open air museum @ springfield museums
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O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 1
30
Ope
n air
museum
The Springf eld Muse
um
s
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 2
30
The Conway School of Landscape Design is the only
institution of its kind in North America. Its focus is
sustainable landscape planning and design. Each
year, through its accredited, ten-month graduate
program just eighteen to nineteen students from
diverse backgrounds are immersed in a range of
applied landscape studies, ranging in scale from
residences to regions. Graduates go on to play
significant professional roles in various aspects
of landscape planning and
design. www.csld.edu
INDEX
INTRODUCTION ................................1
CONTEXT regional.....................................2 neighborhood..........................3
EXISTING CONDITIONS..................4
SITE SECTION...................................5
CITY-WIDE ANALYSES................6-7
SITE ANALYSES access & circulation.............8 impervious surfaces.............9 views...........................................10 vegetation.................................11 utilities......................................12 sun/shade.................................13 summary analysis..................14
IDEAL CONCEPT.............................15
DESIGN ALTERNATIVE 1...........16-17
DESIGN ALTERNATIVE 2.........18-19
DESIGN ALTERNATIVE 3........20-21
FINAL DESIGN.................................22 planting guide.......................23 design details..................24-26 garden details................27-28 design precedents...............29
FOR THE FUTURE..........................30
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 1
30
int
ro
du
ct
ion
Art installations are integrated into the landscape. • Makethematicconnectionsamongalltheexistingmuseums• Includesensorygardenswithinterpretivesigns,waterfeatures,andchildren-orientedinstallations• Offereducationalopportunitiesforbothfacilitatedandself-guidedlearning
Performances, community festivals, and other special events happen regularly• Siteathree-seasonopen-airpavilionforperformances,weddings,andotherspecialeventsthatisintegratedwithinstallationsandgardens
• Siteamulti-useoutdoorclassroom
Environmentally sustainable practices are demonstrated on site.• Reduceimpervioussurfacestoallowmorestormwatertoinfiltrateonsite• Capturewaterforuseinwaterfeaturesandforirrigation• Addvegetationtothecampuswithnativeplants,climbingvines,andgreenroofs• Provideoutdoorrecyclingstations
The Open Air Museum is an integral part of Springfield’s revitalization• CelebrateSpringfield’scultureandnaturalfeatures• Makecohesiveconnectionswithotheropenspacesandculturallandmarks• Improvecirculationandincreaseuseof property
In2008,twostudentsfromtheConwaySchoolof LandscapeDesign,LizKushnerandTheresaSprague,developedthe“SpringfieldMuseumsLandscapeMasterPlan.”Thisplanincludedtheideaof a“SixthMuseum,”anoutdoormuseumthatwouldextendeducationalopportunitiesthroughoutthegrounds.Withthatmasterplanasablueprintforfurtherdesign,theMuseumsstaff havedevelopedgoalstorealizetheconceptof anopenairmuseum.Ideally,thisnewplanwillprovideinteractiveeducationalexperiences,encouragecommunityparticipation,andsupporttheCityof Springfield’srevitalization.
The Springfeld Museums
Overall Goal: An open air museum on the Springfield Museums campus that educates visitors and strengthens the community of Springfield.
The Springfield Museums includetheGeorgeWalterVincentSmithArtMuseum,theSpringfieldScienceMuseum,theD’AmourMuseumof FineArt,theConnecticutValleyHistoricalMuseum,thenewlyopenedLymanandMerrieWoodMuseumof SpringfieldHistory,andtheDr.SuessMemorialSculptureGarden.TheMuseumshavelongbeenaculturalandeducationalresourceforthecity.Sincethe1895openingof theSmithMuseum,Springfield’sfirstartmuseum,theMuseumscomplexhasevolved,butremainedrootedinitsoriginalmission:toprovideexhibitionsandprogramsthatengagediverseaudiencesof allages.
PROJECT GOALS & PROGRAM
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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Connecticut River
City of Springfeld
re
gio
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te
xt
Museums Campus
Memoria
l Brid
ge
Springfield Armory
Springfield
Cemetery
‘A
I - 91
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The Springfeld museumsTheMuseumscampusislocatedinwesternMassachusettsontheedgeof theSpringfield’sdowntownbusinessdistrictandwithin1/2milefromtheConnecticutRiver.
TheMuseumsaresituatedonthemiddleof threeterracesthatascendfromtheConnecticutRiver.Thecentraldowntownbusinessdistrictislocatedontheterracebelow;anopengreenspacearoundtheNationalArmoryHistoricSiteontheterraceabove.AsteepgradeseparatestheMuseumsfromdowntownandtheriver,givingtheMuseumsafeelingof separationfromthedenseurbancore.
ItsproximitytodowntownmakesthecampusaneasilyaccessibleresourceforSpringfieldresidents.Interstate91passingjustsouthof thecampusallowseasyaccessforvisitorswhodrivetotheMuseumsfromadistance.
A A’
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 3
30
Ne
igh
bo
rh
oo
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on
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xt
NeighborhoodChurches - soup kitchenLibrary Merrick ParkPynchon Plaza - potential linkCourthouse - State St. Corridor ProjectPeople of SpringfieldMattoon St.
Museum & Library Parking
MerrickPark
Pynch
onpa
rkChrist Church
Cathedral
St. Michael’s Cathedral
Federal CourtBuilding
Springfield Museums campus
Museum
Parking
SpringfieldArmory historic Site
Mattoon HistoricNeighborhood
Dwight St.
Chestnut St.
State
St.
Spring St.
Edwar
ds S
t.
Mattoo
n St.
Eliot St.
Byers St.
TheMuseumsneighborhoodisadiversemixof uses—commercial,residential,historical—whichaddtotherichnessof thearea.jJusttothenorthisthehistoricMattoonNeighborhood,thesubjectof citizen-guidedwalkingtours.kPynchonPark,closedfor20years,ispartof theredevelopmentdesignproject“FromtheQuadtotheRiver”thatseekstorestoreconnectionsbetweentheMuseumsanddowntownSpringfield.lSt.Michael’sCathedralandChristChurchCathedralflanktheMuseumsonoppositesides.ChristChurchoperatesacommunitysoupkitchen.PeoplewhocometothesoupkitchenoftenlingeratMerrickParkandontheadjacentareaof theMuseumscampus.mTheSpringfieldArmoryisasizeablegreenspaceandhistoricalsitewithina5-minutewalkfrom
theMuseums.nTheFederalCourthouse,onthecornerof StateandElliotStreetsanddesignedbyarchitectMosheSafdie,isaprizedbuildingfortheStateStreetCorridorRevitalizationProject.oThecitypubliclibraryabutsthesoutheasternendof theMuseumsQuad,facingfronttoStateStreet.MerrickParkisacityparkthatsharesacornerwiththelibraryandtheMuseumscampus,itscenterpiecethefamous“Puritan”statue,awell-regardedworkof mastersculptorAugustusSaint-Gaudens.Soup-kitchengoerscongregatehere.TheMuseumsandthecityarecurrentlydiscussingthepossibilityof collaboratingonnewvisionsforthepark.
j
Libra
ry
o
n
m
l
k
Mattoon Neighborhoodj
Merrick Park and Springfield Libraryo
Federal Courthouse - State Streetn
Springfield Armorym
Christ Church Cathedrall
Pynchon Parkk
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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onst
ruct
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Thi
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stud
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roje
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nd is
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ex
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ThegrassycentralQuadandtheDr.SuessMemorialSculptureGardenaremainfocalpointsthatdrawvisitorstothe5.5-acrecampus.TheMuseumscampushasrecentlybeenclassifiedasaNationalHeritageParkandisopentothepublicduringtheday,withgatesclosingatdusk.SpringfieldresidentsareadmittedtotheMuseumsfreeof charge.Non-residentvisitorsmaypurchaseanadmissionticketattheVisitorCenterintheMuseumof Sciencebuilding.
ThemainentrywaytotheMuseumsbycarisonEdwardsStreet,whereparkingisavailableattheVisitorCenterandontheoppositesideof EdwardsStreet.AgatewayfromMerrick
main entry to the Museums is from Edwards Street, through a parking lot that extends right up to the Visitor Center.
The campus is enclosed by iron fences; gates are locked at dusk each day.
The Yertle Garden, sited between the Fine Arts Museum and the Kilroy Administration Building, boasts a Yertle the Turtle sculpture, but is not frequently visited.
Four of the five museums are centered on a grassy Quad. The central and northeastern parts of the Quad are shaded by large trees. School groups and families can often be found there enjoying a picnic.
The Smith Art Museum and the back of the public library open onto a sunny and expansive granite Plaza at the southeastern end of the Quad.
Parkatthesoutheastcornerof theQuadservesasaprimaryentranceforwalkingvisitors.PeoplesometimeslingeraftermealsattheChristChurchsoupkitchenandusethisentrancetoaccessthegrounds.Inthepast,therehavebeenconcernsaboutsoup-kitchengoersloiteringonthecampus.
ProminentyetlightlyusedspacesonthecampusincludethelargeNorthLawn,theYertleGarden,andtheopen,hardscapedPlaza,whichismostlyusedasawalk-throughtootherplaces.
stat
e st
reet
the Springfeld museums campus
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine
Smith Art
PlazaCT
Valley
North Lawn
Yertle GardenLaw
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
Blake
Kilr
oy
TheQuad
Dr. Suess
Christ Church Cathedral
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
TheQuad
Merrick Parkentrance
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
PlazaCT Valley
HistoryMuseum
North Lawn
Yertle GardenLaw
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
)
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick Park
Heating Plant
Edw
ards
Stre
et
Chestnut Street
Visitor Center
Sta
te S
treet
B B’
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
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n a
lega
l sur
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sit
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TheMuseums5.5-acrecampusisrelativelyflat.Fourof thefivemuseumsframeacentralQuad.OnitssoutheasternedgeistheopenPlazaandpubliclibrary;onitsnorthwesternedgeistheConnecticutRiverHistoryMuseum.TheornateandhistoricSmithArtMuseumfacesthePlaza.TheMuseumof Science,verypopularwithchildrenandthemostfrequentlyvisitedof themuseums,sitsnexttotheSmithandoppositetheFine
ArtsMuseum.Bothof thebuildingsareorientedtowardtheshadedpartof theQuadandtheDr.SuessMemorialSculptureGarden.TheConnecticutRiverValleyHistoryMuseum,whichhousesaDr.Suessexhibit,dividestheNorthLawnfromtheQuad.EdwardsStreetrunsnorth-souththroughthecampus,separatingtheSpringfieldHistoryMuseumfromtherestof thecomplex.
Theflatgroundsprovideamplesitesforexhibits,educationalprograms,andperformances.TheshadedQuadandsculpturegardenaredestinationsandgatheringplacesinpartbecausetheyarecentrallylocatedandareframedbysurroundingbuildingsandagreencanopyabove.
B B’
Ed
wa
rd
sS
tr
ee
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St
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tShaded Quadrangle open Plaza librarynorth lawn CT River
Valley Historymuseum
Historymuseum
Con
necti
cut H
istory Museum & Quadrangle
Dr.
Suess Memorial Sculpture Garden
Geo
rge W
alter Vincent Smith Art Museum
Mus
eum
of Springfi eld History & North Law
n
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
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Observations• Thehighestdensityof impervioussurfacesdowntownareclustered
alongtheConnecticutRiver.• TheMuseumscampusiswithinthishighdensityarea.• Thecampushasahighpercentage(~75%)of impervioussurfacesin
commonwithotherpropertiesinitslocale.
implications• Theheatthatradiatesfromimpervioussurfacesincreasesairtemperature
intheurbancore.• Impervioussurfacesincreasethevolumeof stormwaterrunoff (instead
of infiltration),whichcontributestopossiblecombinedseweroverflowsintotheConnecticutRiverandfloodinganderosionalongitsbanks.
• TheMuseumscampuscentrallocationandabundanceof impervioussurfacesmakesitanaccessibleandhighlyvisibledemonstrationsiteforsustainablestormwatermanagement.
Observations• Openspace(protectedgreenand/orrecreationalspaces)isscatteredwith
smaller,disconnectedpatchesintheeastandelongatedfingersinsouth/centralSpringfield.
• FromtheMuseums: A)10smallopenspacesarewithina10-minutewalk B)TheConnecticutRiverWalkiswithina15-minutewalk C)22smallopenspacesarewithina20-minutewalk
implications• TheMuseumscouldbecomethecenterof apotentialnetworkof linked
openspaceswithintheurbancore,withself-guidedorfacilitatedtoursbeginningatthecentrallylocatedMuseums.
• FormingphysicalandthematicconnectionsbetweentheMuseumsandotheropenspacescouldfortifycommunityconnectionsandsupportSpringfield’srevitalization.
cit
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are
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ased
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urve
y.
DatafromOfficeof GeographicandEnvironmentalInformation(MassGIS)
Legend
Museums
open space (2010)
Impervious surfacesincludehardscapeandrooftops—areaswherestormwatercannotinfiltratetheground.
DatafromOfficeof GeographicandEnvironmentalInformation(MassGIS)o .5 1 2 mi
3.5-mileCT
RiverWalk
WaterBodies
ProtectedOpenSpace
10-minutewalkfromMuseums
20-minutewalkfromMuseums
CityBoundary
open space 2010
DatafromOfficeof GeographicandEnvironmentalInformation(MassGIS)
LegendWaterBodiesCityBoundaryImperviousSurfacesPerviousSurfacesMuseums
Impervious Surfaces (2005)
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
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g is
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stud
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roje
ct a
nd is
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bas
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lega
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vey.
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Observations• SpringfieldiscentrallylocatedwithinWesternMassachusettsatthe
intersectionof Interstates91and291.• Majorroutesconvergedowntowntothewestof thesiteandradiate
throughoutSpringfield.
implications• TheSpringfieldMuseumsareeasilyaccessiblebycarforout-of-town
visitors• Inthefuture,if specialeventssuchasfestivalsandperformancesoccur
attheMuseums,theinterstatesprovidedirectroutestotheareafromoutof town.
• TheSpringfieldMuseumscanprovideapedestrian-safereprievefromsurroundingareascutthroughbyhighwaysandmajorroutes.
Observations• ManybusroutesweavethroughoutSpringfield.• TheSpringfieldBusTerminal,aregionaltransportationhub,isa
20-minutewalkfromtheMuseums.• Twocitybusstopsarewithinablockof theMuseums.• Publictransportationlinksmostpartsof thecitytotheMuseums,
contributingtothepotentialof thecampustoserveasaneasilyaccessiblecommunityasset.
implications• Publicizingnearbylocationsof thebusterminalandbusstopscould
increaseattendanceof non-drivingvisitors.• If gasolinepricesrise,peoplecouldstillaccesstheMuseumsviapublic
transportation.
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The
se d
raw
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roje
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nd a
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a le
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urve
y.
DatafromPioneerValleyTransitAuthority
I-91
I-291
Legend
o .5 1 2 mi
Legend
HighwaysMajorRoutes&RoadsMinorRoadsWaterBodiesCityBoundaryMuseums
Legend
DatafromOfficeof GeographicandEnvironmentalInformation(MassGIS)
road network (2009)
BusRoutes
BusTerminal
ClosestBusStops
CTRiver
CityBoundary
Museums
Bus lines (2010)
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
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Observations• Heavilyusedareas:theQuadandDr.SuessSculpture
Garden.• Lightlyusedareas:YertleGarden,NorthLawn,andPlaza.• TheopenPlazaisusedprimarilyasawalk-througharea.• Ironfencessurroundentirecampusand7of 12entry
gatesarekeptlocked.• NovisiblesignageoraccessnearChestnutStreetbusstop,
theYertleGarden,andtheNorthLawn.• Pedestriancrosswalksanddirectionalsignsarelacking
acrossStateStreetandacrossEdwardsStreetfrompublicparkingtoMuseumsentry.
• PedestriansusevehicularentryfromStateStreetbehindtheSmithMuseum;thereisnosidewalkthere.
implications• Lackof circulationinareasotherthantheQuadraises
safetyconcernsandmayinvitedisruptivebehavior.• ReplicatingqualitiesthatmaketheQuadattractivecould
helptodistributeuseacrossthecampus.• LimitedactivityinYertleGardenandNorthLawnmay
resultfromlackof signsand/oropenaccesspoints.• Fencesandlockedgatesmayincreasesecurity,yetlimit
accessibilityandcreatedead-ends.• First-timevisitorsmaybeconfusedaboutwheretopark
andentertheMuseums.
design directions• Incorporatecharacteristicsof theQuadintodesignsfor
loweruseareas.• SiteashadedfocalpointonthePlaza.• Addpedestriancrosswalksandsignsforsafevisitoraccess.• ConsideropeninggatesalongChestnutStreetnearthebus
stoptoincreaseoverallcirculationanduse.• Resolvepedestrian-vehicleconflictinalleybehindSmith
Museum.
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e a
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ly
sis
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
theQuad
access & circulation
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
Plaza
CT ValleyHistory
Museum
North Lawn
Yertle Garden
Law
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
)
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick Park
Heating Plant
Edw
ards
Stre
et
Chestnut Street
Visitor Center
Sta
te S
treet
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
930
Observations• 75%of thesiteisimpervious A)Rooftops:30% B)Parkinglots:25% C)Hardscape:20%
• 25%of thesiteisatleastsemi-pervious A)Mownlawn:20% B)Perennialbeds:5%
implications• Stormwaterrunoff fromimpervioussurfacescan
contributetopossiblecombinedseweroverflows,flooding,anderosion.
• Poolingwatercancreateslick,unsafesurfaces.• Hardsurfacesabsorbandthenradiateheat—making
uncomfortableconditionsforvisitorsinwarmweather,yetfavorableincoolerseasons.
• Plantedareascanabsorbandinfiltratestormwaterandreducerunoff.Mownlawnhasamuchlowerinfiltrationratethanotherplantedareas.
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design directions• Usebestmanagementpracticesforurbanstormwater
management: A)increasevegetationonsite:plantmoretrees, greenappropriateroof tops,andreducemownlawn areabyinstallingperennialbeds B)replaceasphaltparkinglotswithporouspavement C)replacehardscapeandre-usematerials D)installvegetatedinfiltrationbasinssuchas bioswales,andraingardens E)captureroof runoff:useforirrigationandpossible waterfeature.
• Demonstrateandhighlightthesebestmanagementpracticesonsitetoeducatevisitorsandemployeesaboutsustainableurbanstormwatermanagement.
Impervious surfaces include hardscape and rooftops—areas where stormwater cannot infiltrate the ground. 0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
impervious surfaces
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
1030
Observations• Therearepleasing,openviewsthroughtheQuadand
Plaza.• Whitepinesandbuildingsobstructviewstoandfromthe
NorthLawnandYertleGarden• FromEdwardsandChestnutStreets,passers-bycansee
intobutcannotphysicallyaccesstheNorthLawnandYertleGardenduetofences,lockedgates,andlackofdirectionalsignstoopenentrances.
• ThereareminimalviewsfromStateStreetbecausesitelinesareblockedbythelibraryandtheuphillslopeandstatueonMerrickPark.
implications• OpensightlinesthroughthelinearQuaddifferfromthe
narrowviewshedoncitystreets,offeringapark-likerespiteforvisitors.
• Obstructedviewsfromthewell-usedQuadtotheNorthLawnandYertleGardencontributetotheseareasfeelingisolated;theymaybeperceivedasunsafeandthereforelessoftenvisited.
• Viewsintoareassurroundedbyfencesandlockedgatesmayindicatetopassers-bythattheseplacesareoff-limits,contributingtoinfrequentuse.
design directions• Re-createtheenclosed,yetopenfeelingof theQuadin
otherareasof thecampus.• ConsiderextendingviewstoYertleGardenandNorth
LawnfromthecentralQuad.• Openupphysicalaccesstoareasseenfromthestreet.
sit
e a
na
ly
sis
views
Museum of Science
S’FieldCity
Librarythe
Quad
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
CT ValleyHistory
Museum
North Lawn
Yertle Garden
Law
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick Park
Heating Plant
Visitor Center
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
)Edw
ards
Stre
et
Chestnut Street
Sta
te S
treet
Plaza
Dr. Suess Sculptures
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
1130
Observations• Avarietyof nativeandnon-nativeplantsgrowin
groupsthroughoutthecampus.• Maturedeciduoustrees,includingsycamores,
locusts,andaprizedChineseelm,arecenteredintheQuad;floweringmid-storytreeslinetheQuad’ssouthernedge.
• EvergreentreesborderthewalkwaybetweentheNorthLawnandQuad.
• MowngrasscarpetstheNorthLawnandQuad;grassstripsdelineateparkinglots,walkways,andbuildingedges.
• Streettreeslinebothsidesof EdwardsStreet.
implications• Non-nativespeciesmayrequirehighermaintenance.• TalltreesontheQuadfiltersunlight,cooltheair,
andframeagatheringspace.• TreesalongtheQuad’ssouthernedgeaddtoits
beautyandfeelingof embrace.• WhitepinesalongtheYertleGardenwalkwayblock
viewstoandfromotherareasof thecampus.• Mowngrassrequireshighmaintenanceandcanbe
asimperviousashardscape.• ShadefromstreettreesalongEdwardsStreetmake
itmorepleasantforpedestrians.
design directions• Installlow-maintenance,nativeplantswhen
possible.• KeepandmaintaintreesinandalongtheQuad.• Considerreplacingwhitepineswithlow-growing
vegetation.• Reducingmownlawnandusingothergroundcover
andperennialbedswillincreasepermeability.• Increasestreettreestoemphasizetheboulevard-like
qualityof EdwardsStreet,potentiallymakingitanattractive,shadedentrycorridor.
sit
e a
na
ly
sis
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
vegetation
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
S’FieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
theQuad
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
CT ValleyHistory
Museum
North Lawn
Yertle Garden
Law
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
)
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick Park
heating plant
Edw
ards
Stre
et
Visitor Center
Chestnut Street
Sta
te S
treet
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Plaza
DeciduousTree
WhitePine
MownGrass
WoodyShrubsorGroundcover
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
Not
for c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thi
s dra
win
g is
par
t of a
stud
ent p
roje
ct a
nd is
not
bas
ed o
n a
lega
l sur
vey.
1230
Observations• Undergroundelectriclinescrisscrossthemaincampus.• LightpostsareconcentratedontheQuadandaroundthe
VisitorCenter,andarescatteredelsewhere.• Irrigationlinesrunalongthenorthernandsouthernside
of theQuad.• Drainsaresituatedinparkinglotsandwalkwaysand
connecttoundergrounddrainlines.• Drainagesystemremovesstormwaterrunoff from
impervioussurfacesanddirectsitoff site.• Downspoutscollectrainwaterfromroofsof theSmith
Museum,Kilroy,Blake,andtheVisitorCenter.
implications• Eventsrequiringelectricitycanaccessundergroundlinesin
mostlocations.• If eveningeventsoccuronthecampus,additionallighting
mayberequired.• Insteadof directingroof runoff todrainsthatrunoff site,
stormwatercanbecollectedforirrigationorinfiltratedintothegroundonsite.
design directions• Installadditionallightingaroundareausedforspecial
eveningevents.• Placerainbarrels,swales,and/orraingardensat
downspoutsandunderroof linestouserainwaterforirrigationandtominimizethevolumeof waterenteringtheundergrounddrainsystem.
• Installraingardensaroundstormdrainstoallowforinfiltrationpriortoenteringthestormsewers.
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utilities
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
Heating plant
PlazaCT Valley
HistoryMuseum
North Lawn
Yertle GardenLaw
Offi
cesMuseum of
Springfield History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oyThe
Quad
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick park
irrigationline
electricline
drainline
drain
utilitybox
downspout
lamppost
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
theQuad
Museum of Science
Museum of Fine Arts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
CT ValleyHistory
Museum
North Lawn
Yertle Garden
Law
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick Park
Heating Plant
Visitor Center
Edw
ards
Stre
et
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
)
Chestnut Street
Plaza
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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Observations• ThePlazareceivesfullsunfromspringtofall.• TheNorthLawnandMuseumof SpringfieldHistorylawnare
sunnythroughouttheyear,withafternoonshadeinthespringandsummerandmoreshadeinthewinter.
• TheQuadhasvaryingdegreesof shadethroughouttheyear.• Thevisitorparkinglotreceivesfullsunfromspringtofalland
afternoonsuninthewinter.• Rooftopsreceiveclosetofullsunyear-round,withtheexception
of thesouthernedgeof theroofsalongChestnutStreetthatmayreceivesomeshadefromtallerbuildingsonthesouthsideof thestreet.
design directions• Plantdeciduoustreesand/orprovideshelteronthePlazatocool
thespaceandincreaseitsuse.• Placesun-lovingandshade-tolerantplantswhereappropriateon
theNorthLawnandMuseumof SpringfieldHistorylawn.• Sitevenuesforoutdooreventsinareasthatreceiveamixof sun
andshadeforthecomfortof visitorsduringsustainedperiodsof outdooractivity.
• Maintaintheareaunderthetreecanopyof theQuadasashadedgatheringspace.
• InstallsolarpanelsonrooftopsandinVisitorCenterparkinglot;avoidplantingtreesonsouthsideof panels;providesomeshadeforvisitorsparkingthatwillnotblockpanels.
implications• ThegranitePlazaisunfavorablyhotandlittleusedinwarm
weather,andmorecomfortableincoolerweather.• Themixof sunandshadeintheNorthLawnmakeitagoodspace
forgardensandoutdoorevents.• PeoplecongregateunderthetreecanopyintheQuad,makingitan
idealspaceforprograms,eating,andothersustainedactivities.• Sunnyconditionsonrooftopsandinthevisitorparkinglotare
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Summer solstice @ 9am, 12 noon, & 3pm Fall equinox @ 9am, 12 noon, & 3pm winter solstice @ 9am, 12 noon, & 3pm
visitor parking lot
NorthLawn
Museum of Springfield
History
Quad
Plaza
visitor parking lot
NorthLawn
Quad
Plaza
visitor parking lot
NorthLawn
Quad
Plaza
sun/shade
Museum of Springfield
History
Museum of Springfield
History
Note: dark gray areas are a composite of the likely shadows cast at the times shown
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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DESIGN DIRECTIONS TO APPLY TO EVERY ALTERNATIVE• Limitalleyusetovehiclesonly—toreducepedestrian-vehicleconflictandtoeliminateserviceparkinglotasanentrypoint• CreatevegetatedvisualscreenbetweentheQuadandservice
parkinglottodiscouragethepublicfromusingtheservicelotandalleywaytoenterandexitthecampus
• ConsiderremovingwhitepinestoincreasecampusconnectivityandextendviewstotheYertleGardenandNorthLawnfromtheQuad
• Addsignageorarchwaystomakeentrypointscleartovisitors• Opengatesonsouthsideof YertleGardentoeliminateadeadend
andtoimproveaccessibilitytopeoplewalkingand/orarrivingviathebusthatstopsonChestnutStreet
• IncludecrosswalksonStateandEdwardsStreetstoincreasesafetyandaccessibilityforvisitorsparkinginoff-sitelots
Location Opportunities Constraints
A)VisitorParkingLot
B)NorthLawn
C)YertleGarden
D)Quad
E)Plaza
-Hotandsunny-Impervious
-Isolated-Littleuseorcirculation-Lackingfocalpoint-Fromstreet,viewswithoutaccess-70%impervioushardscape-Deadend-Fromstreet,viewswithoutaccess-Imperviouswalkwaysandbenches-Lackingformalplacetoeat
-Hotandsunny-Openandexposed-Lackingfocalpoint-Imperviousgranitepaving
+Hotandsunny+Adjacenttocampus+Noneedtocrossstreet+Openspace+Flat+Trees
+Gardens+Sculptureof YertletheTurtle+Someseating
+Shadedlawn+InteractiveDr.Suesssculptures+Frequentuseandcirculation+Centrallylocated+Seating+Openandsunny+Centrallylocated+Someseating
KEY OBSERVATIONS• Thecampusis5.5acres,with3acresof openspace.• TheQuad-PlazaandtheNorthLawnarethelargestopen• spacesonthecampus.• FromtheQuad,whitepinesobstructviewstotheYertle
GardenandNorthLawn.• Ironfencessurroundstheentirecampus;7of 12entrygates
arelockedduringhoursof operation.
• Pedestrian/vehicleconflictsoccuronStateStreetandEdwardsStreetwherevisitorsarecrossingfromoff-campusparkingtotheMuseumsentry.
• TheMuseumof SpringfieldHistory,Museumof FineArts,andScienceMuseumallhaveflatroofswithsunexposure.
• Downspoutscollectrainwaterfromroofsof theSmithMuseum,Kilroy,Blake,andtheVisitorCenter.
Summary Analysis
IronFence
Locked
Pedestrian/VehicleConflict
A) visitor parking lot
D) Quad
B) NorthLawn
C) Yertle Garden
E) Plaza
BusStop
Downspout
FlatRoof withsun
WhitePineUnlockedEntrances
Museum of Science
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
Heating Plant
CT ValleyHistory
Law
Offi
cesMuseum
of Springfield History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oy
Dr. Suess Sculptures
Christ Church Cathedral
Merrick park
white pines
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Chestnut street
Edw
ards
stre
et
stat
e st
reet
Visitor Center
ViewswithoutAccess
Museum of Fine Arts
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 15
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Springf
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ity-Wide RevitalizationOpen air museum
Art in the landscape community
engagement
sustainability Demonstration
Education
ide
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Ideal ConceptEachof the threedesignalternatives that followoffersadifferentplanfor creating anopen airmuseumon theSpringfieldMuseums campus,and contributing to Springfield’s city-wide revitalization. And while allthe alternatives incorporate theproject goalsof art in the landscape, sustainability demonstration, and community engagement, eachdesignemphasizesoneof thesethreegoalstoagreaterextent.Eachdesignalsoseekstoincorporatethefollowingdesignprinciples.
design Principleso Re-useon-sitematerialsand/orlocalmaterialso Plantnativevegetationo Harnesson-siteresourcesandenergy
Educationo Includeinterpretivesignswithnewplantsthatdetailtheir function(s),i.e.,insectory,nitrogen-fixer,medicinal,edible,etc.o Includecolorful,simplifieddiagramsand/orexplanationsateach exhibit,i.e.,artist’sstatementandmaterialsused,thesignificanceof nativeplants,howstormwaterismanaged,etc.o Offerguidedtoursof theOpenAirMuseum.o Educationalprogramswithfocustopicscanbepresentedinan outdoorclassroomorgatheringspace.
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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A Suess-inspired whimsical artwalk pulls visitors through a dynamic viewing experience and improves circulation on the campus.
o Hedgesandnativegardensframeoutdoorgalleryspacesforartinstallations.o Meanderingwallleadsvisitorsthroughcontiguouspedestrian-safespacecreatedbyclosingaportionof EdwardsStreettovehicles.o OutdoorcafeatSmithMuseumbecomesanendpointof theartwalkforsocialeventsandmingling.
oZengardenwithyogaplatformdrawscontemplativevisitors.o Asanewwaterfeature,YertletheTurtlejoinstheotherSuesssculpturestoformaconcentratedplayareaforchildren.
DRAWBACKS:Closingpartof EdwardsStreetmaynotbefeasibleorcouldcompromiseemergencyaccess;highsurveillancemaybenecessaryforoutdoorart;constructionof newsidewalksandconcentratedplayareamaydamageQuadtrees.
art in the landscape
reducedparking
meanderingrockwallwithperiodicrecessedseating
artinstallationsites(typical)
climbingvinesonfences
Japanesegardenwithyoga/taichiplatform
rooftopsolarpanels
cafewithoutdoorpatioatSmithMuseum
rockwallwith2’hedge
openairpavilion
Dr.Suesssculpturecollection(re-located:YertleaswaterfeatureandLoraxatpathconvergence)
windingwalkways
EdwardsSt.closedtothroughtraffic
vegetatedscreen
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
rooftopsolarpanels
P
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North Lawn
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 17
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Alternative 1: A r t i n t h e L a n d s c a p e
Proposed Elements:oMeanderingrockwallcarriesvisitorsthroughthelandscape,andcanbelowenough(2feet)forseating.oInteractiveartinstallationsdisplaytheeffectsof sound,light,plants,andwater.oNaturalelementsframeoutdoorartinasculpture-park-likesetting,suchasatDeCordovaMuseum.
Storm King; photograph by Elizabeth Cooper
Storm King; photograph by Elizabeth Cooper
DeCordova Museum; photograph by Jaclyn Pryor
Recessed seating; photograph by Abrah Dresdale
Storm King; photograph by Elizabeth Cooper
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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By incorporating sustainable practices on site, every application becomes an educational exhibit.
o PathsconvergeataraingardenwithbouldersforrockhoppingintheNorth Lawn,afocalpointof beautyandanexhibitionof stormwatermanagement.o Rainbarrelscaptureroof runoff andirrigatenativeplantsinachildren’s gardenandsupplywatertoaninteractiveYertletheTurtlewaterfeature.o Solarpanelstakeadvantageof thesunnyparkinglotandextensiverooftops togenerateenergy.o Greenwallsandgreenroof toursshowcasetheirmultiplefunctions:cooling buildings,reducingstormwaterrunoff,creatinggreenspacesinurbansettings.
oDemonstrationgreenparkinglotsandEdwards(green)Streetusesgrass paversandraingardenstoreduceoff-siterunoff andincrease groundwaterinfiltration.o Avine-coveredpergolaonthePlazaoffersshadedrelief andaplacefor peopletogather.
DRAWBACKS: Expensivetobuysolarpanelsandinstallgreenroofsandporous pavement;High-maintenancetotendtothegreenroofsand stormwatersystems.
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
sustainability demonstration
raingardenwithboulders
greenparkinglot(porouspavement&raingardens)
Edwards(green)Street(porouspavement,curbbumpoutswithvegetatedswales,tree-boxfilters)
greenroof withsolarpanels
solarpaneltrellis
rainbarreldemonstration
greenroof
Yertlewaterfeaturefedfromroof runoff
greywatersystem
treehouse
recyclingstation
raingarden
rainbarrelsforirrigation
vine-coveredpergolaonthePlaza
berrybushesplantedoncontourwithbermandswale
greenroof withsolarpanelsrooftopperformancespace
rockyswalescarryingroof runoff
children’sgarden
P
P
North Lawn
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 19
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Green roof on Toronto’s city hall; photo courtesy of wikimedia
Alternative 2: S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y D E M O N S T R A T I O N
Proposed Elements:oGreenroofsservemultiplefunctions:filterstormwater,reducerunoff,coolbuilding,providegreenurbanspaceandbeautyoRockyswalesandraingardensworktoinfiltratestormwaterinurbansettingsoCapturedroof runoff cansupplyinteractivewaterfeatures,whichinturnengagechildrenandeducatevisitorsaboutthevaluableresourceof stormwateroSolarpanelsoverparkingareastakeadvantageof theopenaccesstosunrayswhileprovidingshadeinanotherwisehotasphaltlot.
Rocky swale, Eric Carle Museum; photograph by Abrah Dresdale
Solar grove over parking lot; Photo copyright 2005, Pablo Mason Photography,
Interactive water feature, Montshire Museum; photograph by Abrah Dresdale
Water exhibit, Montshire Museum; photograph by Abrah Dresdale
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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This design engages visitors and Springfield residents alike by providing a sprawling oasis amidst the urban context.
o Fencesareremovedwiththegoalof increasingcampususe,makingthe siteapublicparkwithfestivelightingatnightforsafety.o Visitorscirculatethroughtheentirecampusonwell-definedpathways throughgardensharboringinnercourtyardsforreadingandsketching.o AcoveredamphitheaterinthePlazashadesvisitorsinthesummerand servesasavenueforperformancesandoutdoormoviesintheevenings.o AfoodforestintheNorthLawnandcommunitygardenplotsinMerrick Parkofferfreshpublicproducethreeseasonsof theyearforvisitors, schoolgroups,andpassers-by.
o Themainparkinglotisreducedtodecreaserunoff andprovideanadjacentvehicle accessibleyetpedestrian-safe“villagegreen”forfarmersmarketsandartisansfairs.o EdwardsStreetparkinglotisconvertedtoagreen-roofed,2-storyparkinggarageto accommodatethehighvolumeof visitorsduringspecialevents.o AcafeishousedintheMuseumof SpringfieldHistory,makingtheformerly disconnectedmuseumadestinationthatprovidesfoodtovisitorsandlocalresidents andenhancesthestreetculturewithsidewalkseating.
DRAWBACKS:Removingfencescouldcreatesafetyproblems;2-storyparking garagemaynotbecosteffective;lightingatnightrequiresmoreenergyandmay contributetolightpollution.
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
community engagement
openairpavilion
“villagegreen”formarkets&festivals
reducedparking;handicappedaccessibleonly
2-storyparkinggaragewithgreenroof
raingardens
courtyardsamongstperennialbeds
amphitheateronthePlaza
riserseating
communitygardensatMerrickPark
outdoorclassroom
sculptureateachmuseumentrance
foodforestintheNorthLawn
indoorcafewithsidewalkseatingattheMuseumof SpringfieldHistory
P
North Lawn
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 21
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Alternative 3: c o m m u n i t y e n g a g e m e n t
Proposed Elements:oAnoutdoorvenueforliveperformancesandfilmscreeningswiththeSmithMuseumasabeautifulbackdrop,aconceptsimilartothevenueintheMassM.O.C.A.courtyard.oFestivelightingwouldmakethecampusattractiveanduser-friendlyatnight.oRemovingperimeterfence,suchasatBryantPark,NYC,wherethisincreasedthepark’ssafetyandopenedupthegroundsformorepeopletoaccessthesidewalkcafe,expansivelawn,andgamingtables.oRiserseatingcreatesagatheringplace,andcouldframethegrassyQuad.
Mass M.O.C.A’s outdoor venue and lighting at night; courtesy of D.I.R.T. Studio
The Highline Park, NYC, with nigh time access and lighting; Courtesy of courtesy of D.I.R.T. Studio
Bryant Park, NYC; sidewalk cafe; Courtesy of Wikimedia
Proposed seating design for the Highline Park, NYC; Courtesy of courtesy of D.I.R.T. Studio
Mass M.O.C.A’s; Courtesy of D.I.R.T. Studio
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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open air museumThe final design re-imagines howthevariousareasthroughoutthecampuscanbeunified,yetdisplayqualitiesandofferattractionsthatgiveeachadistinctivesenseof place.Byincreasingcirculationanduseof thegroundsthroughpathwaysdelineatedbygardenbedsandameanderingrockwall,morepeopleareenjoyingtheNorthLawn(seenumber3sheet24),NativeAmericanGarden(formerYertleGarden,seenumber8sheet28),andthenewMuseumWay(seenumber6sheet26),stoppingalongthepathtoviewtheartinstallations.TheMuseumscampusisabeautifulgreenparkopentothepublicforspecialeventssuchasfarmersmarketsandlocalartisansfairsalongMuseumWay—acombinedpedestrianstreetandoutdoorgallery—(see
number6sheet26).PeoplecometotheOpenAirMuseumforoutdoormoviescreeningsandeducationalprogramsatthenewperformancevenueontheeastendof theQuad,andforpicnicsontheNorthLawnwhilelisteningtoaconcertintheopenairpavilion.Lastly,theMuseumshavebecomeanecotourismdestinationwherevisitorscometolearnabouturbansustainabilitypracticessuchasstormwatermanagement,alternativeenergygeneration,andgreenroof installation.AndthelocalcommunitybenefitsfromtheamenitiesandpublicofferingsthattheOpenAirMuseumprovidesforthecityof Springfield.
The Quad
Roof Tops
Native American GardenSensory Garden
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
Museum of Science
Mus
eum
of
Fin
e A
rts
SpringfieldCity
Library
Smith ArtMuseum
CT ValleyHistory
Museum
Law
Offi
ces
Museum of Springfield
History
Blake(security)
Kilr
oy(a
dmin
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Christ Church Cathedral
Heating Plant
Edw
ards
Stre
et
Chestnut street
Visitor Center
Sta
te S
treet
sculpture at museum entrances (typical)
outdoor cafe
pergola-covered deck
P
P
See number 1 sheet 24
Green Parking LotSee number 5 sheet 25
Museum WaySee number 6 sheet 26
North LawnSee number 3 sheet 24
See number 7 sheet 27 See number 8 sheet 28
Community GardensSee number 4 sheet 24
See number 2 sheet 24
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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Forclearvisibilityandsafetyoncampus,treesover15feetaretobelimbedupaminimumof 8feetandshrubsshouldbemaintainedatamaximumheightof 3feet.
Code Common Name Scientific Name Height Width Function/Form
Trees
RB Redbud Cercis canadensis 12'-25' Flowering Tree
RM Red Maple Acer rubrum 40'-75' Shade Tree
SB Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea 20'-30' Overstory/Shade
SY Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 70'-100' Shade Tree
WO White Oak Quercus alba 60'-80' Overstory Tree
Low Shrubs - sh
Meadowsweet Spirea alba 2'-4' 2'-5' Flowering Shrub
Running Serviceberry Amelanchier stolonifera 1'-3' 3'-10' Flowering Shrub
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 2'-3' 3'-4 Flowering Shrub
Edible Fruit Shrubs
Ra Red Raspberry Rubus idaeus 2'-6' 3'-5' Edible Fruiting Shrub
Code Common Name Scientific Name Height Width Function/Form
Perennial Vines - vin
Grape Vitis spp Fruiting Climber
Trumpet Creeper Campsis radicans Flowering Climber
Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Fall Color Climber
Low-Mow Lawn - lm
Buffalograss Bouteloua dactyloides to 6" Low Maintenance Lawn
Dutch White Clover Trifolium repens 3"-6" Low Maintenance Lawn
Fescue Festuca spp. to 6" Low Maintenance Lawn
Rain Garden - rg
Blue Flag Iris Iris versicolor 1'-3 Perennial
New England Aster Aster novae-angliae 2'-4' Perennial
Purple Cone Flower Echinacea purpurea 2'-3' Perennial
Sweet Spires Itea virginica to 6' Flowering Shrub
Green Roof - gr Roofs should be evaluated by a structural engineer to determine weight load capacity before determining depth of planting substrate and plant species to be used.
2-3’
8’
Planting Guide
SYWO
RM
WO
SYSY
SY
SY
SY
RB
RM
SB
rg
lm
sh Ragr
gr
gr
gr
vin
sh
lm
RB
campus planting guide
0 5 10 20 40 80 ft
rg
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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j ROOF TOPS oSolarpanels(A)linethesouthernedgesof 4of 5museumroofs,andareaccompaniedbyvegetation(B)whereroofsareflat.oGreen,vegetatedroofsimprovetheefficiencyof solarpanelsandfilterwater,reducerunoff,coolbuildings,andenhanceaesthetics.oVegetationcoversandcascadesovertheroof edgesof theVisitorCenter/ScienceMuseum(C),announcingtoarrivingvisitorsthatthereissomethingdifferenthappeningoverhead.oIf feasibleandsafe,theScienceMuseum’sgreenroof isopenfortours,and/orpeoplecanviewthegreenroof andsolarpanelsfromaroof-levellookout.
Note:astructuralengineermustevaluatetheload-bearingcapacityof eachbuildingtodeterminethefeasibilityof addedweightontheroof.
l NORTH LAWNoAfestiveopenairpavilion(A)isnestledamongfloweringbedsandsituatednearthebackentranceof thecafe(B)forcateringservices.Thepavilionoffersspecialeventssuchaspoetryreadings,eveningconcerts,andweddings,withopenlawnforexpandedseatingortents(C)shadedbyanewsycamoretothesouth(D).oWalkwaysalongameanderingstonewall(E)andperennialgardenbedsguidevisitorsthroughthespaceandleadtoframed‘courtyards’(F)thatshowcaseartinstallationsandsustainabilityexhibits.oRemovingthefenceflankingbothsidesof EdwardsStreetopensupadirectaxisfromtheNorthLawntotheMuseumof SpringfieldHistoryandthenewMuseumWay(G).
NOTES:oWhilemaintainingasecureinterior,fencingisstrategicallyreducedtoeliminatedeadspaces,createamorewelcomingperception,improveconnectionsandcirculation,andwherefeasible,openbackdoorsof museumsforstreetsideaccess.oThehardscapesfromthePlazaandunderpicnictablesareremovedandmaterialsarere-usedtobuildswalesandgardenpaths.oCrosswalksareaddedacrossStateandChestnutStreetstoprovidesafeaccesstomuseumentriesforvisitorswhowalkthereorparkoff-campus.oAsignonStateStreetindicatesthatthealleywaybehindSmithMuseumisopentoservicevehiclesandhandicapparkingforthelibraryonly.oPlentifulsignsalongtheperimeterof thecampusdirectvisitorstoentrypoints.oSculpturesareplacedatmuseumentrancestoannouncethefocusof themuseumandtomakeaconceptualconnectionbetweenmuseums.oRemovethearchwayoverhangtowidenthethresholdtotheQuad.
kl
m
j
site locator key
k THE QUADoLawnandshadetreesareextendedintothePlaza,wheregraniteisremovedandreplacedbyapervioushardscapesemi-circle(A)infrontof apergola-covereddeck(B)toaccommodateprograms,performances,andfilmscreenings.oTheYertlesculpture(C),nowawaterfeaturefedbycollectedrainwater(D)fromtheVisitorCenterdownspouts,isrelocatedandjoinedwiththeDr.SuessMemorialSculptureGarden,centralizingthecollectionintheQuad.TheSuessthemecontinuesthroughtheQuadandintoanewSuess-inspiredcafe(E)housedintheConnecticutValleyHistoricalMuseum,offeringserviceforoutdoordiningontheQuad-sidePatio(F).oAmosaic-tiledpath(G)obliquelycrossestheQuad,formingaphysicalandartisticconnectionbetweentheSmithMuseumandtheMuseumof FineArts.oTheQuadisbetterconnectedtotheNorthLawnandformerYertlegardenbyremovingwhitepinestoopenviewsandlimbupallexistingtreesforclearvisibilityandsafety.
The Quad: Suessian-themed Quad-side outdoor cafe, Yertle water feature, mosaic-tiled walkway, and pergola-covered deck.k
(C)
MFAChurch
SmithMuseum of Science
Springfield C
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(B)
(D)
(F)
(E)
(A)
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Visitor Center and science Museum with green roof and solar panelsj
Museum of Science
(C)
(A)
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m MERRICK PARK COMMUNITY GARDENoInacollaboratedvisionbetweentheMuseumsandMerrickPark,theparkcouldbeusedasasoupkitchencommunitygarden,withthegoalof formingpositivecommunityrelationswiththechurchandsoupkitchen-goers.oRaisedvegetablebedsareplantedoncontour(A),collectingrainwaterforlow-maintenanceirrigationasrunoff movesdownslope.oRaspberrybushes(B)areplantedinthehotmicroclimateagainstthesouthernsideof thelibraryforapick-your-ownofferingof freshberries.
The North Lawnl
Blake(security)
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Museum
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(E) (C)
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Merrick Park Soup Kitchen Community Gardensm
Library
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O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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Figure II: Conceptual Diagram Solar Panel Parking Trellis with Porous Pavement
Figure I: Rain Garden
green parking lot
Someof theexistingimpervioussurfacesattheMuseumssuchasroofs,paving,andhardscapewillbereplacedbygreenroofs,porouspaving,raingardens,rockyswales,andvegetation.Thesechangeswillreducestormwaterrunoff fromthoseareasbyupto50%
STORMWATER MANGEMENT
n Green Parking Lot
(D)(B)
(A)
(C) Visitor Center
GREEN PARKING LOToVisitorparkinghasbeenturnedintoademonstrationgreenparkinglottoharnessalternativeenergyandmanagestormwater.oAraingarden(A)(seefigureI)surroundsastormdrain,absorbingadditionalwaternotinfiltratedthroughtheporouspavers(B)(seefigureII)thathavereaplacedtheimperviousasphalt.oAsolarpaneltrellis(C)(seefigureII)overthemiddlerowof parkingcastsshadeandgeneratesenergyfortheMuseumsfromthesun’srays.oAgreenbuffer(D)definestheentranceintotheVisitor’sCenter,showcasessculptures,andprovidesadrop-off landing.oThespacinghasbeenreconfiguredtoatriple-loadedlot,allowingasidewalkrunalongtheparkingspacesonbothedges.oTheparkinglot’snewsingleentryiswidenedtocompensateforclosingtheotherentryinanattempttomovevehicletrafficfurtherfromthepedestrian-safecampusinterior.
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O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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o PEDESTRIAN STREEToEdwardsStreet,aspartof theStateStreetRedevelopmentProject,hasbeenallottedfundingforstreetscaperenovation.oFromgatedendtogatedend,EdwardsStreetcouldopentothroughtrafficduringmuseumhoursof operations,yetthegates,clearlymarkedcrosswalks,andcobblepavementsignaltodriversthatthisisaspecialcorridorandtoproceedslowly.oTen-feetwidereinforcedturf wouldreplacethesidewalkwithagrassyalternativethatcanwithstandtheheavyimpactof boothsandloadingandunloadingvehiclesforfarmersmarketsandlocalartisansfairs.oTreescouldbeaddedamongtheexistingstreettrees,enhancingaboulevard-likefeelingandprovidingshadeforwalkersandvendors.
OUTDOOR GALLERYoAnoutdoorgallerycouldfronttheMuseumof SpringfieldHistoryaspartof thenewMuseumWay,accommodatingartinstallationsframedbylow-growinggardenbedsandweavingwalkways.oNewshadetreesandsidewalkwouldincreasethecomfortandsafetyof visitorsparkingattheEdwardsStreetandmunicipallots.oThefenceonthecornerof EdwardsandChestnutStreetscouldberemoved,eliminatingadeadzoneandopeningupthebeautifulbuildingfaçadetothestreet.
museum way:pedestrian street & outdoor gallery
o
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oMuseum Way: Pedestrian Street & Outdoor Gallery
gate
gate
service vehicle access
crosswalk to North Lawn
crosswalk to visitor parking
porous cobble pavement
10’ wide reinforced turf beyond curb on both sides of street (typical)
art installation space
low-growing beds (typical)
Museum of Springfield
History
Municipal Parking
Lot
Edwards Street
Parking Lot
green roof with solar panels
sculpture at entrance (typical)
B B’
Springfield History Museum
outdoor gallery market booth cobble stone pedestrian street
market booth
BNorth Lawn
curbcurbB’
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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p SENSORY GARDENoThemeanderingstonewallsnakesintotheSensoryGarden(formerlypartof theNorthLawn),providingcontinuousseatingandsafecontainerforchildrenplayinginthegarden.oPerennialbedsdisplaybrightcolors,fragrantflowers,andavarietyof textures.oThetoweringcopperbeechprovidesshadeforamossandbouldergardenatitsbaseanditsbranchessupportanarrayof windchimes.oRainwaterrunoff fromtheKilroybuilding’sroof gushesfromdownspoutsintostonebasinsthatoverflowintoarockyswalethatterminatesinaretentionbasinfootpoolsurroundedbyaraingarden.The“explorationstation”—ahardscapepatiowithseatingalongside—edgesthepoolingwater,rocks,andvegetation,allowingforcloseinvestigation.oA“treehouse”offersshadeandaplayspacewithinthegarden.oVinesweavethroughthesurroundingfences,creatingtheambienceof anoutdoorroom.
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Code Common Name Scientific Name Height Width Form/Function
Bird & Butterfly Rain Garden
Bst Blazing Star Liatris spicata 1'-5' Purple perennial
Bs Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia serotina 1'-3' Yellow perennial
Ir Blue Flag Iris Iris versicolor 1'-3' Blue perennial
Bfw Butterfly Weed Asclepias tuberosa 1'-2' Orange perennial
Cnf Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea 2'-5' Fern
IN Inkberry Ilex glabra 3' 3'-6' Flower-Fruit Shrub
Mw Milkweed Asclepias syriaca 1'-2' Pinkish perennial
Osf Ostrich Fern Matteuccia struthiopteris 2'-5' Fern
Pcf Purple Cone Flower Echinacea purpurea 2'-5' Purple perennial
RD Red-osier Dogwood Cornus sericea 3' 4'-8' Flower-Fruit Shrub
Perennials
Bb Bee Balm Monarda didyma 2'-3' Fragrant leaves
Chi Chives Allium schoenoprasum 1'-2' Edible flower, leaves
Hyf Hay-scented Fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula 1'-2' Fern
Lb Lemon balm Mentha canadensis 1'-2' Fragrant leaves
Nea New England Aster Aster nova-angliae 2'-3' Fall color
Vi Violet Viola spp. 3" Edible flower
Wb Wild Bergamot Monarda fistulosa 2'-3' Fragrant leaves
Hopping Rocks Garden
Spw Creeping Speedwell Veronica repens Steppable
Thy Creeping Thyme Thymus praecox Between step stones
Rw Green Carpet Herniara glabra 2" Steppable
Irm Irish Moss Sagina subulata on ground Steppable
Pr Path Rush Juncus tenuis Steppable
Perennial Vines - vin
Grape Vitis spp. climbing Fruiting Climber
Trumpet Creeper Campsis radicans climbing Flowering Climber
Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia climbing Fall Color Climber
low ground
on ground
BsBst Pcf
Bfw
Mw
Ir
RDIN
OsfCnfCnf
Osf
Hyf
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Bs
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Bst
Vi
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Nea
NeaPcf
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Thy
“tree house”
explorationstation
rock
hop
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rocky swale
rain garden
WbLb
Bb
VinVinVin
Vin
stone wall with recessed seating
perennial beds
copper beech
stone basin(typical)
KilroyLa
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ffice
s
A A’
p
double-sided benches
RD
Figure I: stone basin under downspout
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sensory Garden
rain pool rocky swale stone basin
Kilroyfern bed rain garden
ston
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Law Offices
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O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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NATIVE AMERICAN GARDEN oAprimarypathwayforksatabreakinthestonewall,leadingvisitorstoaNativeAmericanGarden(formerYertleGarden),displayingplantstraditionallyusedbypeopleindigenoustoConnecticutValley.oInthegarden’scenterawidepathencirclesaraingarden;steppingstonecrosspathscutthroughreflectingtheshapeof aNativeAmericanMedicineWheel;signshereandalongsidepathstellof traditionalusesof theplants.oTheraingardenservesmultiplefunctions;itprovideshabitatforbirds,butterflies,andbeneficialinsectsandinfiltratesroof rainwaterrunoff channeledfromtheKilroy’sroof downspoutsviaarockyswale.oGatesintothegardenfromChestnutStreetareopenareopenedtoimproveaccessibility.oSittingrocksandstonebenchesaregroupedthroughoutthegardenforreading,relaxing,andviewingthegarden.
q
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q
Native American Garden
MV
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MV Ss
Gr
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Bfw
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Medicine Wheel rain garden
Chestnut Street open gates
rocky swale
stone wall
Kilr
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Museum
of Fine Arts
sitting rocks and stone benches
traditionally used plants
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Wh
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BLCommon Name Scientific Name Height Width Function/Form
Native American - Rain Garden
Bb Bee Balm Monarda didyma 2'-3' Medicinal
Ir Blue Flag Iris Iris versicolor 1'-3' Medicinal
Bns Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum 1'-3' Medicinal
Bfw Butterfly Weed Asclepias tuberosa 1'-2' Medicinal
EL Common Eldlerberry Sambucus canadensis 5'-6' 3'-8' Food, medicine
Glr Goldenrod Solidago spp. 1'-3' Medicine, dye
Jp Joe Pye Weed Eupatorium purpureum 3'-5' Medicinal
Bl Low bush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium 1'-3' 1'-2' Edible berries
Mw Milkweed Asclepias syriaca 1'-2' Food, medicine
RE Red Elder Sambucus racemosa 4'-6' 3'-8' Flower-Fruit
Yr Yarrow Achillea millefolium 1'-1.5' Medicinal
Native American - Perennial Beds
Ch Chicory Cichorium intybus L. 1'-4' Medicinal roots, leaves
Gr Cranesbill Geranium Geranium maculatum 1'-2' Food, medicine
MV Maple Leaf Viburnum Viburnum acerifolium 2'-4' 2'-4' Medicinal inner bark
Sa Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulum 1' Medicine, 'root beer'
Ss Solomon's Seal Polyganatum biflorum 1'-2' Medicinal root
SB Spicebush Lindera benzoin 8'-15' 6'-15' Medicinal bark,leaves,twigs
Wh Spring Witch-hazel Hamamelis vernalis 6'-12' 6'-15' Medicinal bark,leaves,twigs
St Strawberry Fragaria vesca ground Edible berry, medicine
Sw Sweet Grass Anthoxanthum odorata 9"-16" Medicinal
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010 29
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Pedestrian street with part vehicular traffic, Haslev, Denmark; Courtesy of wikimedia
Pedestrian street at night, Kirkenes, Norway; Courtesy of Wikimedia
Norway Pavilion, Shangai, China; Courtesy of Wikimedia
Solar grove over parking lot; Photo copyright 2005, Pablo Mason Photography,
Sidewalk Cafe at deYoung Museum, San Francisco; Courtesy of Wikimedia
‘Tree House;’Courtesy of Wikimedia
oTheQuad-sidePatioofferingoutdoorcafeservicewouldbearelaxingplaceforpeopletogatherforrefreshmentsormingleafteraneveningevent.oAraisedtreehouseplatformintheSensoryGardenwouldgivevisitorsof allagesadifferentvantagepointfromwhichtoappreciatethelandscape.oMuseumWaypedestrianstreetcouldbemodeledaftersuchstreetsinScandinavia,wherepedestriansandcarssharetheroad,
buttrafficisslowedandpedestriansareprivilegedovervehicles.oThepavilionintheNorthLawnmighthaveatent-likestructuresuchastheNorwayPavilion,wherethearchitecturesignalstousersthatexcitingfestivitiesarehappeningwithin.oAsolargroveortrellisoverparkingareasincreasethesustainabilityof theMuseums,maximizeontheopennessof thelots,andprovideshadeforvisitorsarrivinganddepartingviacar.
Final Design: o p e n a i r m u s e u m
O p e n A i r M u s e u m • Springfield Museums, Springfield, MAElizabeth Cooper • Abrah Jordan Dresdale • Conway School of Landscape Design june 2010
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TheSpringfieldMuseumscampusisacitygem.ItsproximitytodowntownSpringfield,theConnecticutRiverWalk,andresidentialneighborhoodsmakesitacentralnodeforconnectingotherculturalandnaturallandmarkswithinacomfortablewalkingdistance.
OpenspaceintheurbanSpringfieldlandscapeisscatteredandcurrentlydisconnected.TheHeritageTrailinBostonisasuccessfulprecedentthatformsphysicalandthematicconnectionsamongspatiallyseparatedcityassetsbyusingcoloredbricktodelineatetheurbantrail.
Potentially,theOpenAirMuseumcouldserveasanexusthroughwhichanorthloopandasouthloopconverge.TheMuseumscouldprovideinformation,maps,andguidedtoursforthenewSpringfieldHeritageTrail—yetanotherreasonwhytheMuseumscanbeanexcitingdestinationandsimultaneouslycontributetotherevitalizationof Springfield.
Connecting Urban Districts, Open Spaces, & The River
open space within a 20-minute walk
Springfield Museums
Protected Open Space
Potential Path
Connecticut River Walk
SpringfieldCemetery
FederalSquareNationalArmory
ArmoryCommons
PynchonPark
SymphonyHall
ConnecticutRiverWalkAccessPoint
MerrickPark
ConnecticutRiver
open space (2010)
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