optimization for sustainable water resources lebanon case study the lower litani river basin
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Optimization for Sustainable Water Resources
Lebanon Case StudyThe Lower Litani River Basin
Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development (ELARD)Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development (ELARD)in cooperation within cooperation with
The Lebanese National Center for Remote Sensing (NCRS) The Lebanese National Center for Remote Sensing (NCRS)
MaltaMaltaOctober 28-29, 2004October 28-29, 2004
Environmental and Water ResourcesManagement Consultants
Lebanese National Center forRemote Sensing
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OUTLINE
Introduction Integrated Water Resources Management Description of Case Study Key Stakeholders Main Water Uses and Users Driving Forces Water issues and challenges SWOT analysis Data requirements and constraints Conclusions
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
INTRODUCTION
This case study will be prepared by ELARD, a regional consulting firm in the fields of environmental and water resources management based in Lebanon, in cooperation with the Lebanese National Center for Remote Sensing (NCRS)
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OBJECTIVES OF IWRM
To conserve water through a more efficient allocation of the resource and protection of its quality;
To solve conflicts among competing uses and users; To account for the social, economic and environmental
value of water; To increase the participation of communities and the
private sector in decision-making and financing.
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
STRESSESPopulation growth, industrial, agricultural and touristic development, environmental and ecological needs, climate change, lack of awareness
Primary Effects
Deteriorated Water Quality
Increased Water Demand
Less Water of Adequate Quality Available
Smaller Increase in Water Supply
Secondary Effects
Increased conflictsMore complex management and insufficient capacity of institutions
Increased needs by local communities
Need for costly investments
Stakeholder participatoryapproach for
conflict resolution
- Institutional and legaldevelopment
- Capacity building- Private sectorparticipation
- CommunityInvolvement
- Capacity Building
Private SectorParticipation
Water QualityManagement
Water DemandManagement
Water SupplyManagement
EconomicInstruments
EconomicInstruments
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
DESCRIPTION OF CASE STUDY
The Lebanon case study covers the lower Litani River Basin
It is part of the area that has been recently liberated from Israeli occupying forces
It is therefore prone to extensive development, hence important stresses on water resources are anticipated and conflicts among different users likely to occur
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
THE STAKEHOLDERSPublic Authorities / agencies
– MoEW (Ministry of Energy and Water)– South Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment– LRA ( Litani River Authority)– MoE (Ministry of Environment)– MoPWT (Ministry of Public Works and Transport)– MoPH (Ministry of Public Health)– MoA (Ministry of Agriculture)– MoSA (Ministry of Social Affairs)– Lebanese Meteorological service
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
THE STAKEHOLDERS (cont’d)Research bodies
– NCSR, NCRS– Universities
Local communities– Municipalities – NGOs
Private Sector / users– Farmers, COOPs– Industries– Consultants, water resources experts, water utility companies (?)
International Organizations– UNIFIL, USAID
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Water Uses and Users
Irrigation / farmers
Domestic use/ local communities
Industrial use
Tourism / recreational
Environmental flow
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Driving Forces
Population growth (new developing area) Change in land use and development strategies Technological change Environmental needs Climate change Socio-economic conditions
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Water Issues and Challenges
Inadequate legal and institutional frameworks with proper enforcement mechanisms
Lack of know-how of "Decision-makers" “Non-coordination" among institutions Lack of proper "pricing" framework Lack of "dissemination" of information to different
stakeholders
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Water Issues and Challenges (cont’d)
Lack of human resources capable of addressing water management issues
Lack of participatory structures with active community involvement
Lack of sound environment for private sector participation
Lack of sufficient data on quantities, quality, demand, climate, etc. (lack of monitoring data)
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
SWOT ANALYSISStrengths Availability of groundwater Presence of major surface water courses Presence of Litani River Authority that manages
major irrigation projects Limited industrial activities Acceptable level of urbanization Feasibility study for water supply in the area
already prepared
Weaknesses Peak demand for irrigation occurs during summer
when water is least available Old water supply infrastructure leading to
excessive losses Lack of wastewater management infrastructure Lack of adequate monitoring data for proper
assessment of water resources Insufficient level of awareness and knowledge of
best management practices in agriculture Inadequate water pricing and lack of economic
incentives for efficient water use and less polluting practices
Opportunities• Interest from international funding sources in the
development of the new liberated south leading to potential financial assistance that can be used in water resource management activities/projects
• Trend towards privatization
Threats Attraction of new investments that could pose a
stress to water resources if not properly planned Sensitivity to geo-political context that hinders
economic development
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Data Needs / ConstraintsMonitoring Need IWRM Trinity
ComponentComments
Meteorological data Water supply Data on precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and direction are important to assess the water resources and perform accurate water balances; data on snow cover is also very important and is completely non-existent; meteorological data is limited in the area and poses a severe limitation to reliable water resources management plans
Surface water gauging data Water supplyWater demand
The LRA maintains a network of river limnigraphic stations that are used to measure rivers flow; it is important to upgrade this network to include more stations along the different rivers to be able to track upstream diversions and monitor river discharge, which is important in water balance estimations
Groundwater level Water supplyWater demand
Groundwater level is not systematically monitored; such data is very important to assess the level of water exploitation and monitor groundwater use
Water consumption Water demand Metering systems should be instituted for different water uses including domestic and agriculture; this would represent a first step towards controlling water losses, and moving towards a water pricing mechanism that would encourage water savings
Surface water and groundwater quality
Water quality There is no systematic monitoring of surface or groundwater quality in the country;
Effluent monitoring and compliance monitoring
Water quality Compliance monitoring is very important to secure water quality; while standards were developed for effluents discharge in water bodies, little has been done to ensure compliance to these standards
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
CONCLUSIONS
Data needed for optimisation of water resources is not readily available
There are also numerous challenges beyond technical ones towards a sustainable water resources management in the area (legal, institutional, economic, social)
This case study should serve however as an important example / model to be replicated in other river basins in the country
OPTIMA - Lebanon Case Study
Thanks to all those who have put so much effort to organize this kick-off meeting (great job!)
Questions are welcome...
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