organ system overview slide 1.4 copyright © 2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as benjamin...
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary = Skin
• external covering, Synth. Vit. D
• Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage
• Blood cell formation, mineral storage, protects/supports, muscle attach
Figure 1.2a
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord,Nerves(neurons)
• Fast acting control system
• Endocrine: Secretes hormones
• Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands
Figure 1.2c
• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels.• -Transports materials via blood: nutrients
O2, CO2
• Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels; Immunity
• Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide O2, remove CO2
• Digestive: esophagus, intestines, mouth. Break down food.
• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder. Eliminate wastes
• Reproduction: Sex organs. Making babies.
Homeostasis
• Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness
Negative feedback
• Acts to Decrease original stimulus• Blood sugar high…body release insulin,
insulin causes cells to up-take sugar(decrease blood sugar)
• Cold….Body responds by shivering to produce heat….Heat generated decrease cold feeling
• Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking water (decreases thirst)
Positive feedback
• Increase original stimulus• Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix,
pressure sends signals to brain to release oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of contractions…increases pressure, more oxytocin released….
• Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets “high”…feeling makes monkey take more drug…gets “higher”…take more drug….
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
• Anterior/posterior = front/back
• Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther
• Inferior/superior = below/above
• Deep/superficial = innermost/toward surface
Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.7
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Slide 1.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8a
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Slide 1.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8b
Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs
Slide 1.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8c
Cell organelles• Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”,
make energy(ATP)• Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of
cell”, transports materials throughout cell.Rough=ribosomes attached
Smooth=no ribosomes
Ribosomes – make proteins• Golgi body – “FedEx of cell”, modifies &
packages proteins for delivery
Cell organelles
• Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA• Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes• Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive
enzymes• Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm
• tRNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein.
• mRNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm)
Cell organelles
• Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell surface to increase area for absorption(ex. Cells lining digestive tract)
• Cillia – short Hair- like projections that move substances across the cell (Ex. On cells lining digestive tract)
• Flagellum – whip-like structure used to propel cell (ex. Sperm cells)
• P rophase – centrioles move to Poles
• M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle
• A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart
• T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow
Mitosis
Cell Transport
• Passive = no energy
• Diffusion – movement of mlcles from high to low
• Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water!
• Active = energy needed• Occurs if particles too big to diffuse
through plasma membrane• Or needed to go against concentration
gradient• Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle (Take
IN)• Exocytosis – cell exports particle
Tissue
• Stratified squamous = areas of high abrasion; mouth/throat, skin
• Simple Squamous= single, flattened cell layer; good for diffusion: lining lungs/capillaries
Muscle Characteristics
• Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in skeletal muscles
• Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in walls of Blood vessels.
• Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that increase signal transmission). Found in Heart tissue.
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
Classification of Bones1. Long – longer than wide, shaft
w/heads at both ends.
2. Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle)
3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum)
4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae)
Red marrow: in adults spongy ends of long bones (site of red blood cell formation) Yellow marrow- mostly fat
Epiphyseal plate=actively dividing cartilage in child, site of bone growth
• Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
3. Pelvic opening larger (& rounder) in Females!
2. Pubic Arch WIDER in Females!
1. Flared Illium in females
Joints/movements
• Hinge = elbow
• Ball & socket = hip/shoulder
• Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals
• Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae
• Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human body)
• Abduction = take body part AWAY from midline
• Adduction = “ADD” back into midline• Supination= palm up• Pronation = palm down• Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2 bones• Extension=increases ………
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