p08 pediatric hip
Post on 11-Jan-2017
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Fractures and Dislocations about the Hip
in the Pediatric Patient
Mark Tenholder, MD
• “Hip fractures in children are of interest because of the frequency of complications rather than the frequency of fractures.”
• Canale
• 1. Rare fracture• 2. High complication rate• 3. Emergency?
Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture
Not Adults
• High-energy• Thick periosteum• Vascularity• Physes• Treatment options
Osseous Anatomy
• Proximal femoral physis• Trochanteric apophysis• Dense bone• Small neck
Vascular Anatomy
• Immature• Variable
– Ligamentum teres– Metaphyseal circulation– Lateral epiphyseal vessels (bypass physis)
• Vulnerable to injury
Mechanism
• MVC, car vs. ped, high falls• Minor trauma can still be a cause
Classification
Delbet 1928
Literature
• Ratliff. BrJBJS, 1962: 71 cases in England followed for 5 yrs.
• Lam. JBJS, 1972: 75 fractures, 60 acute. Hong Kong. Follow up 5 yrs.
• Canale and Bourland. JBJS, 1977: 61 cases at the Campbell Clinic followed for 17 yrs.
Type I
Type I
• Very rare• Little evidence • Can we improve results?
Type I
• Nondisplaced Spica
• Displaced – past--closed reduction and spica, ORIF – present--closed or open reduction plus IF
• threaded pins, cannulated screws, smooth pins– Forlin, JPO 1992: non-op
Type I
• With dislocation– CT– One attempt closed– Approach dictated by dislocation
Type I
• RESULTS• Generally poor• Catastrophic with concurrent dislocation
Type II
Type II
• Most common type (50% of peds hip fx)• Most common AVN (50%)• 3/4 will be displaced
Type II
• IF is treatment of choice currently
ND/min.displaced displaced
Lam Cast Mystery
Ratliff Cast IF
Canale IF IF
Type II
• Treatment– If cast elected, follow closely– If in doubt, treat as displaced– Traction, abduction, IR– Cannulated screws– Avoid physis, but stability is first priority
Type II
• Treatment– May require open reduction– Adequate reduction
Type II
• Results
• Nondisplaced Less complications• Outcome in literature is variable• Highest complication rate of the 4 types• Improved with IF
Type III
Type III
• Second most common (35% of peds hip fx)• Second highest AVN rate (25-30%)• 2/3 will be displaced
S.E.--Injury
• 6 yo• MVC• Liver laceration• Ipsilateral femoral
neck, femur, and tibia fractures
S.E.--Injury
S.E.--OR (hosp. day 2)
S.E.--OR
S.E.--OR
S.E.--Follow Up
•8 wks post-op:• Union• No AVN• Cast removed, WBAT
Type III
ND/min.displaced displaced
Lam Cast Mystery
Ratliff Cast IF
Canale Cast IF
Type III
• Treatment– Nondisplaced:
• cast • follow closely for loss of reduction
– Displaced: • IF• cannulated screws or peds hip screw• avoid physes
Type III
• Results
• Similar to type II• Nondisplaced Less complications• Outcome in literature is variable• IF reduces coxa vara and nonunion
M.H.--1 Year f/u
Type III, emergent open reduction (capsulotomy), Richards ped hip screw
Type III
Type IV
Type IV
• Not common (10-15% of peds hip fx)• Fewest complications• AVN still possible, but unusual
Type IV
• Treatment
• Most agreement between authors• Conservative
Type IV
• Treatment
• Spica in younger patients• Pediatric hip screw in older pts, or those
with unstable reduction
Type IV
• Results
• Generally good• Fewest complications
R.K.R.--14 yo Male
R.K.R.--ORIF, Tape
R.K.R.-9 Wks
R.K.R.--9 Months
R.K.R.--10 mo, ROH
R.K.R.--15 Months
Type IV--13 yo
Type IV --DHS, Wire
Type IV--2 Mo Post-op
TX Highlights
• # of nondisplaced fractures is small, so conclusions are difficult
• Most nondisplaced fractures can be treated in a cast
• Exceptions: older child, type II
TX Highlights• Surgery and implants available now are
different than literature• More recent emphasis on internal fixation• Implant depends on age
– <3 smooth pins– 3-8 4.0 screws, peds hip screw– 8+ 6.5 screws, peds or adult hip screw
• Expanded indications in polytrauma pt’s
Complications
AVN Coxavara
Physisclosure
Non-union
Del.Union
Ratliff 42% 20% 15% 10% 24%
Lam 17% 30% 15% 10%
Canale 43% 21% 62% 6.5%
AVN
Most common and devastatingcomplication
AVN
• 40-45% overall rate
• Type I ?, ~100% with dislocation• Type II 50%• Type III 25%• Type IV 10%
Type II FNF
Type II FNF – 8 and 10 Mos Postop
Posttraumatic Osteonecrosis and Collapse
AVN
• Displacement vs. Hematoma
AVN--Displacement
• AVN higher in displaced fractures
• Gerber: 30% AVN despite early capsulotomy
Displaced NDRatliff 53% 25%Canale 52% 8%
Heiser 17% 0%
AVN--Hematoma
AVN--Hematoma
• Animal studies• Boitzy: No AVN, 11 type II, early
evacuation• Swiontkowski and Winquist: 6 displaced II’s
and III’s, CR, capsulotomy, IF. No AVN.• Pforringer: 6% AVN in displaced type I-III
that were decompressed within 36 hrs
AVN--Hematoma
• Ng, Cole. Injury,1996:• 7/23 (30%) in displaced, 2/9 (22%) in ND• Displaced II’s and III’s:
– 6 not decompressed, 3/6 AVN– 10 decompressed, 1/10 AVN
• Literature review: 3/39 (8%) AVN if decompressed early
AVN
Ratliff 1962
AVN
• Best form of tx unknown• Results may be no better• Maintain motion• Remove internal fixation
COXA VARA
• 20-30% incidence• Loss of reduction, closure of proximal
femoral physis• Incidence and amount of deformity
decreased by internal fixation• Gait abnormalities, degeneration• Tx: subtrochanteric osteotomy
Nonunion
• 5-10% incidence• Less with internal
fixation• Treated by valgus
osteotomy, bone graft, or both
Physeal Closure
• Variable incidence• Causes: AVN, implants, stimulation• Leg length discrepancy often not
significant, worse with AVN• Tx: contralateral distal femoral
epiphyseodesis
Summary
• Determine Delbet type and displacement• Treatment and implant will also be
dependent on age• Urgent decompression has theoretical
advantages
Summary
• Nondisplaced fractures will have less complication and will do better regardless of treatment.
Summary
• Internal fixation is indicated in:– Displaced type I– All type II– Types III and IV if displaced or child is older– Polytrauma
• Internal fixation may reduce complications
Summary
• The more proximal the fx, the more likely to get AVN
• Complication rate is high. Counsel the family.
Hip Dislocations in Pediatric Patients
• Uncommon injury, but more common than femoral neck fractures in children
• Usually posterior• Less commonly associated with fractures
than adults• Results better than in adults Still potential
for osteonecrosis and poor outcome
Hip Dislocations• Urgent reduction, closed• Adequate anesthesia, relaxation• Careful assessment of
congruity of reduction• If uncertain consider CT scan
to rule out intraarticular fragments
• Open reduction for failure to reduce closed, incomplete reduction with interposed bone or soft tissue
• Protected weightbearing following reduction until full, painless ROM
Incarcerated Fragment Post Reduction
Hip Dislocations
• Osteonecrosis rate may be decreased by prompt reduction
• 8-10% incidence after dislocation in skeletally immature
• Delay in reduction, high energy mechanism, and older age are risk factors
Return to Pediatrics Index
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