organic & inorganic

ORGANIC &

INORGANIC

HISTORY

The name Organic Chemistry came from the word “organism”.

In 1800 century all organic compounds had been obtained from organism or their remains. That’s why the scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of organic compounds could only be produced within living matter

while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from

living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound.

Friedrich Wohler German Chemist who discredited the “vital

force” theory. In 1828 he heated an inorganic salt called

ammonium cyanate and produced UREA. It is normally found in blood and urine, was

unquestionably organic. But it comes from an inorganic source w/c is

ammonium cyanate. His success prompted other chemist to

attempt to synthesized organic compounds. Like in 1956 William Henry Perkin

accidentally discovered organic dye. Othmer Zeidler in 1942 discovered

insecticide DDT

Wohler’s Urea Synthesis :   

H O H Heat ║ NH4

NCO H N C N H

Ammonium Urea

cyanate

Organic chemistry is the scientific study

of the structure, properties,

composition, reactions, and synthesis of

organic compounds.

Organic Compounds

are COMPOUNDS composed of carbon.

and can possibly contain any of the other elements such as hydrogen,

nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus, sulfur and

halogens.

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of the chemistry of all the

elements in the periodic table

except for carbon. 

Inorganic Compounds are compounds made out

of other elements except for carbon,

and they are usually ionically bonded compound. Composed mainly of Metal and Nonmetal elements.

DistinctionProperty Organic Inorganic

Bonding within molecules

Usually Covalent

Often Ionic

Forces between

molecules

Generally weak

Quite strong

Normal Physical state

Gases, liquids, or low melting

point solids

Usually high melting point

solids

Continuation:Flammability Often

FlammableUsually

nonflammable

Solubility in water

Often low Often high

Conductivity of water

solutions

Nonconductor Conductor

Rate of chemical reactions

Usually low Usually high

HOW DOES CRUDE

FORM ???

Formation of Oil Many hundred million years ago the processes which

created the underground oil and gas fields began. Oil and natural gas come from a variety of mainly sea

based living organisms (like plankton), as well as some plant material, which was trapped in sands on the bottom of early seas or inland lakes.

Over time, this buried material was transformed into the substance we know today as oil.

That is why oil is termed fossil fuel. The sands and rocks in which the oil is situated are

porous and the oil could move through tiny holes and cracks and form pools where there were large enough spaces in the rock layers.

The oil trapped here and, as the earth was going through its formation process, was subject to much pressure and heat.

How can we

obtain crude from the earth ???

Exploration – The search for oil : The first step is to find where the oil is

deposited underground. The most common method used to find oil

today is seismology. This is a technique, which makes use of sound

and the way sound "bounces" off different types of rocks, much the same way as an echo.

Geologists identify likely areas to prospect, making use of their knowledge of the rocks and soil in the area.

With the seismic techniques and using modern computers they can create three-dimensional pictures of what the underlying rock formations are like and where there is likely to be oil.

Petrochemical Drilling

Next - Oil Field Development :

An exploration well, is drilled to see if there really is oil.

If oil is struck, further holes are drilled to establish the size of the oil pool.

Oil wells are usually between one and five kilometers deep, but sometimes go down as far as eight kilometers.

Once the wells are in place the pressure under which the oil has been trapped, helps force the oil out of the well.

Oil from the wells is treated with chemicals and heat to remove water and solids.

The oil is then pumped into storage tanks at a gathering station.

From there it is pumped to either a refinery or to a harbor where it is loaded onto the enormous oil tankers for shipment to a refinery elsewhere.

Offshore Refinery

Oil Refinery

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION SITE

Why Do We Have to Know Crude’s

Process of Formation ???

Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons - are the simplest organic

compounds that Contain only the elements carbon

and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched

chain, or cyclic molecules.

HYDROCARBON UNSATURATED

SATURATED

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

ALKYNES

ALKENES

ALKANES

HYROCARBON DERIVATIVE

AROMATIC

ALIPHATIC

Saturated Hydrocarbon - or simply ALKANE are organic compound that have single bonds between the carbon

atoms, it’s typical characteristics is manifested

in it’s structure, wherein hydrogen molecules are fully

complemented in it’s structure.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

refers to the fact that each of the carbons bonds aren’t with 4

separate molecules, but can instead have double, triple or

aromatic ring in their structure.

First Ten Hydrocarbon

Alkane

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Nonane

Decane

Number of carbons

in chain

Formula for

alkane

Formula for branch name

1 CH4 -CH3 methyl as in methane

2 C2H6 -CH2-CH3 ethyl as in ethane3 C3H8 -CH2-CH2-CH3 propyl as in propane

4 C4H10 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 butyl as in butane5 C5H12 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 pentyl as in pentane

6 C6H14 (-CH2-)5-CH3 hexyl as in hexane

7 C7H16 (-CH2-)6-CH3 heptyl as in heptane

8 C8H18 (-CH2-)7-CH3 octyl as in octane9 C9H20 (-CH2-)8-CH3 nonyl as in nonane

10 C10H22 (-CH2-)9-CH3 decyl as in decane