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UNEP-WCMC technical report
Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica
(Version edited for public release)
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Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica
Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional
Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium
Prepared September 2015
Copyright European Commission 2015
Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU
Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela
erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity
assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental
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Introduction Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea
ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica were listed in CITES Appendix III by India in 1989. Nearly
all EU Member States subsequently issued reservations against these listings and the taxa were included in
Annex D of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97, which contains "the species listed in Appendix III to the
Convention for which a reservation has been entered" (a notification filled in by the importer is sufficient
for Annex D specimens to be imported into and exported from the EU; no permits issued by the MA are
required).
The EU is now assessing whether the current EU treatment of these listings is still appropriate, with the
following options being available:
Option 1: Maintain the current EU approach against the implementation into EU law of the
CITES Appendix III listing for the seven taxa concerned
Arguments in favour: the rationale for opposing the Appendix III listing at the time remains valid.
Next steps: the six remaining EU Member States which have not yet done so, as well as the EU itself, would
need to enter reservations for the seven taxa concerned to ensure that they are not in situation of non-
compliance with CITES.
Option 2: Implement into EU law the CITES Appendix III listing
Arguments in favour: the EU and its Member States have a clear policy in support of CITES listings and
against the issuing of reservations, so reasons in favour of a reservation need to be particularly strong. The
reservations were issued more than 15 years ago and need to be revisited. In addition, if the export from EU
Member States takes place with CITES export permits or re-export certificates (see above), then in practice
the situation is not different from an Annex C listing, and it would be logical to withdraw the reservations.
Next steps: EU Member States would have to withdraw their reservations, and Regulation (EC) No 338/97
would have to be amended to transfer the seven taxa from Annex D to Annex C.
Option 3: Consultation with India and SRG consultation
Arguments in favour: clarify with India whether an Appendix III listing is still necessary and whether they
would consider a delisting from the CITES Appendices. This would negate the need for the EU to maintain
the reservations.
Next steps: Commission to launch consultation with India and table their reply at a future Scientific Review
Group meeting.
The following section provides overviews of the conservation status and trade levels in these seven taxa to
support the EU decision making process on the treatment of these reservations.
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Overview of conservation status and trade levels
SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes griffithi Kashmir Fox
RANGE STATES: Afghanistan, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes), 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: Vulpes vulpes griffithi was reported to occur in the Himalayas, northern
and western areas of Pakistan, including the mountains and valleys of
Bluchistan and North West Frontier Province (Awan et al., 2004). It was
reported to often occur in close association with humans and to avoid
dense forests (Awan et al., 2004).
Data on global population size or population trends were not found. In
Pakistan, it was reported to be commonly distributed throughout the
Machiara National Park from an altitude of 1500 to 3300m (Awan et al.,
2004). A study in 2003 confirmed the presence of V. v. griffithi in all
studied areas of Machiara National park, Pakistan, through trapping,
visual sightings and reports from local communities (Awan et al., 2004).
V. v. griffithi has been reported to kill poultry as well as feeding on
Royle’s pika and pheasant (Awan et al., 2004). Foxes were reported to be
subject to severe persecution and hunting pressure in Afghanistan, but
while V. vulpes was listed as a harvestable species, regular monitoring of
populations was reported to ensure that hunting does not qualify the
species for a protected status in the future (Macdonald and Reynolds,
2008).
TRADE: No trade was reported globally in V. v. griffithi over the period 2004-2013
(based on trade statistics in the CITES Trade Database).
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SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes montana Tibetan Red Fox
RANGE STATES: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes), 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: Vulpes vulpes montana was reported to be common in the Himalayas
(Menon, 2014) and reported present in Sikkim and Punjab in India,
Yunnan and Tibet in China Kumao in Nepal and Gilgit in Pakistan
(Tiwari, 1999). In Nepal, the habitats of V. v. montana were reported to
include thorn bushes, willows, scrub along dry rivers and cultivated land
of subalpine zones between 300 and 5500m above sea level (Shrestha,
1997).
It was reported that V. v. montana pair for life and its diet was reported to
include rodents, grounds birds as well as fallen fruit and berries
(Shrestha, 1997). In India, the subspecies was reported to occasionally
predate young lambs (Namgail et al., 2007).
In Pakistan, within the northern areas of Khunjerab National Park, a
study in 1998 recorded 60 V. v. montana individuals, based on data from
shepherds and tourist guides (Shafiq and Ali, 1998). The authors
estimated the population size of the subspecies within the park to be 60
and reported that the population was gradually increasing (Shafiq and
Ali, 1998).
No further information on the global population status and trends, or
details on threats to the subspecies were identified.
TRADE: According to CITES trade statistics, the only direct trade globally in V. v.
montana over the period 2004-2013 comprised of one captive-bred
garment exported from the United States to the Netherlands in 2007, as
reported by the exporter only, and one ranched skin exported from China
to the United States in 2007, as reported by the importer only. All trade
was for commercial purposes.
The only indirect trade globally comprised one captive-bred garment
originating in Finland and re-exported by the United States to the
Netherlands in 2007 for commercial purposes, as reported by the
exporter only.
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SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes pusilla Desert Fox
RANGE STATES: India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes)
CONSERVATION STATUS: In India, Vulpes vulpes pusilla was reported to be distributed in the desert
of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
(Sharma and Sharma, 2013). It inhabits desert habitats and reportedly
avoids dense forests (Sharma and Sharma, 2013).
Gajera and Dharaiya, (2011) reported that V. v. pusilla was recorded as
rare within the study area of north Gujarat, India and within this area,
the subspecies was restricted to arid saline desert. In the Rajasthan
desert, India, V. v. pusilla was considered to be rare (Sharma and Sharma,
2013).
In Pakistan, bounties were reported to be offered on V. v. pusilla to
protect valuable game birds such as Houbara Bustards Chlamydotis
macqueenii (Macdonald and Reynolds, 2008).
TRADE: According to CITES trade statistics, the only direct trade globally in V. v.
pusilla over the period 2004-2013 comprised of one ranched garment
exported for personal purposes from Canada to the United States in 2008,
as reported by the importer only.
The only indirect trade globally comprised of 49 captive-bred skin pieces
originating in China and re-exported by Canada to the United States for
commercial purposes in 2007, as reported by the importer only.
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SPECIES: Mustela altaica Altai Weasel
RANGE STATES: China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (?), India, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan
IUCN: Near Threatened, 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: The habitat of M. altaica includes alpine meadows, steppes and forests
from 1500 to 4000m (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). It feeds on small
mammals, birds, amphibians and insects (Wilson and Mittermeier,
2009), with its main prey item reported to be pika Ochotona spp.
(Hornskov and Foggin, 2007; Bischof et al., 2014). The species was
reported to have a gestation period of 35-50 days, with a litter size of two
to eight (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).
Very little appears to known about the ecology or conservation status of
M. altaica (Hornskov and Foggin, 2007; Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).
The species was reported to be in decline, at a rate of less than 30% over
10 years (Abramov et al., 2008). M. altaica was considered to be common
but not abundant throughout its range; the population density was
reported to fluctuate by 4 or 5 times, depending on prey abundance
(Abramov et al., 2008).
The species was reportedly occasionally hunted, but was not considered
important in the fur trade (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). However,
habitat conversion was noted to contribute to the decline of the species
(Abramov et al., 2008), as was eradication of prey items through pika-
control (Hornskov and Foggin, 2007).
Within Nepal, M. altaica was recorded within just a few localities,
including the Annapurna Conservation Area (Ghimirey et al., 2014),
Sagarmatha National Park and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area
(Katuwal et al., 2013 in Ghimirey et al., 2014) and from Thadodhunga,
Humla district (Ghimirey & Acharya in prep. in Ghimirey et al., 2014).
The population size in Nepal is unknown (Ghimirey et al., 2014).
In China, based on incidental reports by Hornskov and Foggin (2007)
between 1995 and 2006 on the Tibetan plateau, the authors reported that
the species was fairly common within this area.
TRADE:
Direct global trade in M. altaica in the period 2004-2013 comprised of plates, skin pieces, and skins
exported from China to Italy (Table 1). No direct trade has been recorded since 2007 and no trade was
reported to countries other than the EU-28. Indirect global trade in M. altaica comprised primarily of
small numbers of wild-sourced garments traded for commercial purposes originating in China and re-
exported via the EU-28 (Table 2).
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Table 1: Direct global trade in Mustela altaica, 2004-2013. No trade was reported 2008-2013.
Importer Exporter Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007
EU28 China plates (m2) T W Importer 108
Exporter
plates T W Importer 314
Exporter 268
- - Importer 304
Exporter
skin pieces - - Importer 40
Exporter
skins - - Importer 268 227
Exporter
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
Table 2: Indirect global trade in Mustela altaica, 2004-2013. No trade was reported in 2006, 2009, 2010 or 2012. Importer Origin Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2007 2008 2011 2013
EU28 China garments T W Importer
Exporter 1
France garments T R Importer
Exporter 2
RoW China derivatives T W Importer 3
Exporter
garments P W Importer 1
Exporter
T C Importer 1
Exporter
W Importer 9 8 4 5
Exporter 10 7 2
leather products (small) T W Importer 3
Exporter 1
skin pieces T W Importer 5
Exporter
unspecified T W Importer 1
Exporter
France garments T R Importer 2
Exporter
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
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SPECIES: Mustela erminea ferghanae Stoat (subsp.)
RANGE STATES: Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
IUCN: Least Concern (Mustela erminea), 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela erminea ferghanae was reported to occur at altitudes of 3000-
4000m (Kotia et al., 2011). Its diet was thought likely to include voles,
hares and pikas (Kotia et al., 2011).
At a species level, females of M. erminea produce only one litter per year;
females delay implantation of the fertilized eggs for nine to ten months
(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). Females become sexually mature at two
to three months while males become sexually mature after a year (Wilson
and Mittermeier, 2009). M. erminea is solitary and the population density
depends on prey abundance, with 2-6 individuals/km2 (Wilson and
Mittermeier, 2009). The species was considered to be abundant with a
stable population, which, however, fluctuates strongly depending on prey
supply (Reid and Helgen, 2008). No data on population status or trend
for the subspecies were found.
This sub-species was reported to be rare in Ladakh, India (Kotia et al.,
2011); its presence has also been reported from Kaghan Valley, Chitral and
northern Swat up to 4000m in Pakistan (Roberts 1977 in Kotia et al.,
2011).
No threats specific to the subspecies were identified, but the species was
reported to be locally threatened by unrestricted trapping and habitat
loss or disturbance (Reid and Helgen, 2008).
TRADE:
Direct global trade in M. e. ferghanae in the period 2004-2013 comprised very small numbers of skins and
manufactured items primarily of pre-Convention sources exported from Canada and Russia (Table 3).
Indirect global trade in M. e. ferghanae comprised primarily of small numbers of pre-Convention
manufactured items (Table 4).
Table 3: Direct global trade in Mustela erminea ferghanae, 2004-2013. No trade was reported in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 or 2011. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2008 2009 2012 2013
EU28 carvings Q O Importer
Exporter 1
leather products (small) - O Importer
Exporter 2
skin pieces Q O Importer
Exporter 1
skins T - Importer 1
Exporter
RoW carvings Q O Importer 1
Exporter
garments E O Importer 1
Exporter
leather products (small) E W Importer
Exporter 1
unspecified - O Importer
Exporter 1
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
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Table 4: Indirect global trade in Mustela erminea ferghanae, 2004-2013. No trade reported in 2006 or 2011. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013
EU28 derivatives Q O Importer
Exporter 1
hair Q O Importer
Exporter 2
trophies - O Importer
Exporter 1
RoW bodies T W Importer
Exporter 1
carvings T O Importer
Exporter 0.67
garments E O Importer
Exporter 1
Q O Importer
Exporter 1 1
T O Importer
Exporter 1
hair Q O Importer 2
Exporter 2
leather products (small) E W Importer 1
Exporter
Q O Importer
Exporter 2
T O Importer 1 1
Exporter 1
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
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SPECIES: Mustela kathiah Yellow-bellied Weasel
RANGE STATES: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Lao People’s Democratic Republic,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam
IUCN: Least Concern, 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela kathiah is a small carnivore (Phan et al., 2014) feeding on
rodents, birds, eggs, lizards, amphibians and insects (Wilson and
Mittermeier, 2009). It occupies habitats including montane evergreen
forest, scrub and grassland, generally over 1000m above sea level (Phan et
al., 2014) and up to 4000m (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). Within the
Himalayas, it was found between 3000 and 5200m altitude, but occupied
altitudes of 200m down to close to sea level in Hong Kong (Wilson and
Mittermeier, 2009). Little was considered to be known about its
reproduction or activity patters (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).
The species was presumed to have large population due to its wide
distribution, its presence within a number of protected areas and absence
any major threats (Duckworth et al., 2008). It is also reported that “there
is no reason to assume that this species is rare” (Duckworth et al., 2008).
No information on the global population size, trends or threats facing
M. kathiah was identified.
M. kathiah was first record in Cambodia in 2014 using camera traps
(Phan et al., 2014). In Thailand, the majority of records are from the
northern highland, but given the small number of reported records, the
conservation status of the species within Thailand was considered to be
unknown (Supparatvikorn et al., 2012).
TRADE: No trade was reported globally in M. kathiah over the period 2004-2013
(based on trade statistics in the CITES Trade Database).
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SPECIES: Mustela sibirica Siberian Weasel
RANGE STATES: Bhutan, China, India, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Japan,
Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Taiwan, Province
of China, Thailand, Viet Nam
IUCN: Least Concern, 2008
CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela sibirica occupies a wide variety of habitats including forests, forest
steppe, mountains, villages and areas near swamps from 1500-5000m
above sea level (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). M. siberica predominately
feeds on small mammals, including pikas (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009),
but also on pine nuts in the summer (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008).
M. sibirica is mainly nocturnal or crepuscular and individuals travel up to
8km a night; individuals remain solitary (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).
Mating is reported to occur in winter and early spring, with a gestation
period of 33-37 days (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).
The population of this species was presumed to be large and the
population status was thought to be stable (Duckworth and Abramov,
2008).
The species was reported to be widespread and common in Siberia and
China, and common in northern central Korea (Duckworth and
Abramov, 2008). The species was assessed as ‘Least Concern’ in Nepal,
although information on the population size and potential threats in the
country were considered to be unknown (Jnawali et al., 2011).
No major threats were reported (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008),
although in China there was a reported market for pelts and heavy
exploitation was considered a threat (Lau et al., 2010). The IUCN noted
that population monitoring may be warranted to establish sustainable
harvest levels for this species (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008).
In China, wild caught individuals were recorded in Chatou wildlife market
in Guangzhou between 2002 and 2003, with fewer than ten individuals
noted on each visit (Lee et al. 2004 in Lau et al., 2010).
TRADE:
Direct global trade in M. sibirica in the period 2004-2013 comprised relatively high numbers of plates and
other terms primarily of wild sources exported from China and Russia (Table 5). Indirect global trade in
M. sibirica comprised relatively high numbers of hair and hair product primarily of wild sources
originating in China (Table 6).
Table 5: Direct global trade in Mustela sibirica, 2004-2013. Values rounded to the nearest whole number, where applicable. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
EU28 derivatives - - Importer 15
Exporter
garments T U Importer 6
13
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
EU28 garments Exporter
(cont.) (cont.) W Importer 168 431 236 202 471 640 2973 587 514 410
Exporter
- - Importer 2 3
Exporter
hair T W Importer 3506 490 211 504 243 154 236 161 93 81
Exporter 96
- Importer 331
Exporter
- - Importer 30 110 141
Exporter
leather products (small)
- O Importer
Exporter 1
live T U Importer 2
Exporter
plates T W Importer 19754 22136 24501 12620 12673 9328 10554 7724 6604 3818
Exporter
- U Importer 150
Exporter
- Importer 400 3736 170 931 20 10
Exporter
skin pieces - - Importer 700
Exporter
skins Q O Importer
Exporter 4
T W Importer 882
Exporter
- - Importer 1030 49 100 2200
Exporter
tails T W Importer 7021 11027 6230 3034 9000 9000 5200 7521 9500
Exporter 16000
unspec. - O Importer
Exporter 1
RoW garments T W Importer 1
Exporter
hair T C Importer 1 4 4 18400
Exporter 5 53500
I Importer 1220 1500 6 1320 130
Exporter
U Importer 135
Exporter
W Importer 22
Exporter 5
hair prod. P W Importer 1
Exporter
T I Importer 18 3 29 8 3 1120 4225 542
Exporter
W Importer 27922 31338 13006 27311
Exporter 29518 30782 31979
live T C Importer 7
Exporter 3
I Importer 7
Exporter
Z C Importer 3
Exporter
- - Importer 9
Exporter 7
plates T I Importer 200
Exporter
W Importer 350
Exporter
skin pieces T W Importer 1
Exporter
specimens S W Importer 21
Exporter
- - Importer 24
Exporter
trophies H W Importer 1
Exporter
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
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Table 6: Indirect global trade in Mustela sibirica, 2004-2013. Values rounded to the nearest whole number, where applicable. Importer Term Purpose Source Rep. by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
EU28 derivatives Q U Importer 1
Exporter
garments T W Importer 13 4
Exporter 42 4 2 1
- - Importer 1 1 1
Exporter
hair T W Importer 10 1 30 42 73
Exporter 45
leather prod. (S) Q O Importer
Exporter 1
plates T W Importer 19
Exporter 27 44
- - Importer 300 22
Exporter
skin pieces T W Importer
Exporter 12
tails - - Importer 3000
Exporter
RoW carvings T W Importer 193
Exporter
cloth T W Importer 1
Exporter 190
derivatives T W Importer 73 2375 3377 2172
Exporter
garments P C Importer
Exporter 1
O Importer
Exporter 2
W Importer
Exporter 1 1 1
Q O Importer
Exporter 1
T C Importer 1 7 1 6
Exporter 3
F Importer 1
Exporter
I Importer 10 16 2 3 2 70 68
Exporter
R Importer 1 262
Exporter
U Importer 2 1
Exporter
W Importer 119 110 112 72 31 206 13 17 38 21
Exporter 401 154 196 89 69 45 35 38 37 57
hair P I Importer 5
Exporter
S W Importer
Exporter 2
T C Importer 678 17
Exporter
I Importer 350 44150 2503 1656 409 5104 10509 1
Exporter
O Importer
Exporter <1
W Importer 10399 12010 122 24018 17060 26448 29434 311882 83412 28345
Exporter 59109 58150 48405 37196 27519 110026 57185 141966 207381 22397
- Importer
Exporter <1 <1
hair prod. H W Importer 1
Exporter
P I Importer 2 4
Exporter
W Importer 11
Exporter
Q W Importer 1810
Exporter
T C Importer 1248 4549 186 1434 128
15
Importer Term Purpose Source Rep. by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
RoW hair prod. (cont.)
Exporter
(cont.) I Importer 4843 4820 2068 8495 12340 7691 10279 19399
Exporter 8
W Importer 104889 96715 66946 130288 291736 258252 283904 214885 65508
Exporter 38565 27605 17462 265657
leather products (large)
T W Importer 1
Exporter
leather products (small)
P W Importer
Exporter 2
Q W Importer 1
Exporter
T I Importer 12 2
Exporter
W Importer 200
Exporter 9228 2000
plates T I Importer 102
Exporter
W Importer 105 256 196 45 134 15 6
Exporter 758 340 884 399 435 374 75 61 78 30
shoes P W Importer 2
Exporter
T W Importer 264
Exporter
skin pieces P I Importer 1
Exporter
T C Importer 2
Exporter
I Importer 1
Exporter
W Importer 65 1
Exporter 358 54 117
skins Q O Importer
Exporter 1
T W Importer 500 4
Exporter 2 42 131 5
skulls T U Importer 16 5
Exporter
tails T W Importer 26
Exporter
unspec. T W Importer 5871
Exporter
Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015
16
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