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An#Index#for#Evaluating#the#Risk#of#Water#Contamination#by#Pesticides:#Development#&#Validation#
Henrique(Marinho(L.(ChavesEFL$School of+Technology+
University of+Brasilia$UnB
! Pesticides+&+water+contamination
! Risk+Assessment+&+Management+of+
Pesticides+(RAMP):+Development
! RAMP+validation
! Pesticide+risk+management+w/+RAMP
! Conclusions
Outline
! Pesticides+ubiquitous+in+modern+agriculture
! Surface+&+GW:+vulnerable+compartments
! Man+&+fish+threatened
! What+is+the+risk+of+water+contamination+by+
pesticides?
! Mathematical+models+vs.+indices
! How+to+effectively+manage+pesticide+risk?
Pesticides(&(Water(Contamination RAMP(Development
R((1$9) =(H (1#3) @(V (1#3)
R =+risk+of+water+contamination+by+pesticides
H =+pesticide+hazard
V+=+site+vulnerability
Risk Level
1+$ 2 Low
3+$ 4 Medium
6+$ 9 High
RAMP(Development:(Risk
H(=(max (Mi Pi Ti)
Mi =+pesticide mobility =+1+/+log10 (Koc)
Pi =+pesticide persistance =+log10 (t1/2)
Ti =+pest.+toxicity =+[4$log10(LD50)$log10(HDI)]+/2
RAMP:(Pesticide Hazard
H Level Score
0.0+– 0.83 Low 1
0.83+– 1.66 Medium 2
1.66+– 2.50 High 3
Pesticide Hazard Assessment
Pesticide Type Crop Koc(ml(g#1)
M t1/2 (d) P DL50(mg(l#1)
T1ADI
(mg(kg#1(d#1)T2 T H Score
Fomesafen Herbicida Feijão 50 0,59 86 1,93 170,00 1,77 0,00 2,52 2,15 2,45 3Ciproconazol Fungicida Soja 309 0,40 142 2,15 19,00 2,72 0,02 1,70 2,21 1,91 3Atrazina Herbicida Milho 100 0,50 29 1,46 4,50 3,35 0,02 1,70 2,52 1,84 3Hidróxido(de(Fentina Fungicida Feijão 3.104 0,29 26 1,41 0,05 5,30 0,00 3,30 4,30 1,74 3Iprodione Fungicida Pimentão 373 0,39 84 1,92 3,70 3,43 0,06 1,22 2,33 1,74 3Óxido(cuproso Fungicida Tomate 12.000 0,25 365 2,56 0,21 4,68 0,15 0,82 2,75 1,73 3Azoxistrobina Fungicida Soja 482 0,37 70 1,85 0,47 4,33 0,20 0,70 2,51 1,73 3Clorothalonil Fungicida Pimentão 850 0,34 22 1,34 0,04 5,42 0,02 1,82 3,62 1,66 3Clorpirifós Insecticida Milho 8.151 0,26 21 1,32 1,3E#4 6,89 0,01 2,00 4,44 1,50 2Paraquat Herbicida Feijão 1.000.000 0,17 3.000 3,48 19,00 2,72 0,00 2,40 2,56 1,48 2Tebuconazol Fungicida Milho 769 0,35 55 1,75 4,40 3,36 0,03 1,52 2,44 1,48 2Piraclostrobina Fungicida Soja 11.000 0,25 32 1,51 0,01 6,22 0,03 1,52 3,87 1,44 2Picoxystrobina Fungicida Soja 898 0,34 20 1,30 0,08 5,12 0,04 1,37 3,25 1,43 2Imidacloprido Insecticida Pimentão 225 0,43 174 2,24 211,00 1,68 0,06 1,22 1,45 1,38 2Metribuzin Herbicida Tomate 38 0,63 11 1,06 74,60 2,13 0,01 1,89 2,01 1,35 2Mancozebe Fungicida Pimentão 998 0,33 18 1,26 0,07 5,13 0,05 1,30 3,22 1,35 2Lambda#Cialotrina Insecticida Milho 157.000 0,19 25 1,40 2,0E#4 7,68 0,01 2,30 4,99 1,34 2Bifentrina Insecticida Soja 236.610 0,19 26 1,41 2,0E#4 7,82 0,02 1,82 4,82 1,27 2Abamectina Insecticida Pimentão 5.638 0,27 10 1,00 3,6E#4 6,44 0,00 2,60 4,52 1,21 2Permetrina Insecticida Soja 100.000 0,20 42 1,62 0,01 5,90 0,05 1,30 3,60 1,17 2Nicosulfurom Herbicida Milho 21 0,76 19 1,29 65,70 2,18 0,90 0,05 1,11 1,08 2Bentazona Herbicida Feijão 51 0,59 13 1,11 100,00 2,00 0,10 1,00 1,50 0,98 2Crorimuron(etílico Herbicida Soja 106 0,49 28 1,45 1.000.00 1,00 0,02 1,70 1,35 0,96 22,4(D Herbicida Soja 56 0,57 10 1,00 100,00 2,00 0,05 1,30 1,65 0,94 2Metalaxil#M Fungicida Pimentão 660 0,35 39 1,59 100,00 2,00 0,08 1,10 1,55 0,87 2Profenofós Insecticida Soja 2.016 0,30 7 0,85 0,08 5,10 0,03 1,52 3,31 0,85 2Fluazifope#P(butílico Herbicida Feijão 3.394 0,28 8 0,91 1,31 3,88 0,01 2,00 2,94 0,76 1Oxitetraciclina(+(estreptomicina Fungicida Pimentão 102.600 0,20 70 1,85 116,00 1,94 0,03 1,52 1,73 0,64 1
Lactofem Herbicida Feijão 10.000 0,25 4 0,60 0,10 5,00 0,00 2,82 3,91 0,59 1Lufenuron Insecticida Soja 41.182 0,22 16 1,21 29,00 2,54 0,02 1,81 2,17 0,57 1Diflubenzurom Insecticida Soja 4.620 0,27 3 0,48 0,13 4,89 0,01 2,00 3,44 0,45 1Metiram(/(Piraclostrobina Fungicida Pimentão 500.000 0,18 7 0,85 0,33 4,48 0,03 1,52 3,00 0,45 1
Glifosato Herbicida Soja 21.699 0,23 12 1,08 38,00 2,42 0,30 0,52 1,47 0,37 1
Fenoxaprope#P(etílico Herbicida Soja 11.354 0,25 2 0,23 0,19 4,72 0,01 2,00 3,36 0,19 1Carfentrazona#etílica Herbicida Soja 866 0,34 1 0,04 1,60 3,80 0,03 1,52 2,66 0,04 1Tiofanato(metílico Fungicida Tomate 207 0,43 1 0,04 11,00 2,96 0,08 1,10 2,03 0,04 1
V =(C((L((SC =+soil clay content
L =+distance to the nearest water body
S =+type of+soil management
RAMP:(Site(Vulnerability
Parameter Definition Range Class Score
C Clay+content
>+60% Low 1
30$60% Medium 2
<+30% High 3
L
Distance to
nearest water
body
>+1,000+m Low 1
300$1,000+m Medium 2
<+300+m High 3
SType of+soil
management
No$till (NT) Low 1
Red. tillage (RT) Medium 2
Conv.+Tillage (CT) High 3
Vulnerability:(Clay(content
0.1
1
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Kfmmol+kg$1
Soil Clay((%)
Adapted from Cox-et-al.-(1997)
Vulnerability:(Distance to water body
a
water table
h
x
d
divide
Adapted from Freeze &-Cherry-(1979)
Conv.+Tillage No$till
Vulnerability:(Soil Management RAMP(Validation:(Glyphosate(in(Farm(Field(
1050
1100
1150
1200
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
H (m)
Distance (m)
Wet
land
Crop area S1
S2
S3W
R
Riv
er
Gerlach trough Vadose(zone((SMS) River
RAMP(Validation:(Glyphosate(in(Farm(Field(
R²+=+0,99
$
0.5+
1.0+
1.5+
10 15 20 25
[Gly]
(mg+L$1)
Clay(Content((%)
R²+=+0,99
$
0.5+
1.0+
1.5+
0 500 1000 1500
[Gly]
(mg+L$1)
Distance(to(river((m)
Indic. Param. Value Score Risk Level
H
M
0.37 1
2 Low
P
T
V
C 17.5%
2L 750+m
S NT
4.35E[07
6.50E[07
0.00E+00
2.50E$07
5.00E$07
7.50E$07
River TDML
[Gly](mg+L$1)
Pesticide Risk Management(w/(RAMP
! Replace+pesticides+with+high+H+
! Change+soil+management+(CT+to+NT)
! Move+crop+area+upstream
! Risk+abatement:++Ar(%) =+100+(1$R1/R0)
! P.E.S.+proportional+to+Ar
Ar 25[50% 51[75% > 75%
P.E.S.(((
($/ha yr)100 200 300
Conclusions
! Risk+of+water+contamination+by+
pesticides+can+be+assessed+by+indices
! RAMP+is+a+simple+&+promising+tool
! RAMP+allows+for+practical+water+
contamination+risk+management
! Validation in+other settings,+countrieshchaves@unb.br
http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/graphic/
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