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March 22
More about conscious perceptionOverview of Memory
March 24
Sensory Memory
March 29
Short-Term/Working Memory (Brooks expt. 1)
March 31
Long-Term Memory
April 5
NO CLASS
April 7
Long-Term Memory and False Memories (Loftus)
April 12Consciousness and “Perception without Awareness”
Subliminal Messages (Vokey and Read)
April 14
Memes (Dawkins)
Upcoming
“Types” of Memory
• Sensory Memory– brief ( < 1 second)– preattentive / parallel processing (very
large capacity)
Overview of Memory
• Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Sensory Signals
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
ATTENTION
REHEARSAL
RETRIEVAL
Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– George Miller – Subject is given longer and longer lists of to-
be-remembered items (words, characters, digits)
– Result: Subjects are successful up to about 7 items
Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– What confound must be considered ?!– Recalling takes time !– It seems that the “capacity” of STM (at least
measured in this way) depends on the rate of speech - faster speech leads to apparently larger capacity
– Some believe capacity is “2 - 3 seconds worth of speech”
Forgetting from STM
• Why do we “forget” from STM?– Does the memory trace decay?
• not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals
Forgetting from STM
• Why do we “forget” from STM?– Does the memory trace decay?
• not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals
– Instead, it seems that information “piles up” and begins to interfere
Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
• For example, severity of interference depends on meaning
Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
• For example, severity of interference depends on meaning– Subjects are given successive recall tasks with
list items from the same category (e.g. fruits)– final list is of either same or different category -
how is good is recall on this list?
Forgetting from STM
• Accuracy rebounds if category changes
Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?
Coding in STM
• Clues about coding in STM:– # of items stored in STM depends on rate of
speech
Coding in STM
• Clues about coding in STM:– # of items stored in STM depends on rate of
speech– phonological similarity effect: similar sounding
words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words
Coding in STM
• Clues about coding in STM:– # of items stored in STM depends on rate of
speech– phonological similarity effect: similar sounding
words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words
What does this suggest about the nature of information in STM?
Coding in STM
• It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form
Coding in STM
• It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form
Must it be stored this way?
Coding in STM
• It is also possible to “keep in mind” non-verbal information, such as a map
Are there two different STM systems?
A Modular Approach to STM
Articulatory Loop
Central Executive
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Experiment 1 in the article by Lee Brooks demonstrates a double dissociation between Articulatory Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad
Working Memory “Modules”
• Lee Brooks: interference between different representations in STM (Experiment 1)– Memory Representation
• verbal task: categorize words in a sentence• spatial task: categorize corners in a block letter
– Response Modality• verbal response: say “yes” or “no”• spatial response: point to “yes” or “no”
Working Memory “Modules”
• Verbal Task: indicate if each word is or is not a noun– “I went to the store to buy a loaf of bread.”– N N N N Y N N N Y N Y
Working Memory “Modules”
• Spatial Task: indicate if each corner points outside
FY Y
YN
Working Memory “Modules”
• In both tasks the information needed must be maintained (represented) in working memory
Working Memory “Modules”
• Response Modalities:
Say: “yes” “no” “no” Point to: Y or N
Verbal Spatial
Y NY NY NY NY N
Working Memory “Modules”
• Both response modalities also engage working memory
Working Memory “Modules”
• Prediction: – There should be interference when response modality
and task representation engage the same module– if there is only one kind of module, then there should
be interference between every pairing of representation to response
Working Memory “Modules”• result: a cross-over interaction (double dissociation
Perf
orm
ance
Response ModalityVerbal Spatial
Spatial Representation(categorize corners)
Verbal Representation(categorize words)
Working Memory “Modules”
• Interpretation:– supports notion of modularity in Working
Memory (visuospatial sketchpad / articulatory loop)
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