4.2% -6.5%
-13.4% 2 3.9%
2550
1-3 . . 2542 2549
: .
2545-2549
(Gross Domestic Product: GDP) 135,011
(GDP)
4,044,000 . .2544-2549 GDP Real Estate &
Renting 3.35% GDP
( . .)
2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549
3
GDP GDP Real Estate & Renting
GDP Real Estate & Renting GDP
Real Estate & Renting
• % GDP-Thailand 5.41 %
• % GDP- Real Estate & Renting 4.92 %
• GDP- Real Estate & Renting GDP-Thailand 3.35%
1-1 GDP Real Estate & Renting
1.3
40 60
20 30 10 20
GDP-Thailand GDP- Real Estate &
Renting
GDP- Real
Estate & Renting Year
( ) @ 1988
Price
% GDP/yr ( ) @ 1988
Price
% GDP/yr GDP- Real Estate &
Renting hailand
2545 3,237,042 110,333 3.41%
2546 3,468,166 6.66% 115,764 4.69% 3.34%
2547 3,685,944 5.91% 122,457 5.47% 3.32%
2548 3,851,295 4.29% 128,473 4.68% 3.34%
2549 4,043,552 4.75% 135,011 4.84% 3.34%
3,657,200 5.41% 122,408 4.92% 3.35%
4
5
. . 2535
. .2522 ( 2) . .2535
( 3) . .2543
2-1
2-1
23 2,000
10,000
: 1) . . 2522
2) ( 2) . . 2535
3) ( 3) . . 2543
. . 2535 4
6
°“√®—¥ª√–‡¿∑Õ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π 2
1) ( (A) < 10,000 m2
(H)
< 23 m) 10 3.6%
2) (2,000 m2< (A) < 10,000 m
2
(H) 23 m) 31 11.2%
3) ( (A) 10,000 m2
(H) < 23 m) 46 16.6%
7
8
. . 2535 1,175 kVA 1,000 kW
20 MJ
( ) 278
.1
.
3-1
( . . 2549)
(GWh/ /
)
(GWh/ /
)(GWh/ / ) ( )
1(2,000 m
2< A < 10,000 m
2 H 23 m)
2.37 0.52 1.28 31
2(A 10,000 m
2 H < 23 m)
8.22 0.44 2.60 46
3(A 10,000 m
2 H 23 m)
14.2 0.42 4.98 191
( ) 268
9
¥—™π’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß Õ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π 3
3-1 2549
2549
( 3)
4.98 GWh/ /
( 2) 2.6 GWh/ /
( 1)
1.28 GWh/ /
3
Diagram
10
3-2
3.1
20 3-2
• 53%
• 16% (
)
• 15%
• 13%
• 3%
.
( ) ( )
M
Grid
Meter
( )
11
3-3 20
3-2
( )
1 (2,000 m2< A < 10,000 m
2 H 23 m) 5
2 (A 10,000 m2
H < 23 m) 5
3 (A 10,000 m2
H 23 m) 10
3.2
. ( .1)
20
20
12
3-3
1. SEC = (kWh / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
2. SEC AC-AREA = (kWhAC / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
3. SEC AC-VOL = (kWhAC / )
% Occupancy x (m3)
kWh/ /m3
4. SEC LT = (kWhLT / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
5. SEC L = (kWhL / )
x (m) kWh/ / -
1.
12
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. %Occupancy
8.
9. 1
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
Linear Regression (R2
1) 13
(Specific Energy Consumption: SEC)
4
3-4
1. SEC = (kWh / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
2.
SEC AC-AREA = (kWhAC / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
3. SEC LT = (kWhLT / )
% Occupancy x (m2)
kWh/ /m2
4. SEC L = (kWhL / )
x (m) kWh/ / -
3.3
20
3-5 (20 )
SEC 209.90 kWh/ /m2
SECAC-AREA 135.32 kWh/ /m2
SECLT 28.53 kWh/ /m2
SECL 2.28 kWh/ / -
14
3-6
SEC R2
(SEC) ( )
20 209.90 kWh/ /m2
0.84
1 5 215.80 0.86
2 5 199.90 0.91
3 10 218.50
kWh/ /m2
0.84
2 143.82 -
18 212.37
kWh/ /m2
0.84
13 227.20 0.89
7 141.63
kWh/ /m2
0.70
(SECAC-AREA) ( )
20 135.32 0.72
1 5 137.24 0.89
2 5 107.11 0.80
3 10 136.14
kWh/ /m2
0.53
Water-Cooled Chiller 9 103.11 0.79
Air-Cooled Chiller 1 143.96 -
Package A/C 10 164.95
kWh/ /m2
0.70
15
(SECAC-VOL) ( )
20 51.70 0.71
1 5 55.26 0.88
2 5 40.26 0.84
3 10 52.03
kWh/ /m3
0.52
Water-Cooled Chiller 9 38.37 0.81
Air-Cooled Chiller 1 58.76 -
Package A/C 10 63.17
kWh/ /m3
0.70
(SECLT) ( )
20 28.53 0.85
1 5 27.88 0.60
2 5 25.10 0.99
3 10 29.85
kWh/ /m2
0.85
(SECL) ( )
20 2.28 0.94
1 5 2.22 0.70
2 5 3.37 0.65
3 10 2.27
kWh/ /
-
0.92
16
3.4
(Energy Intensity: EI)
( toe) (GDP,
. 1988) EI
EI
Activies)Business&RentingEstate(RealGDPEEI =
E ( .)
( .) TSIC 83101
( GWh toe)
GDP (Real Estate Renting & Business Activities)
(
. 1988)
GDP
. . . . 2545-2550
Energy Intensity
0.99
0.97 0.99 1.011.00
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550Year
Ener
gy In
tens
ity (t
oe/m
ill. T
HB)
3-4 (EI) . . 2545-2549
( )17
(EI)
EI . . 2545-2547 EI
. . 2547-2549 EI 2%
( 2545-2549)
. . . 2535
(Energy Elasticity: EE)
(EE ) (
GDPGDP )
(EE /
GDPGDP )
Energy Elasticity
GDP
EE
Energy Elasticity
0.69
1.401.34
0.84
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550
Year
Energ
y Elas
ticity
3-5 (EE) . . 2546-2549
. . 2546-2549
0.69 1.40 1.07 GDP
1 1.07
( )
( )
18
( )
19
20
2
1)
2)
•
(Variable Primary Side Chilled Water Flow Technology)
•
(Low-Flow Low-Temperature Chilled Water Technology)
• (Regenerative Drive Lift Technology)
4.1
4.1.1 (Good Housekeeping)
20
¡“μ√°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ”À√—∫Õ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π 4
4-1
( ) (kWh/ ) ( / )
1
1.1 1 4,335 14,066
1.2 2 22,526 74,570
1.3 Chiller 1 21,834 73,223
2
2.1 1 402 1,080
3
3.1 6 145,416 513,896
1
(Chiller) 400
3 200 1 (CDP) 5 75 kW
2 40 kW 3 40 kW CDP no.2
21.4 kW CDP no.4 25.90 kW
4-1
CDP no.2 4.46 kW
21
-
45,499 /
-
2
36
10 W 81 24 / 365
4-2
36 40
-
1,080 /
-
3
1,000 kVA 2
2547-2550 572 kW
MDB 2 TIE CB
22
4-3
1 ON TIE CB 2
Core loss
-
58,463 /
-
4.1.2
(Retrofitting/Technology Change)
4-2
( )( )
(kWh/ )( / ) ( )
1 Package A/C
Chiller Load 1 802,500 217,807 680,238 1.18
2 Air Cooled Chiller
Water Cooled Chiller 1 4,387,000 221,400 722,008 6.08
3 12 3,315,000 372,724 1,221,374 2.71
23
( )( )
(kWh/ )( / ) ( )
4 8 9,012,025 765,282 2,630,727 3.43
5 25 oC
24 oC
12 1,597,980 1,760,804 6,052,762 0.26
6 6 12,960,000 1,775,174 5,752,421 2.25
1 3 266,000 29,630 96,708 2.75
2 5 96,400 60,847 199,685 0.48
3 1 2,320,200 213,974 899,877 2.58
4 Light Save
36 W 5 7,945,125 513,784 1,690,478 4.70
5 36 W
28 W ( T5) 14 35,886,980 2,838,661 9,150,925 3.92
1 ( )
8 3,365,346 823,617 2,769,939 1.21
1
(Package Unit)
100,000 - 337,000 Btu/h 3,717,000 Btu/h 17
15 kW 4
4-4
24
25%
260,000
64,491 /
4.03
2
36
10 / 306
1x36 18 12 / 247
4-5
10 /
85,680
29,431 /
2.91
25
3
(Package Unit)
31.72%
4-6
151,416
228,168 /
0.66
26
4.2
(Emerging
Technology )
4.2.1 (Variable Primary Side Chilled Water Flow Technology)
1)
(Chilled
Water System)
(Load Sharing)
27
4-7
4-8
(Modulating Control Valve)
(Chilled Water Demand)
(By-pass)
(Modulating Control Valve)
4-7
(Variable
Flow) 2 Primary-Secondary
(Primary Side) (Secondary
Side)
4-8 4-9
28
(Flow Friction)
(Minimum Flow)
4-9 Variable Primary - Variable Secondary (VPF)
2)
Primary-Secondary
(Primary Flow)
(Secondary Flow)
( 4-8)
(Primary Flow)
( 4-9)
Evaporator
(Nuisance
Shutdown) Evaporator
(Sensors)
(Secondary Side)
29
Variable Primary Flow System VPF
System
900 300
60% 80% VPF
VPF (Minimum Flow, Bypass)
4-10
4.2.2
(Low-Flow Low-Temperature Chilled Water Technology)
1)
(Variable Chilled Water Flow)
24CHW
rGPM T
Ton×
=
rTon = ,
GPM = ,
CHWT = ,
Variable W ater F low
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
3:50:00 3:55:00 4:00:00 4:05:00 4:10:00Tim e (hour:m in:sec)
Wat
er T
emp
[deg
F]
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
Flow
[gpm
]Evaporator W ater F low
Evap Entering W ater Tem p
Evap Leaving W ater T em p
30
45
55
Cooling
Tower
4-11
43
58
2)
33%
45 43
45
Chiller
Water Pumps
1972 NOW
73%
9%18%
57%
26% 17%
Efficiency 0.85 Kw/Tr Efficiency 0.55 Kw/Tr
Chiller
Water Pumps
1972 2008
73%
9%18%
57%
26% 17%
Efficiency 0.85 Kw/Tr Efficiency 0.55 Kw/Tr
Cooling Tower
31
450 1,080 160
1. 1
45 45
Evaporator
1,080 2.4
2. 2 43
43 Evaporator
720 1.6
4-12
8:30 23:00 .
4-12
1
0.635 kW/Ton 2
0.649 kW/Ton
42.7 kW 13.4 kW 69%
1
0.748 kW/Ton 2 0.713 kW/Ton 4.7%
1,080 GPM 2.4 GPM/TR
4455°°
FF
5555°°
FF
9900°°
FF
110000°°
FF
Standard Flow 450 TR
4433°°
FF
5588°°
FF
9900°°
FF
110000°°
FF
Low Flow 450 TR
evaporator flow rate condenser flow rate 1,350 GPM 3.0 GPM/TR
720 GPM 1.6 GPM/TR evaporator flow rate condenser flow rate 1,350 GPM 3.0 GPM/TR
Chiller Efficiency 0.635 Kw/Tr Chiller Efficiency 0.649 Kw/Tr
32
4-13
4-3
(kW)
1
45
(kW)
2
43
285.7 292.3
42.7 13.4 (Low Flow)
328.4 305.7 (6.91% savings)
( )
4-14
Temperature differential
Supply temperature Flow Fan
Ductwor
Pump
Piping
33
1/3
4.2.3 T5
1)
12%
/
2) (Fluorescent Lamps)
(Phosphur)
4-15
34
4-4 -
• 10,000-13,000
•
• (Ra=63-85)
•
•
•
•
• 18 W
< 50 lm/W
• 25%
( super 80 10%)
• 2-3
(
)
• ( )
• ( )
•
•
( T12)
38 40
( T8 TLD) 26
36
T5 28
16
4-16 T12, T8 T5
35
4-5
Diameter Wattage Luminous Flux and Efficacy
@ 100 burning hours Fluorescence Lamp Type
(mm) (W) (lm) (lm/W)
TL Standard 38 40 2850 72
TLD (T8) 26 36 2650 73.6
TL 5 HE (T5) 16 28 2900 104
T5
104 T5
TLD
•
•
•
•
4-17 4-18 T5
TLD T5 TLD
4-17 T5 TLD
4-18 T5 TLD 36
Polar Curve T5 TLD
T5 TLD 33%
TLD 2x36 W T5 2x28 W
T5 TLD
4-19 TLD T5
4-20 2x28 W 2x36 W
1 T5 (2x28 W) TLD (2x36 W)
T5
100
TLD T5
25% T5 TLD
2x 36 2x 28
37
38
39
4-23 (
)
(Gearless Machine)
• (Induction Motor)
(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, PMSM)
•
VVVF Variable Voltage
Variable Frequency
PMSM
(Dynamic Brake Resistor)
(Friction Loss) (Windage Loss)
40
41
4-25
3)
(Closed Loop Control)
Regenerative Drive
Regen Drive
ReGen drive
Non-regen drive
AC VF
DC
AC VF
DCElectrical power
generation
Electrical power consumption
Full Load Down
Full Load Down
Full Load Up
Full Load Up
4-26 Regenerative Drive
42
Regenerative Drive
160
( ) 100
4-27 4-28
4-29 Regenerative Drive
43
(SEC)
.
(SEC)
SEC
5-1 SEC
SEC Benchmark
SEC
5-1
(kWh/yr) ( )
SEC
( )(kWh/ )
(%)
155,180,394 31 12 4,606,487 8.35
2105,596,997 46 11 11,554,979 10.94
31,256,508,276 191 80 221,894,131 17.66
1,417,285,669 268 103 238,055,598 16.80
: . . 2549 44
·π«∑“ß à߇ √‘¡°“√Õπÿ√—°…å æ≈—ßß“π„πÕ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π 5
5.1 20
20
73,238,230 kWh/
13.47%
5-2 20
( ) (kWh/ ) (kWh/ / ) (kWh/ )(kWh/ / )
%
1 1 5 7,012,452 1,402,490 1,017,977 203,595 14.52
2 2
5 9,149,811 1,829,962 1,574,583 314,916 17.21
3 3
10 57,075,967 5,707,596 7,276,012 727,601 12.75
20 73,238,230 8,940,049 9,868,572 1,246,113 13.47
5.2
1,417 GWh/
1.1% 3.5%
( . . 2549) (Energy Intensity:
EI) (Energy Elasticity: EE)
. . 2545 - 2549 EI 0.97 - 1.01 toe/ . .1988
EE 0.69 - 1.40 1.07
(Benchmark)
238 GWh/45
16.8%
20
13.5%
10%
1) (1-2 )
: (Energy Management)
(House-Keeping)
:
: 3%
42,518,570 kWh/ 127,555,710 /
46
2) (3-5 )
: (Retrofiting, Equipments & Process Improvement)
-
: (Proven Technology)
(Label)
CO2
: 7%
99,209,997 kWh/ 297,629,991 /
3) (> 5 )
(Technology Transfer)
(Consultant)
(Designer) (Contractor) (ESCO)
( )
(Renovate)
47
48
6.1
20
(SEC)
6-1 (SEC)
( kWh/ /m2)
20 209.90
6.2
20
6-2
1 SECAC-AREA 135.30 kWh/ /m2
2 SEC LT 28.50 kWh/ /m2
3 SEC L 2.30 kWh/ / -
49
6 ∫∑ √ÿª
6.3
(SEC)
(Benchmark)
238 GWh/
16.8%
20
13.5%
10%
142 GWh/
425 /
5
20
50
(Proven Technology)
(Label)
CO2
(Minimum Equiment Performance Standard)
(Label)
51
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