pakistan airspace night before the nuke tests

of 10 Pakistan Airspace : Night before the nuke test

Pakistan Airspace: Night before the nuke tests

After the Israeli attack on Iraq?s under-construction French-built nuclear Osirak-type reactor,

Tammuz-I, south of Baghdad on 7 June 1981, Pakistan felt that it would be the next target of an

Israeli misadventure. The Israeli Air Force (IDF/AF) had, at first, explored the possibility of such a

plan and, later, put together operational plans for a possible air strike against Kahuta in the 1980s

using satellite photo and intelligence information provided by the US Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA). These operational plans are still kept updated in the Headquarters of the IDF/AF and pilots of

some specially assigned IDF/AF F-16 and F-15 squadrons are given special training exercises to

carry out mock attacks on Kahuta. So much so that a full-scale mock-up of the Kahuta facility was

built in the southern Negev Desert for the IDF/AF pilots to train on.

The Kahuta plan was made concurrently with the plan to attack Osirak using the same pilots of the

Iraq mission, if it went through successfully. The Israelis planned to either use Indian airbases or fly

non-stop from Israel to Kahuta while refuelling their aircraft using airborne tankers. Israeli Airborne

Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft would jam Pakistani air defence radar while the

Israelis took out Kahuta - or at least attempted to do so.

To this effect, India had played its part in cajoling and trying to convince Israel to carry this ill-advised

plan through. However, Israel was insisting on using Indian air bases but India was reluctant to allow

them such a facility for fear of sparking of another Indo-Pak war. According to a paper published by

the Australian Institute for National Strategic Studies, ?Israeli interest in destroying Pakistan?s

Kahuta reactor to scuttle the "Islamic bomb" was blocked by India's refusal to grant landing and

refueling rights to Israeli warplanes in 1982.? India wanted to see Kahuta gone but did not want to

face the blame or the retaliation nor bear any responsibility. Israel, on its part wanted it to be seen as

a joint Indo-Israeli strike so that responsibility could be shared. The Reagan Administration was

against this plan, not out of any love for Pakistan?s nuclear programme, but because at that time it

was busy fighting the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and considered Pakistan a key ally in the conflict. It

informed Israel and India that it could not support such a plan. This plan, therefore, never materialized

and was indefinitely postponed, and rightly so, after Pakistan reminded the Israelis that they were not

the Iraqis and the Pakistan Air Force was not the Iraqi Air Force. Through indirect channels, Pakistan

had also conveyed the message to Israel, if Kahuta was attacked, Pakistan would lay waste to

Malik Rizwan Yasin Research Report 0092 300 9289949

Dimona, Israel?s nuclear reactor in the Negev Desert.

Pakistan, however, was not taking any chances. Soon after the Osirak raid in 1981, then President

Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan directed PAF Air Headquarters (AHQ) to make contingency plans for a

possible Israeli attack on Kahuta. In lieu thereof, the PAF Chief of Air Staff issued an Air Tasking

Order to the Air Officer Commanding of the Air Defence Command to take suitable measures for the

air defence of Kahuta and prepare a contingency plan for a retaliatory PAF strike on Dimona, in case

Kahuta was attacked. As a follow-up to this directive, a special Operations Room was established at

AHQ, Chaklala to oversee the task of defending Pakistan?s strategic nuclear facilities at Kahuta and

Karachi. A study of the air defence ground environment of Kahuta was carried out and gaps and

weaknesses in the air defences were filled and strengthened. On 10 July 1982, a special contingency

plan was issued. In the event of an Israeli attack on Pakistan's strategic installations, plans were

drawn up for a retaliatory Pakistani strike on Dimona. The strike would be carried out by Mirage III/Vs.

When Pakistan received 40 General Dynamics Block F-16A/Bs from the US from 15 January 1983

onwards, this new weapons system too was incorporated in Pakistan?s contingency plan to carry out

retaliatory strikes on Dimona.

In the backdrop of the above scenario, it was, therefore, not surprising that in the aftermath of the

Indian nuclear tests of 13 May 1998, Pakistan felt that there was a strong possibility of a joint Indo-

Israeli strike against Pakistan's nuclear installations. The PAF had an essential role to play in

defending Pakistan's strategic installations and airspace to thwart any such plan. The tensions were

so high that a PAF F-16 flying low over the Ras Koh test site in the Chagai District of Balochistan

on the eve of the Pakistani nuclear tests was, for a moment, mistaken by the personnel on the

ground, to be an Israeli warplane. The incident sparked off a diplomatic squabble between Pakistan

and Israel, with the Israeli Ambassador in Washington D.C. denying the existence of any such plan.

Then Pakistan's Ambassador to the United Nations, Ahmed Kamal told CNN that Pakistan had

reliable information about Indian intentions to launch air strikes against Pakistan's nuclear test

facilities. Kamal told CNN that if India strikes, Pakistan's response would be "massive" and

would "bode ill for peace."

"We're involved in this threat and in making sure that it does not arise because if it does, the world

must understand that Pakistan is ready, that it will react, that the reaction will be massive and

dissuasive, and that it would lead us into a situation which would bode ill for peace and security, not

only in the region, but beyond," Kamal said.

As soon as the decision to conduct the nuclear tests had been taken, the PAF was ordered to

assume air defence duties over Chagai and the strategic nuclear installations of Pakistan, including

Kahuta, Nilore, Fatehjung, Chashma, Khushab and Karachi.

Operation Badar ?98: PAF Squadron Roles during Chagai

The PAF operations for the defence of Pakistan?s strategic nuclear installations during the May 1998

nuclear tests were codenamed ?Operation Bedaar ?98? by the PAF.

This was a unique operation in which all four PAF command sector Headquarters (HQ) were

involved, namely:

(a) HQ NORSEC (Northern Sector) based at PAF Chaklala (Rawalpindi, Punjab) and falling under

the control of the Northern Air Command (NAC) at Peshawar;

(b) HQ CENSEC (Central Sector) under the Central Air Command (CAC) and both based at PAF

Sargodha (Punjab);

under the command of CAC; and

(d) HQ SOUSEC (Southern Sector) based at PAF Faisal (Karachi, Sindh) and falling under the

control of the Southern Air Command (SAC), also based at Karachi.

No. 6 Air Transport Squadron (ATS) Squadron, equipped with C-130 ?Hercules? medium-lift

tactical transport aircraft and based at PAF Base Chaklala, commanded by Group Captain Sarfraz

Ahmad Khan, extended the necessary logistical support to the rest of the PAF squadrons that were

being redeployed for air defence alert (ADA) duties. The Squadron carried a total of 12,66,615 lbs.

loads in 71 separate sorties during the nuclear tests.

No. 7 Tactical Attack (TA) Squadron, equipped with ex-Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

Mirage III EAs having recently undergone Retrofit of Strike Element (ROSE I) upgrades at the

Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), Kamra and based at PAF Base Masroor (Karachi, Sindh),

commanded by Wg. Cdr. Shahid Mahmood were moved to PAF Base Shabaz (Jacobabad,

Balochistan) for day-night ADA duties. This squadron is now due to be transformed into a multi-role

squadron following the ROSE upgrades and after being equipped with new radar.

The PAF?s elite No. 9 Multi-Role (MR) Squadron ?Griffins? (falling under No. 34 Wing led by Grp.

Capt. Shahid Shigri), equipped with F-16As, commanded by Wg. Cdr. Azher Hasan, was deployed

at PAF Samungli (Quetta, Balochistan) on 27 May 1998 to provide night-time air defence cover to

the nuclear test sites at Ras Koh and Kharan.

No. 11 MR Squadron "Arrows" (No. 34 Wing), equipped with F-16A/Bs commanded by Gp. Capt.

Akhtar H. Bukhari was moved to PAF Shabaz for day-night ADA duties on 24 May 1998.

No. 14 MR Squadron ?The Tail Choppers?, equipped with F-7P aircraft and based at PAF

Sargodha, commanded by Wg. Cdr. M. Jamshaid Khan, was deployed at PAF Base Chaklala for

the point defence of KRL, Kahuta; PINSTECH, Nilore and NDC, Fatehjung.

No. 17 Air Superiority (AS) Squadron "Tigers" (falling under No. 31 Wing led by Grp. Capt.

Rashid Hasan Bukhari), then equipped with F-6 aircraft and commanded by Wg. Cdr. Muhammad

Jamil Memon carried out standing day-time Combat Air Patrol (CAP) missions from its parent

base, PAF Base Samungli and its Forward Operational Bases (FOBs), PAF Bases Shahbaz and

Sukker (Sindh) respectively. No. 17 Squadron was re-quipped with F-7PG aircraft from China on 27

March 2002.

No. 23 Squadron "Talons" (No. 31 Wing), then equipped with F-6 aircraft and based at PAF Base

Samungli, commanded by Wg. Cdr. Ghulam Mustafa Abbasi was deployed at PAF Base Sukker

for about a week for day-time ADA duties. Members of the Squadron who participated in the ADA

duties included Wg. Cdr. Irfan Idrees, Sqn. Ldr. Khan Maqbool, Flt. Lt. Anwer Karim, Flt. Lt. S.

Atta, Flt. Lt. Waqas Moshin, Flt. Lt. Zeeshan Saeed, Flt. Lt. Aamir Shaukat, Flt. Lt. Ali Asher,

Flt. Lt. Nadeem Afzal and Flt. Lt. Nasir Jamal. No. 23 Squadron is also scheduled to be re-quipped

with F-7PG aircraft from China later this year.

At PAF Base Samungli, F-6 aircraft belonging to the re-equipped No. 25 MR Squadron (now a

SAGEM-upgraded Mirage V EF (ROSE II) squadron) and which were being kept in reduced flying

status (hot storage) by the Field Maintenance Unit (FMU) at the Base were also activated and made

operational in a day?s notice for emergency back-up if the need arose.

No. 314 Ground Combateers Wing of the PAF, located at PAF Samungli was tasked with providing

enhanced ground security cover to the F-16s of Nos. 9 and 11 Squadrons deployed at the Base.

No. 481 Control & Reporting Centre (CRC) based at PAF Base, Lahore, along with seven Mobile

Pulse-Doppler Radar (MPDR), was deployed at designated sites till the exercise was called off on 1

June 1998. No. 482 CRC based at PAF Base Malir (Karachi) deployed its MPDR-45 radar in the

Sukker area at short notice on 21 May 1998. The radar handled a number of CAP missions that were

launched to counter any aerial threat to the nuclear installations.

No. 484 CRC based at PAF Chaklala remained on usual alert for the point defence of Kahuta. No.

486 CRC based at PAF Chaklala since November 1985 has been exclusive assigned to the task of

defending Pakistan?s nuclear installations. It deployed its MPDR-90P radar at Pasni, Balochistan at

short notice to detect any attack approaching from the sea.

No. 403, a mobile Squadron based at PAF Base, Lahore and equipped with TPS-43G high altitude

surveillance radar also participated in Bedaar?98. No. 408 Squadron based at PAF Malir, (near

Karachi) and equipped with FPS-20A high-altitude long range static radar and TPS-43G high altitude

radar successfully controlled a number of hot CAP mission and intercepted US Navy aircraft flying

close to Pakistan?s 12 nautical mile wide territorial sea. Incidentally, this was the same squadron that

participated in the several joint PAF/USN exercises called "Inspired Alert" between 1994 and 1997

in which the Squadron had experienced an opportunity to intercept aircraft like the F-14s and F-18s.

No. 410 Squadron equipped with TPS-43G radar provided round-the-clock operations and controlled

26 high altitude CAPS during Operation Bedaar?98.

No. 4091 Squadron based at Kirana Hills near Sargodha and equipped with Siemens MPDR-90

low-level static radar located at a height of 1,600 feet, provided a surveillance capability for the point

defence of Sargodha Air Base and the Central Ammunition Depot (CAD) with its ability to detect

aircraft flying at low level at extended ranges.

No. 541 Squadron, a mobile Surface-to-Air-Missile (SAM) squadron based at PAF Chaklala, and

equipped with Crotale 2000 performed its duties for the point defence of Kahuta.

No. 904 Squadron, based at Murree and equipped with MPDR-90S radar provided both independent

and hooked-up mode operations with No. 486 CRC by providing early warning on low and medium

level ingressing aircraft towards the national vital points from Indian-occupied Jammu & Kashmir.

No. 451 Squadron, a mobile SAM squadron based at PAF Chaklala, and equipped with the Crotale

2000 SAM system provided air defence to the Kahuta and Nilore area. No. 454 Squadron, a mobile

SAM squadron based PAF Chaklala, and equipped with the Crotale 2000 SAM system provided air

defence cover to the national vital points.

No. 455 Squadron, a mobile SAM squadron, deployed in the Kilo area and equipped with the

Crotale 4000 SAM system provided air defence cover to the national vital points.

No. 242 Squadron, a mobile SAM squadron, based at PAF Base Rafiqui, and equipped with the

French Mistral SAM system provided air defence cover to PAF air bases.

No.471 Squadron, a SAM squadron, based at PAF Chaklala and equipped with the Black Arrow

(Chinese Red Flag II) high-altitude SAM system provided day-night air defence coverage upto 80,000

feet over the Kahuta, Nilore and Fatehjung area.

It was felt that a joint Indo-Israeli attack could target not only Pakistan's nuclear installations but the

nuclear test sites at Ras Koh and Kharan as well. According to intelligence reports, US and Indian

intelligence did not know about the Kharan Desert site, which came as a total surprise to them. To

counter any high-level threat emanating from the west or south-west, a TPS-43G high level radar had

been permanently deployed in the Quetta area since October 1982. The same radar was, therefore,

used to provide surveillance on all flying aircraft in the Chagai area.

Dalbandin Airfield had an important role to play during Pakistan?s May 1998 nuclear tests. In fact,

two names gained prominence around the world during the tests: (i) Chagai Hills and (ii) Dalbandin

airfield. Dalbandin is located among sand dunes some 30 km south-east of the Chagai Hills near the

Pakistan-Afghanistan Border. The Koh Khambaran Massif in the Ras Koh Mountain Range, the site

of Pakistan's nuclear test, lies south of the Chagai Hills and Dalbandin.

The airfield at Dalbandin was constructed in 1935 to serve as a satellite for Samungli Air Base at

Quetta. During the Second World War, it was made operational by the Royal Air Force in order to

counter a possible Russian invasion through Iran and Afghanistan. During the 1970s, Dalbandin

remained a disused airfield. Although the airstrip is visible from extremely high altitude, pilots making

landing approaches often find the airstrip disappearing from view, with sand dunes and sand

collected on the runway obscuring it - like a natural camouflage. Dust storms are frequent and cause

delays in take-off and landing schedules. The airfield was taken over by the Civil Aviation Authority

(CAA) in 1985, it received a major face-lift and overhaul, which provided modern navigational aids, air

traffic control facilities, a passenger terminal and a paved runway. There are regularly scheduled

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) services to the airport. While not a military facility, this airfield is

available to the PAF for emergency landing and recovery of aircraft during peacetime and wartime.

During May 1998, Dalbandin air field became the centre of activity for all personnel, military and

civilian, flying to and from the nuclear tests sites to the rest of the country.

The nuclear devices were themselves flown in semi-knocked down (SKD) sub-assembly form on two

flights of PAF C-130 Hercules tactical transport aircraft from PAF Chaklala in northern Punjab to

Dalbandin airfield, escorted even within Pakistani airspace by four PAF F-16As armed with air-to-air

missiles. At the same time, PAF F-7P air defence fighters, also armed with air-to-air missiles, were on

CAP guarding the aerial frontiers of Pakistan against intruders. Both the nuclear devices (the bomb

mechanism, the HMX explosive shields and casing) and the fissile material (the highly enriched

uranium components) were divided into separate consignments and flown on separate flights of the

Hercules. The PAEC did not want to put all its nuclear eggs in one basket in case something adverse

was to happen to the aircraft. The security of the devices and the fissile material was so strict that that

PAF F-16 escort pilots had been secretly given standing orders that in the unlikely event of the C-130

being hijacked or flown outside of Pakistani airspace, they were to shoot down the aircraft before it

left Pakistan?s airspace. The F-16s were ordered to escort the C-130s to the Dalbandin airfield in

Balochistan with their radio communications equipment turned off so that no orders, in the interim,

could be conveyed to them to act otherwise. They were also ordered to ignore any orders to the

contrary that got through to them during the duration of the flight even if such orders seemingly

originated from Air Headquarters.

On 30 May 1998, when Pakistan sixth nuclear device shook the ground in the Kharan Desert,

Operation Bedaar '98 had accomplished its mission - that of deterring any misadventure by either

India or Israel to strike at Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure.

But how real was the possibility of a joint or unilateral Israeli or Indian raid on Pakistan's nuclear

installations during May 1998? The answer is that we really don't know. The threat is of such a nature

that it can neither be overestimated nor underestimated. Overestimation may lead to minor diplomatic

embarrassment, but underestimation will surely lead to catastrophe for Pakistan. So Pakistan prefers

to overestimate the threat and pay the price of minor diplomatic embarrassment rather than

underestimate it and face the prospective annihilation. This is not to say that the threat was never

there during May 1998. Pakistan preferred to be safe rather than sorry. Furthermore, there is

concrete evidence that India and Israeli have been planning exactly such an operation to neutralize

Pakistan's nuclear capability. It is only the PAF and the risk of nuclear retaliation that is holding them

According to an Indian official, Subramaniam Swamy, a former member of the Hindu fundamentalist

and extremist Bharati Janata Party (BJP) that rules India today, Israel in 1982 asked him to sound out

other Indian leaders to see if India would grant Israeli warplanes landing and refueling rights were

they to undertake an Osirak-type raid against the Kahuta nuclear reactor in Pakistan. India refused,

probably for a combination of reasons. As one expert on South Asia speculated:

"First, the Kahuta facility is well-protected and is thus a hard target to destroy. Second and more

important, India expects that any first strike by India against Kahuta would be swiftly followed by a

Pakistani attack against India's nuclear facilities. Such an exchange would leave India worse off,

since any potential deterrent capability against China would thereby be eliminated. Finally, India

would be wary of launching such an attack against Pakistan as it would cause not only great death

and destruction to Pakistan, but could blow radioactive fall-out back over India. Such an attack

against Pakistan would also alienate the Muslim Middle Eastern states whose amity India has

assiduously cultivated."

In a meeting in Paris in July 1985, senior Israeli diplomats and a personal envoy of the late Indian

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reportedly examined the option in detail. As an incentive, Israel held out

an offer to cooperate with India on military intelligence, defence production and transfer or

technology. Yitzhak Rabin, then the Israeli Defence Minister, reportedly pinned a lot of hope on that

meeting. But India, which had not yet forged diplomatic ties with the Jewish state, ultimately rejected

the proposal, ostensibly because of the fear of possible nuclear retaliation by Pakistan and for fear of

a possible backlash by Islamic states, including an oil embargo against it by the Muslim member-

states of OPEC.

In 1991, India and Pakistan signed a treaty pledging that neither would preemptively attack the

nuclear facilities of the other. However, as India?s and Pakistan?s animosity grows, this treaty has

been rendered toothless and is unlikely to be adhered to by either side.

In the early 1990s, reports surfaced in London claiming Israel had repeatedly tried to pressure India

into launching a joint strike on Pakistan's nuclear weapons development plant at Kahuta. The reports

claimed Israeli and Indian pilots would be aided by detailed satellite photographs of Kahuta provided

by convicted spy Jonathan Pollard.

According to a report in The Washington Times, citing US officials, Pakistan?s then Foreign Secretary

Shamshad Ahmed had notified the US government and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan that Israeli

and Indian warplanes, equipped with long-range refueling gear and operating out of India, had

planned to attack Pakistani nuclear facilities at dawn on Thursday, 28 May 1998.

It is possible that for Kahuta, the Israelis will use F-15 Strike Eagles to carry out the actual attack with

F-16s providing air cover - a reversal of the roles in the operation against Osirak. Furthermore, it is

almost certain that if Israel ever attempted to take out Pakistan?s nuclear weapons facilities, Kahuta

will not be the only target and it is highly likely that the Plutonium Reactor at Khushab and the

National Development Complex (NDC) at Fatehjung, among others, will be additional targets high on

the priority list of the Israelis.

Senior Israeli military intelligence officials had, of course, dismissed the notion that any kind of attack

was being contemplated against Pakistan. Pakistan and India "are coming out of the closet and they

are trying to drag us with them," one senior intelligence official said. "We have nothing to do with it.

They are trying to force us into being a party in this. "The official also maintained that Pakistan's

infamous espionage and counter-espionage agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was acting

on "faulty intelligence." The Israelis maintained that the misinformation may have been propaganda

fed to them from some other body, the Iranians perhaps. "They took it seriously. They could have

believed it, but they did the responsible thing and checked it out with the Americans," the official said.

Not that the Americans could be trusted, given the fact that it was the United States which has

supplied all the information and satellite photos of Pakistan's nuclear installations to both Israel and

India.

The assessment in Israel is that it does not believe that Pakistan sees the Jewish State as its enemy -

not directly and at least not in the short-run. Israeli intelligence officials also do not believe that

Pakistan has transferred nuclear or missile technology to nuclear-wannabe Iran. Moreover, they have

no proof that Pakistan is or intends to engage in any nuclear cooperation with any other country. An

Israeli defence analyst commented to this effect, "Pakistan will not transfer nuclear know-how to any

other Muslim country, not out of fear of Israel, but because that would diminish its own importance in

the Islamic World. Today, Pakistan is the Islamic world's sole nuclear power, if there are two,

Pakistan's position would be reduced. So it is using its nuclear prowess not only as a deterrent

against its enemies but also to bolster its relationship with its strategic friends".

Shai Feldman, Director of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University in Israel once

stated, "I am certain that the Pakistanis have enough trouble on their hands and would refrain from

doing something that would actually increase Israel's incentive to cooperate with India. Why would

they buy another enemy when the situation is as bad as it is?" Feldman said. "They are not stupid,

and they probably know that if we had any evidence of transfer of technology to one of our

adversaries then Israel would react and it wouldn't be very pleasant," he added.

pakistan airspace night before the nuke tests

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