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Pakistan Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
(PIPIP)
Environmental and Social Assessment
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department
Government of Punjab, Lahore
November 2011
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Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab ii
November 2011
Executive Summary
The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General
Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) in various parts
of the Province, and seeking the World Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the
prevailing legislation in the Country, and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and
social assessment (ESA) of the project has been carried out. This document presents the
report of this assessment.
Study Methodology
The present study was conducted using a standard methodology prescribed by national
and international agencies. Various phases of the study included screening, scoping, data
collection and compilation, stakeholder consultations, impact assessment, and report
compilation.
Legislative Framework
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents
of every development project in the country to conduct an environmental assessment and
submit its report to the relevant environmental protection agency.
In addition to the above, the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) requires that
environmental and social assessment be carried out before commencing projects being
proposed for the Bank’s funding.
Project Overview
The proposed Project aims to improve the productivity of the irrigation activities in the
Province. Improved water productivity will translate into greater agricultural output per
unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency,
irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs. The project’s
objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and
incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental outcomes.
The direct beneficiaries of Project would be about 650,000 farm families or about 4.5
million people all over the Punjab Province.
The key components of the Project include: i) installation of high efficiency irrigation
systems; ii) strengthening of laser land leveling services in private sector; iii)
improvement of water courses in canal command and non-canal commanded areas; and
iv) adoption and promotion of modern irrigation technologies and practices.
Analysis of Alternatives
As part of the present study, various project alternatives and the associated environmental
as well as social aspects were also analyzed. These included ‘no-project’ alternative,
alternative methods of irrigation, alternative land leveling methods, alternatives for on-
farm water conservation, and alternatives for project implementation mechanisms. The
‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable because it would lead to continued wasteful
usage of irrigation water; the irrigation and land leveling methods proposed under the
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iii
November 2011
Project would lead to greater water-use efficiency; and the selected implementation
mechanism would ensure greater farmer participation and ownership.
Description of the Environment
The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the
Islamabad Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the
Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan;
north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province.
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284
sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian
plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital
of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad,
Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to
six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the
Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's population
lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it
also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This
geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's
outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of
the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 1
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can
be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the
Thal and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab
from north to south.
The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found
throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to
the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north
as well.
Owing to its geographical disposition, the province exhibits wide variations of physical,
ecological, socio-cultural, and environmental features down from north to south and
across from east to west2. Topographically, Punjab can be divided into following five
landforms3: Upper hilly region; Potohar (or Potwar) plateau; Central plain lands (Doab
4);
Desert like plains; and Cholistan and Thal deserts. The components of the project are
likely to be located in most parts of the above regions.
Stakeholder Consultations
Stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the ESA study. These consultations
were conducted with the institutional as well as the grassroots stakeholders. The main
objectives of the consultations were to apprise the stakeholders of the proposed project
activities and to obtain their views, concerns, and recommendations so that these could be
1 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
2 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,
2008 3 Ibid
4 Doab in local language is an area between two rivers
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iv
November 2011
incorporated into the project design in order to enhance the environmental and social
performance of the project.
Impact Assessment and Mitigation
The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water
conservation, enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and
employment opportunities for skilled people. In addition, the project interventions such
as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help discontinue usage of sewage water to
irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a practice that poses health
risks to the population consuming these vegetables.
The key potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed
interventions under the project include changes in land use pattern particularly where
barren/vacant land is brought under cultivation, contamination of soil and water caused
by chemical inputs, salt build up in crop root zone, loss of natural vegetation and trees for
water course improvement, damage to crops caused by water course improvement works,
and reduced ground water recharge caused by water course lining.
Most of the above-mentioned potential impacts are temporary and reversible in nature
and can be mitigated with the help of appropriate mitigation measures, such as avoiding
environmental hot spots and wildlife protected areas when expanding the cultivation
fields, awareness raising and capacity building of farmers for judicious use of chemical
inputs, occasional flood irrigation in fields using high efficiency irrigation systems to
avoid salt build-up in soil, tree plantation to compensate any tree cutting, avoiding
cropped area while carrying out the water course improvement and other construction
works during the project, and limiting the extent of water course lining in the sweet
groundwater zone to minimize negative impacts on groundwater recharge.
Environmental and Social Management Plan
An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been developed to provide an
implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the ESA. The
ESMP provides the organization structure for the environmental and social management
system during the project, and defines the roles and responsibilities of various players.
The ESMP includes a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan, the communication and
documentation requirements, and training needs, in the context of the environmental and
social management of the project.
The cost of ESMP implementation over the project life of six years has been estimated to
be Pak Rupees 19.2 million. This includes costs associated with environmental trainings
and third party monitoring. This cost has been included in the overall project cost.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab v
November 2011
Acronyms
Amsl Above mean sea level
BHU Basic Health Unit
BOD Biological oxygen demand
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
COD Chemical oxygen demand
Cumecs Cubic meters per second
Cusecs Cubic feet per second
DC Deputy Commissioner
DCO District Coordination Officer
DGA (WM) Director General Agriculture (Water Management)
DO Dissolved oxygen
EDO Executive District Officer
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESA Environmental and Social Assessment
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographical informarion system
GoP Government of Pakistan
GRM Grievance Redressal Mechanism
Ha Hectare
HEIS High Efficiency Irrigation Systems
IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LAA Land Acquisition Act (of 1894)
LOS Laws of Seas
MAF Million acre feet
MARPOL Marine Pollution (Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships)
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NOx Oxides of nitrogen
OP Operational Policy
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PEPC Pakistan Encl Protection Council
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab vi
November 2011
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
PERI Punjab Economic Research Institute
PISC Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants
PM Particulate matter
PSC Project Steering Committee
P&DD Planning and Development Department
RHC Rural Health Center
SSC Sales and service company
TDS Total dissolved solids
ToR Terms of Reference
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WB World Bank
WBG World Bank Group
WMTI Water Management Training Institute
WUA Water user association
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab vii
November 2011
Contents
Executive Summary ..............................................................................................ii
1 Introduction ...............................................................................................1-1
1.1 Background ...............................................................................................1-1
1.2 Earlier Projects of Similar Nature ..........................................................1-2
1.3 Project Proponent.....................................................................................1-2
1.4 Project Overview ......................................................................................1-2
1.5 ESA Study .................................................................................................1-3
1.5.1 Need of the Study................................................................................... 1-3
1.5.2 Study Objectives .................................................................................... 1-3
1.5.3 Study Scope............................................................................................ 1-4
1.5.4 Study Methodology ................................................................................ 1-4
1.5.5 Study Team ............................................................................................ 1-5
1.6 Document Structure .................................................................................1-5
2 Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework ....................................2-1
2.1 National Laws and Regulations ...............................................................2-1
2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997........................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and
EIA Regulations, 2000 ........................................................................... 2-2
2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards............................................ 2-2
2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ................................................................... 2-2
2.1.5 Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and
Management) Act, 1974 ......................................................................... 2-3
2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 ..................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873................................................................ 2-3
2.1.8 Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997 ............................. 2-3
2.1.9 Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’
Associations Ordinance, 1981 ................................................................ 2-3
2.1.10 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001.................................... 2-4
2.1.11 Antiquity Act, 1975................................................................................ 2-4
2.1.12 Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948......................... 2-4
2.1.13 Factories Act, 1934 ................................................................................ 2-4
2.1.14 Employment of Child Act, 1991 ............................................................ 2-4
2.1.15 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 ..................................................................... 2-5
2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies ....................................................2-5
2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01).................................................... 2-5
2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)....................................................... 2-5
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab viii
November 2011
2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36).................................................................................. 2-6
2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ...................................................................... 2-6
2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)................................................................... 2-6
2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...................................................................... 2-7
2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) ..................................... 2-7
2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ................................................................... 2-7
2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10).................................................................. 2-8
2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)..................................................... 2-8
2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies........................................................ 2-8
2.3 Obligations under International Treaties...............................................2-9
2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ............................2-9
2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines...................................................2-10
2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and
Social Guidelines.................................................................................. 2-10
2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines.............................. 2-10
3 Project Description....................................................................................3-1
3.1 Project Background..................................................................................3-1
3.2 Project Objectives.....................................................................................3-6
3.3 Project Beneficiaries .................................................................................3-6
3.4 Project Components .................................................................................3-6
3.4.1 Component A: Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems ........... 3-7
3.4.2 Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems .............. 3-10
3.4.3 Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and
Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................... 3-12
3.4.4 Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical
Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies........................................... 3-13
3.5 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements...................3-13
3.6 Description of Project Activities............................................................3-16
3.6.1 Drip Irrigation ..................................................................................... 3-16
3.6.2 Sprinkler Irrigation .............................................................................. 3-17
3.6.3 Laser Land Leveling............................................................................. 3-18
3.6.4 Water Course Improvement ................................................................. 3-18
4 Project Alternatives...................................................................................4-1
4.1 No-project Alternative..............................................................................4-1
4.2 Alternative Irrigation Methods ...............................................................4-1
4.3 Alternative Land Leveling Methods .......................................................4-2
4.4 Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation .........................4-2
4.5 Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives...........4-2
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab ix
November 2011
5 Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile .............................................5-1
5.1 Location .....................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Physical Environment ..............................................................................5-1
5.2.1 Geography .............................................................................................. 5-1
5.2.2 Geology and Seismology........................................................................ 5-2
5.2.3 Soil Morphology .................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.4 Meteorology, Climate, and Air Quality.................................................. 5-3
5.2.5 Surface Water Resources........................................................................ 5-4
5.2.6 Groundwater........................................................................................... 5-5
5.3 Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas................................5-7
5.3.1 Protected Areas ...................................................................................... 5-7
5.4 Socioeconomic Profile...............................................................................5-7
5.4.1 Demographic Profile ............................................................................. 5-7
5.4.2 Economy ............................................................................................... 5-8
5.4.3 Land Use / Agricultural Profile .............................................................. 5-9
5.4.4 Cultural Heritage .................................................................................... 5-9
5.5 Environmental Hotspots ..........................................................................5-9
6 Stakeholder Consultations........................................................................6-1
6.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Participation Framework.........................................................................6-1
6.3 Stakeholder Identification........................................................................6-1
6.4 Consultation Process ................................................................................6-2
6.5 Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders .......................................6-2
6.6 Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations .................................................6-5
7 Impact Assessment ....................................................................................7-1
7.1 Positive Impacts ........................................................................................7-1
7.2 Environmental Screening.........................................................................7-1
7.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts and Mitigation ...................................7-6
7.3.1 Subproject Siting (Land Use, Landform, and Land Take) ..................... 7-6
7.3.2 Loss of Precious Ecological Values ....................................................... 7-7
7.3.3 Conflicts in Water Supply Rights........................................................... 7-7
7.3.4 Disruption of Local Routes .................................................................... 7-7
7.3.5 Soil Erosion and Topography................................................................. 7-7
7.3.6 Loss of Soil Productivity........................................................................ 7-8
7.3.7 Reduced Groundwater Recharge............................................................ 7-8
7.3.8 Soil and Water Contamination ............................................................... 7-9
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab x
November 2011
7.3.9 Impacts on Women, Children, Vulnerable Groups, and
Indigenous People .................................................................................. 7-9
7.3.10 Noise and Vibration ............................................................................. 7-10
7.3.11 Air Quality ........................................................................................... 7-10
7.3.12 Water Consumption and Availability of Water in
Downstream Areas ............................................................................... 7-10
7.3.13 Clogging of Water Courses .................................................................. 7-10
7.3.14 Water Borne and Water-related Diseases............................................. 7-11
7.3.15 Safety Hazards and Public Health ........................................................ 7-11
7.3.16 Influx of Workers and Employment..................................................... 7-11
7.3.17 Impacts on Natural Flora and Fauna .................................................... 7-12
7.3.18 Grazing................................................................................................. 7-12
7.3.19 Damage to Infrastructure...................................................................... 7-13
7.3.20 Sustainability of Interventions.............................................................. 7-13
8 Environmental and Social Management Plan ........................................8-1
8.1 ESMP Objectives ......................................................................................8-1
8.2 ESMP Components...................................................................................8-1
8.3 Institutional Setup and Responsibilities .................................................8-1
8.4 Environmental and Social Guidelines.....................................................8-2
8.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring ...................................................8-2
8.6 Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising..............8-2
8.7 Grievance Redressal Mechanism ............................................................8-2
8.8 Documentation and Reporting ................................................................8-3
8.9 ESMP Implementation Budget................................................................8-3
Annexes
Annex A: National Environmental Quality Standards
Annex B: Environmental and Social Baseline Details
Annex C: Consultation Details
Annex D: Sample Contracts
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab xi
November 2011
List of Figures and Tables
Figure �3.1: Cropping Pattern in Punjab ..........................................................3-2
Figure �3.2: Efficiency under Various Methods of Irrigation .........................3-5
Figure �5.1: Punjab Province............................................................................5-10
Figure �6.1: Conceptual Framework for Consultations ..................................6-9
Table �3.1: Average Annual Canal Diversions in IBWS (MAF) .....................3-4
Table �3.2: Targets for Different Sizes of HEIS Units......................................3-7
Table �5.1: Groundwater Quality of Rawalpindi District.............................5-11
Table �5.2: Groundwater Quality of Sheikhupura District ..........................5-11
Table �5.3: Groundwater Quality of Bahawalpur District ...........................5-12
Table �5.4: Protected Areas in Punjab............................................................5-12
Table �5.5: Land Use Statistics of Punjab ......................................................5-14
Table �5.6: Farm Size Statistics .......................................................................5-15
Table �5.7: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab................................................5-15
Table �6.1: Participation Framework ...............................................................6-8
Table �6.2: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations............6-10
Table �7.1: Environmental Screening ................................................................7-1
Table �8.1: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation .............8-4
Table �8.2: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation.....8-7
Table �8.3: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling..8-10
Table �8.4: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse
Improvement .................................................................................8-12
Table �8.5: Environmental and Social Training Plan....................................8-15
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 1
November 2011
Introduction The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General
Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) (referred to as the
Project in rest of the document) in various parts of the Province, and seeking the World
Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the prevailing legislation in the Country,
and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of the Project
has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.
Background
Irrigated agriculture is central to Pakistan’s economy; because of its arid climate, the
annual evaporation far exceeds the rainfall, making irrigation essential for growing crops.
Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, namely the Indus
Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to provide basic food security (90 percent of food
production and 25 percent of the Gross Domestic Product). Agriculture is the single most
important source of employment and exports (two thirds of employment and 80 percent
of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95 percent of the total consumptive use of
water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and in need of modernization
along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the efficiency of its use.
Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across the
increasing needs for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment. Yet
there remains a need for significant new investment, not only in irrigation but in other
uses of water as well, including power generation and urban-industrial and domestic
supplies (50 percent of the population is not served by a formal supply system and
sanitation and water treatment reaches less than ten percent of the population). At the
same time, there is uncontrolled pollution of surface and groundwater from agriculture,
industry and rapidly growing cities.
The key irrigation sector issues are: (i) low surface water delivery efficiency (only about
35-40 percent from the canal head to crop root zone); (ii) water distribution inequities;
(iii) lack of storage capacity and control structures; (iv) wasteful on-farm water use; (v)
water-logging and salinity; (vi) poor operation and maintenance (O&M) and low cost
recovery; and (vii) a constrained investment climate. These issues are a manifestation of
institutional weaknesses due to near exclusive control by the public sector entities
characterized by the usual inefficiencies of centralized bureaucracies, lack of corporate
skills and poor client (farmer) focus and accountability.
Watercourse improvements have repeatedly shown to yield an economic rate of return of
more than 25 percent, and benefits to laser land leveling and drip irrigation are even
higher. These high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35
percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent,
diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water. For example, experience in
Punjab has shown an increase in yields for citrus to be 44 percent, for mangos
100 percent and for tomatoes to be 150 percent. In addition, water saving for these crops
has been 22 percent, 36 percent and 50 percent for citrus, mangos, and tomatoes,
respectively. The laser land leveling results in water savings of 30 percent and yield
increases of 20 percent.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 2
November 2011
Earlier Projects of Similar Nature
The Government of Pakistan as well as the Government of the Punjab has been initiating
projects in the past to address the key irrigation sector issues described in Section 1.1
above. These include the National Program for Improvement of Watercourses in
Pakistan (The Punjab Component), originally planned for 2003-04 to 2007-08, which has
been extended for four years (2008-09 to 2011-12); Pilot Project for Promotion of Cotton
Cultivation in Thal Region with Drip Irrigation, 2010 to 2011; Strengthening of Laser
Land Leveling Service in Punjab, 2005-06 to 2007-08; and Water Conservation and
Productivity Enhancement Through High Efficiency (Pressurized) Irrigation Systems
(The Punjab Component), 2008-09 to 2011-12.
Owing to the similar nature of the activities under the proposed project, it is essentially a
continuation and extension of the earlier projects mentioned above. By the same token,
the present study is essentially a continuation and extension of the earlier environmental
study (PERI, 2004)5 carried out for the proposed Punjab On Farm Water Management-IV
Project (OFWM-IV).
Project Proponent
The proposed project will be implemented through the Directorate General Agriculture
(Water Management), which is part of the Agriculture Department, Government of the
Punjab (GoPb), Pakistan. The Agriculture Department is one of the 42 departments that
form the governmental set up in the Province. The mission of the Agriculture
Department is to maintain “a system aiming to sustain food security and support to
national economy, making agriculture cost effective and knowledge based, with emphasis
on farmer’s welfare and maintenance of the yield potentials”6. The Department’s
objectives comprise: i) ensuring food security; ii) enhancing productivity through better
varieties and improved management practices; iii) promoting high value crops, fruits and
vegetables; iv) promoting export of high value agricultural products; v) promoting
efficient use of water and other inputs; vi) improving soil health; vii) development of
culturable waste lands; and viii) ensuring fair returns for the growers in marketing of their
produce.7
The Agriculture Department is headed by the Secretary, and comprises five directorates
general and four directorates, in addition to several other cells and organizations,
including Punjab Seeds Corporation and Punjab Agriculture Research Board. Since the
proposed Project involves irrigation activities, it will be managed by the Directorate
General Agriculture (Water Management). Further details about the Department are
available on its official website (http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php).
Project Overview
In line with one of the Agriculture Department’s key objectives described in Section 1.3
above, the Project aims to improve the productivity of the irrigation activities in the
5 Integrated Social and Environmental Assessment of Punjab On-farm Water Management Project,
Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore, February 2004. 6 Source: Official website of the Agriculture Department, Government of the Punjab
(http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php) (accessed on 17 April 2011). 7 Ibid.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 3
November 2011
Province. Improved water productivity will translate into greater agricultural output per
unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency,
irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs. The project’s
objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and
incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental outcomes.
The direct beneficiaries of Project would be about 650,000 farm families or about 4.5
million people all over the Punjab Province.
The key components of the Project include: i) installation of high efficiency irrigation
systems; ii) strengthening of laser land leveling in private sector; iii) improvement of
water courses in canal command and non-canal command areas; and iv) adoption and
promotion of modern irrigation technologies. Details of these components are further
discussed later in the document.
ESA Study
The various aspects of the present study, including its need and objectives, its scope, the
methodology employed while conducting it are described in the following sections.
Need of the Study
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents
of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) or “where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental
effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental
protection agency (EPA). The IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 issued under the PEPA 1997
provide separate lists for the projects requiring IEE and EIA (The Act and Regulations
are further discussed later in the document).
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires
environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure
that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision
making”8.
The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements.
Study Objectives
The objectives of the present ESA are to:
� To assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project
area,
� To identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human
environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine their
significance, in light of the technical and regulatory concerns,
� To propose appropriate mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design
of the project to minimize if not eliminate the potentially adverse impacts,
� To assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the national
environmental legislation and WB’s OPs,
8 Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999.
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� To develop an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to provide an
implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study.
Study Scope
The present ESA study covers the following components of the proposed Punjab
Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project:
1. installation of high efficiency irrigation system;
2. laser land leveling;
3. improvement of water courses in canal command and non-canal command areas;
and
4. improved irrigation technologies and practices.
These components of the Project will be referred to as the ‘proposed Project’ and the area
where these components are located will be referred to as the ‘project area’ in this report.
The study addresses the potential environmental and social impacts that may be
encountered during the construction and operational phases of the proposed project.
Study Methodology
The key steps that were followed while conducting the ESA are briefly described below.
Scoping
During this phase, key information on the project was collected and reviewed. A ‘long
list’ of the potential environmental as well as social issues likely to arise as a result of the
project was developed. The stakeholder analysis was also carried out for the consultation
to be carried out subsequently.
Stakeholder Consultations
Stakeholder consultations were carried out during the ESA study. Meetings were held
with the institutional stakeholders and key environmental and social issues discussed.
Extensive consultations with the grass root stakeholders were carried out during visits to
the agricultural farms and fields in various parts of the Province.
Data Collection/Compilation
During this phase, data was collected and compiled, in order to develop a baseline of the
project area’s physical, biological and human environment. For this purpose, both review
of secondary sources and field data collection were carried out.
The secondary resources that were consulted included reports of the studies carried out
earlier, published books and data, and relevant websites. With the help of these resources
a generic profile of the entire project area was developed.
Impact Assessment
During the impact assessment, the environmental, socioeconomic, and project
information collected in previous steps was used to determine the potential impacts of the
proposed project. Subsequent to this, the potential impacts were characterized in order to
determine their significance. Mitigation measures were identified where required to
minimize the significant environmental impacts. A management framework was also
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developed in the form of an ESMP for the implementation of the mitigation measures
identified during the study.
Report Compilation
Report compilation was the last step of the study. The report includes a brief description
of the proposed project, a review of environmental legislation and policy framework
relevant to the project, a description of baseline environmental and socioeconomic
conditions in the project area, and potential project impacts and mitigation measures.
(Complete structure of the report is provided in Section 1.6 below.)
Study Team
The ESA team consisted of environmental and socioeconomic experts having
considerable experience in their respective field of expertise. These included Mohammad
Omar Khalid (team leader and environment specialist), Sitara Khan (social specialist),
Chaudhry Irshad Ahmad (agriculture specialist), and Maqsood Ahmed (irrigation
specialist).
Document Structure
Chapter 2 discusses the legislative, regulatory, and institutional setup that exists in the
Country, as well as the World Bank’s safeguard policies relevant to the environmental
and social assessment. The Chapter also outlines the international environmental
agreements to which the country is a party. Chapter 3 provides a simplified description
of the Project and its components, while the project alternatives are evaluated in
Chapter 4. The environmental and social baseline conditions are presented in
Chapter 5. The stakeholder consultations have been covered in Chapter 6. The
assessment of environmental as well as socioeconomic impacts, their mitigation measures
are presented in Chapters 7. Finally, the Environmental and Social Management Plan is
presented in Chapter 8.
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Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as
institutional set-up relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed
Project. Also included in the Chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from
the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations.
National Laws and Regulations
Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and
control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of
comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a
relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social
issues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific. The
laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool
empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment
(the ‘environment’ has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers
of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the
ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and
works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter-
relationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’). The Act is
applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land
acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of
hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise
in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-
EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those
contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial
Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983,9
have also been considerably enhanced under
this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible
breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a
complaint.
The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act.
Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the
physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination
(IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is
received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that
the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The
categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE
and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section 2.1.2 below.
The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project
emanates from this Act.
9 Superseded by the Pakistan environmental Protection Act, 1997.
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Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,
2000 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it
by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the
initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE
and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified
on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in
Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those
listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects
require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally
sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.
The proposed project falls under the Schedule II (Section D) of the Regulations. Hence
an EIA has to be conducted for it.10
National Environmental Quality Standards
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA
1997, specify the following standards:
� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial
sources,
� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial
effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of
numbers).
� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.
� Ambient air quality standards.
� Drinking water standards
� Noise standards.
The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 in Annex A. Only a few of these
standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to
the environment from the activities under the proposed project.
Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-
facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the
most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development
projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys,
acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties
and exemptions.
No land is required to be acquired under the proposed project hence this Act is not
applicable.
10
The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been
named as the ESA, however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.
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Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1974
This law was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other
natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, i.e., animals
that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and
cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and
trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife
protected areas, ie, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserve.
The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. In
particular, no activities will be carried out inside any protected areas defined under the
Act.
Forest Act, 1927
The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and
protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarry stone,
remove any forest-produce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing
up area for cultivation or any other purpose.
The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. No
activities will be carried out in any protected forests, and no unauthorized tree cutting
will be carried out.
Canal and Drainage Act, 1873
The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals
(defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of
drainage.
This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during
the proposed project.
Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997
This Act aims to implement the strategy of the Government of Punjab for streamlining the
Irrigation and Drainage System; to replace the existing administrative setup and procedures
with more responsive, efficient and transparent arrangements; to achieve economical and
effective operation and maintenance of the irrigation, drainage and flood control system in
the Province; and to make the irrigation and drainage network sustainable on a long-term
basis and introduce participation of beneficiaries in the operation and management.
This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during
the proposed project.
Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’ Associations Ordinance, 1981
The Ordinance provides for involvement of the irrigators in water management at the
watercourse level through forming the Water Users Associations (WUAs). The
Ordinance defines the procedures for establishing, registering, and running the WUAs.
Watercourse improvement activities under the Project will be implemented in accordance
with the provisions of this Act.
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Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001
These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of the
district governments. These ordinances also address the land use, conservation of natural
vegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents,
as well as matters relating to public health – aspects that are relevant to the proposed
project.
Antiquity Act, 1975
The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. The
Act is designed to protect ‘antiquities’ from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful
excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient
products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest,
and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a
protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in
any area that may contain articles of archeological significance.
Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:
� Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and
� If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be
protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for
further action.
This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during
the proposed project.
Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948
This legislation provides procedures for quarrying and mining of construction material
from state-owned as well as private land. These procedures will have to be followed
during the proposed project.
Factories Act, 1934
The clauses relevant to the proposed project are those that address the health, safety and
welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and
public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and
hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed
above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental
degradation.
Employment of Child Act, 1991
Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the
age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance
with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in
the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her
fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to
work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways,
construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the
Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of
a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others).
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The project proponent, participating farmers and their contractors will be bound by the
ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites.
Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are
affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The
Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most
of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
The World Bank Operational Policies
The WB Operating Policies (OPs) relevant to the proposed project are discussed in the
following sections.
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank
financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to
improve decision making.11
The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA
instruments.
The proposed project consists of activities which can potentially have environmental and
social consequences, including:
� Changes in land use,
� Damage to crops
� Deterioration of air quality,
� Water contamination and consumption,
� Damage to top soil, land erosion,
� Cutting of trees
� Safety hazard.
Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale,
unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in
accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in
accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to
develop an EMP for their mitigation.
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects,
if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks:
production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive
assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their
productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater;
community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and
cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or
11
Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.
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lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment
risks.12
The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.
� Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring
all viable alternative project designs.
� Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be
conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient
investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project
benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have
opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
� Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and
standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels
or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is
higher.
No land will need to be acquired and no resettlement will need to be carried out for the
proposed project, hence this OP is not triggered. Small tracts of land may be needed for
the watercourse improvement works, however this land will be voluntarily donated by the
beneficiaries.
Forestry (OP 4.36)
The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of
forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into
sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental
services and values of forests.
None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence the
OP 4.36 is not triggered.
Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the
environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore
supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their
functions … 13
All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the natural
habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of cultivation and associated
activities. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed project.
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or
environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.
The high efficiency irrigation methods such as drip system generally results in reduction
in the usage of pesticides and fertilizers. Other project components such as water course
improvement and laser land leveling though related to cultivation, do not have any
12
Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001. 13
Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.
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bearing on the need or quantity of chemical inputs for cultivation. The capacity building
component of the proposed project will nonetheless include aspects such as integrated
pest management, judicious use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, and minimizing
the chemical inputs.
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)
The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources
provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant since
the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.
Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)
This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are
located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more
states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways. Hence
this OP is not triggered.
Cultural Property (OP 4.11)
The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their
preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are
given below. 14
� The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-
replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or
designed so as to prevent such damage.
� The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties
encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance.
In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be
preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be
relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study,
selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary.
Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions
entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be
directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some
possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall
project costs.
� Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are
great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent
authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the
justification should be discussed in project documents.
� This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of
whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural
property.
Since the project activities will be carried out in the cultivated fields, it is unlikely that
any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be affected.
However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the project
14
Excerpts from the OPN 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.
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implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy will
be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be
notified immediately, and their advice sought before resumption of the construction
activities at such sites.
Indigenous People (OP 4.10)
For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to
refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following
characteristics in varying degrees:15
� self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition
of this identity by others;
� collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the
project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
� customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from
those of the dominant society and culture; and
� an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or
region.
The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.
No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant
society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process –
are known to exist in the Province. Therefore this OP is not triggered.
However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponents
will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP and get
it approved by the Bank.
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)
Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not
only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one
or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank
or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is
located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.
The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned
agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A
should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 16
This OP is not triggered since no part of the Punjab Province is located in any disputed
territory.
Applicability of Safeguard Policies
Applicability of the WB safeguard policies – on the basis of the discussion in
Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.10 above - with respect to the environmental and social issues
associated with the proposed project is summarized below.
15
Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005. 16
Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.
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Operational Policy Triggered
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Yes
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) No
Forestry (OP 4.36) No
Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) No
Pest Management (OP 4.09) No
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No
Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No
Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No
Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No
Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No
Obligations under International Treaties
Pakistan is signatory of several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs),
including:
� Basel Convention,
� Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar),
� Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),
� UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
� Kyoto Protocol,
� Montreal Protocol,
� UN Convention to Combat Desertification,
� Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),
� UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS),
� Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),
� Cartina Protocol.
These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member
countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the
implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional
setup mostly nonexistent.
The MEA most applicable for the Project is the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs), under which certain pesticides such as dichloro diphenyl
trichloroethane (commonly known as DDT) cannot be used.
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Institutional Setup for Environmental Management
The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection
Council (PEPC), which is presided by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies
include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for
four provinces, AJK and Gilgit Baltistan), and environmental tribunals.
The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the
PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to
receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and EIAs) of the
proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise).
The proposed project would be located in the Punjab Province. Hence this ESA report
will be sent to the Punjab EPA for review.
Environmental and Social Guidelines
Two sets of guidelines, the Pak-EPA’s guidelines and the World Bank Environmental
Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as
social aspects.
Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines
The Federal EPA has prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental
assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international
donor agencies and NGOs. The package of regulations, of which the guidelines form a
part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below.
� Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports,
� Guidelines for Public Consultation,
� Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas,
� Sectoral Guidelines.
It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA
Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in
accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental
Guidelines.
World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines
The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines
are listed below.
� Environment, Health, and Environment (EHS) Gudeilines prepared by International
Finance Corporation d ND World Bank in 1997.
� Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production
� Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-
Sectoral Issues.
� Social Analysis Sourcebook.
� All environmental and social safeguard operational policies.
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Project Description This Chapter describes various aspects of the proposed project including its background,
objectives, its components, and activities under each component.
Project Background 17
Indus Basin Water/Irrigation System. Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous water
system in the world, namely the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) for basic food
security and supply of water for all sectors of the economy. The IBWS consists of the
Indus River and its tributaries, three major multi-purpose storage reservoirs, 19 barrages,
12 inter-river link canals, 43 major irrigation canal commands (covering over 14 million
hectares), and over 120,000 watercourses, delivering water to farms and other productive
uses. Annual river flows are about 180 billion m3 of which about 120 billion m
3 of water
is diverted from the river system to canals annually. The total length of the canals is
about 60,000 km, with communal watercourses, farm channels and field ditches running
another 1.8 million km. These canals also serve as the country’s main waterways.
Pakistan would have remained largely a desert without the development of this system of
canals, dams and hydraulic structures. This system is the country’s sole source of water
supply, supporting life and livelihoods of millions. In addition to providing water for
irrigated agriculture, the IBWS serves as the backbone of the economy, supporting the
development of major cities, industry, and growth centers.
Generally, the hierarchical canal system runs from main canals to branch canals to
distributaries/minors. Open, free-flowing outlets (moghas) regulate water flow from
distributary/minors to the watercourses that supply water to chacks or dehs (tertiary
irrigation command area). These watercourse commands are a complex miniature
irrigation system with an average length of about 20 km. Water is distributed to the field
by a weekly time rotation (warabandi) based on the size of the land holding. The canal
system is also a major source of recharge for the groundwater aquifers. In fresh
groundwater areas, groundwater is pumped by tubewells to supplement canal supplies.
Groundwater resources are substantial, with more than 600,000 tubewells in the country
contributing significantly to the water supplies in areas underlain by fresh groundwater.
Irrigated Agriculture in Punjab. Punjab is the most populated province of the country.
Its total geographical area is 20.63 million hectares, of which 12.27 million hectares
(58.90 %) are cultivated, 3.01 million hectares (14.9 %) are uncultivable, 1.74 million
hectares (8.4%) are cultivable waste, and 0.50 million hectares (2.3 %) are under forests.
About 60 percent of the area commanded by IBWS is in Punjab (about 22 million acres).
Over 70 percent of the cropped area of the IBWS is in Punjab. Its share in total
agricultural production of the country is more than 80 percent in case of cotton, almost 70
percent for wheat, nearly 60 percent for sugarcane, and 50 percent for rice. The overall
contribution of the province towards agriculture sector is estimated to be more than 80
percent, 90 percent of which comes from irrigated areas. Major crops are wheat (38% of
area), cotton (15% of the area), rice (10%), sugarcane (4%), and orchard (about 2%) – see
Figure 3.1.
Groundwater Resources. Most of the Indus Basin has been formed as a result of
alluvium deposits derived by rivers from the mountain ranges in the north. These alluvial
17
Source: Project Appraisal Document, World Bank 2011.
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deposits consist principally of fine and medium-grained sands and silts, although there
are discontinuous lenses of silt and clay. Their depth ranges from 450 meter in upper
Punjab to about 60 meter in lower Sindh, where it is layered with silty and heavy deltaic
sediment. In total, about 80 percent of the area in Punjab and 28 percent of the area in
Sindh has fresh groundwater which is suitable for irrigation. However, the residual
sodium carbonate (RSC) which results from use of groundwater is often high. Exclusive
reliance on groundwater can lead to a build-up of salts, resulting in binding of the soil
structure, reduced water infiltration into the root zone, and falling yields. The
groundwater is mixed with canal water for irrigation use.
Figure 0.1: Cropping Pattern in Punjab
Development of groundwater in the late 1980s onwards by the private sector has been the
one of the major sources of growth in agriculture production. This has helped in
improving overall basin-wide efficiency of water resources as the water seeped from the
canals and watercourses, recharges the groundwater aquifer that would be otherwise
wasted and results in water-logging, and is then pumped and re-used. The aquifer acts as
a multi-year storage reservoir for irrigation supplies which also helps during drought
years. This was experienced during the 2001-2002 drought during which agriculture
production was not affected despite serious surface water constraints. The conjunctive
use of surface and groundwater allows farmers to close the gap between canal supplies
and crop water requirements, which improve timeliness of irrigation application that is
vital for higher productivity. Also, the delivery efficiency from groundwater wells to the
fields is much less compared to canal water as the tubewells are developed in close
proximity to the fields.
Agro-climatic Zones (ACZ) of Punjab. The Punjab province can be divided broadly
into four agro-climatic zones:
� Punjab Mixed-Wheat (PMW) contains nearly three million canal commanded acres,
mostly on the left bank of the Indus below the Jinnah barrage but also including the
Paharpur and Chashma Right Bank Canal command areas in the Khyber
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Pakhtunkhwa Province. The topography is rough, soils are sandy and seepage is high,
resulting in low cropping intensities and yields. The fresh groundwater and localized
water-logging in most of the ACZ imply that the potential for tube-well development
is favorable.
� Punjab Rice-Wheat (PRW) contains about 3.0 million acres, virtually all of which is
underlain by fresh groundwater. This has spurred intense private tube-well
development. As a result, cropping intensities are among the highest in Punjab, with
Basmati rice being the dominant cash crop. Relatively high returns to farming
combined with a shortage of labor have led to rapid mechanization with this zone
having more tractors per acre than any other zone.
� Punjab Sugarcane-Wheat (PSW) also called "Punjab Mixed Crop" in the RAP, lies
between PMW and PRW, and contains about 5 million acres. Wheat and sugarcane
are the principal crops. About one-third of the zone is saline, but farmers make
extensive use of groundwater in the rest. Water shortages do exist, and are largely
attributable to low watercourse efficiencies.
� Punjab Cotton-Wheat (PCW) is by far the largest ACZ in the Basin, comprising over
11 million acres on the left bank of the Indus between Sind Province, India, and the
other Punjab ACZs. Cotton and wheat are the main crops and have some of the
highest yields in Pakistan. About 20 percent of the ACZ suffers from severe water-
logging and salinity. Groundwater is extensively used in the rest of the zone, but
adequate water remains an overall constraint.
Water Conservation and Reducing Losses is Crucial in Future. Pakistan has been
expanding the surface water supplies to the Indus Basin Irrigation system over time by
capturing more water from the rivers. Prior to construction of Mangla dam in 1967 the
annual surface water diversions to the Indus Basin Canals were about 67 million acre feet
(MAF). These increased to about 85 MAF prior to commissioning of Tarbela Dam in
1976 with storage at Mangla and connecting water surplus western rivers (Indus, Jehlum
and Chenab) to the water short river in east (actually transferred to India after the Indus
Treaty of 1960). Annual canal diversion post Tarbela reached up to about 105 MAF. In
the last decade they have declined to 94.5 MAF (see Table 3.1). This is due to reduced
storage capacity in the reservoirs because of sedimentation, diversions are close to full
potential supplies of the rivers and a decade of relatively low flows. Major deficit is in
Rabi season about 8.6 MAF. Increase is only possible with heavy investment in storage
dams on the Indus River, many of which are very controversial. Also, some believe that,
apart from a few years of extraordinary floods, the rivers do not have surplus water to
store after meeting the ecological requirements of the delta region and coastal zone.
Even if a dam is started now (such as Basha dam with a live storage capacity of about 6.5
MAF) with sedimentation continuing it is questionable if it would be possible to increase
the average canal diversions to the level of post-Tarbela average. The other source of
water Pakistan has tapped is groundwater, which is recharged by the surface water
system. Thus less canal diversions mean less groundwater availability. Since the 1980s,
the groundwater aquifers have supplied increasing amount of water for irrigation in areas
underlain by the fresh groundwater. In Punjab, about equal amount of irrigation water
comes from the groundwater wells. This resource is now reaching its limit and further
withdrawals are not possible without serious mining and extraordinary cost of pumping.
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Table 0.1: Average Annual Canal Diversions in IBWS (MAF)
Average 2001-2011 Average 1976-2000
Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total
Punjab 33.6 18.2 51.8 33.2 14.6 47.8 33.7 19.7 53.4
Sindh 28.7 13.7 42.5 27.3 11.2 38.6 29.3 14.7 44.0
Balochistan 1.3 0.8 2.1 2.0 0.8 2.8 1.1 0.8 1.9
KPK 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3
(a) Gauged 2.1 1.4 3.5 2.7 1.6 4.4 1.9 1.3 3.2
(b) Ungaged 1.2 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.4 0.7 2.1
Total 66.9 34.8 101.7 65.8 28.6 94.5 67.4 37.3 104.6
Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2010 -1.1 -6.2 -7.3
Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2001 -1.6 -8.6 -10.2
Average 1976-2010
In the future, substantial quantities of water would only come from cutting down losses,
particularly in the watercourse command and fields, where losses are highest, and which
do not contribute to groundwater recharge. The quantity of water that could become
available with about a 10 percentage point reduction in losses in the watercourse
command is more than two dams on the Indus River. The project is designed to capture
this potential in addition to making use of water more productively at the farm level by
crop diversification and better irrigation agronomic practices. With continued us of flood
irrigation, Pakistan will not have enough water to meet future demands. With HEIS,
which can shift efficiency from 40% to 95%, there would be adequate water to meet the
demands in future.
Irrigation Practices and Use of Water for Irrigation. As explained above, the water
from the rivers is diverted into the main canals, then into the branch canals (both are
prime level diversion canals), distributaries and minor (secondary level canals), and then
into the watercourses. The shortage of water is distributed by rotating the flows to the
distributaries and minors. However, when distributary/minor is supplied with water, all
watercourses in that distributary draw water through a regulating structure on each
watercourse, designed to share available water in the distributary canal equally among all
watercourses. Watercourse is a community irrigation system on which water is shared by
all users by allocating full discharge of the watercourse for a specific amount of time to
one user, following a weekly rotation system called “warabandi”. From the community
watercourse to the field there is a complex system of channels and ditches which delivers
water to the field. At the field level, flooding is the most common irrigation method
practiced by farmers and it is quite wasteful in water and nutrients, and results in uneven
growth of crop and salinity, particularly if the field is not leveled.
Low Delivery Efficiency in Watercourses. It is estimated that about 40% of the water
is lost in these community watercourses. The main sources of these losses are seepage,
spillage, and side leakage from the watercourses due to the following factors.
� Irregular profile and zigzag alignment of banks and weak sections of the channels.
� Variable cross section of water channels, resulting stagnant water in channels
� Silt deposition, causing restrictions in flows, and overtopping
� Trees, shrubs, and vegetation growing in watercourses
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� Damage caused by rodents and farm animals
� Frequent bank cutting and plugging for water abstraction
The watercourse improvement / renovation consists of a complete demolition of the
community channel and its rebuilding/re-aligning according to the engineering design to
increase conveyance efficiency by reducing seepage, evaporation, spillage, and
operational losses.
Low Field Efficiency in Application to the Field and Crops. Flood irrigation is a
traditional method adopted by most of the farmers of Pakistan. A significant amount (20
to 25%) of irrigation water is lost during its application due to uneven fields and poor
farm designing. This leads to excessive application to low-lying areas of the field and
under-irrigation of higher areas. Over-irrigation leaches soluble nutrients from the crop
root zone, makes the soil less productive, and degrades groundwater quality. On the other
hand, under-irrigation of elevated parts of the fields results in accumulation of salts in
such patches and causes water stress and de-osmosis due to applied fertilizer. The
efficiency of this irrigation method ranges from 40-70 percent, while the drip and
sprinkler irrigation systems are the most efficient having efficiency up to 95 percent, as
indicated in the Figure 3.2 below.
Figure 0.2: Efficiency under Various Methods of Irrigation
The high efficiency irrigation system (HEIS) technologies have been developed and
successfully adopted in various countries of the world including USA, Australia, China,
and India. Major constraint in the adoption of these technologies is their high installation
costs. The issue has, however, been resolved through research on development of low
cost efficient irrigation technologies, particularly in China where cost effective systems
have been developed for orchards and all field crops/vegetables. Experience of other
countries and studies conducted in the recent past recommend that introduction of high
efficiency irrigation systems is highly effective in conserving water resources.
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The proposed project is designed to deliver a combination of interventions: (a)
watercourse improvement to improve the delivery efficiency to the field; (b) precision
land leveling to improve the applications in the field where flood irrigation would remain
prevalent in the near future (e.g. wheat, rice, fodder); (c) high efficiency irrigation
systems (HEIS) – such as drip, sprinkler and bubbler - for orchard, vegetables, flowers,
other high value row crops.
This would be a transformational operation that would change the water application
system in the country and help manage the growing demand of water in particular for
food production. As most of the elements of the interventions are available in the country,
the project would help bring them together in a manner that these would take off in the
private sector as was the case in groundwater development. The groundwater wells were
initially installed by the Government primarily for controlling the water-logging and
salinity. However, their demonstrative effect to the farmers and demand created by the
private suppliers and manufacturers helped propel a groundwater revolution in Pakistan,
without which the current level food production would have been unattainable. All these
interventions have a short gestation period and leverage substantial investments from the
beneficiaries. Furthermore, these interventions help in improving agricultural
productivity through appropriate application of inputs, increase water conservation,
reduce water-logging and salinity, and bring about a change in cropping pattern and crop
husbandry. As a result productivity enhancement is much higher than the physical
improvements in the delivery and irrigation system. These interventions are synergetic,
and provide an extremely potent solution to improve irrigation efficiency, crop
production, and diversification.
Project Objectives
The project’s main objective is to improve water productivity, which will translate into
greater agricultural output per unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved
physical delivery efficiency, irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective
application of inputs. The project’s objectives would contribute to increased agricultural
production, employment and incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental
outcomes.
Project Beneficiaries
The direct beneficiaries of Project would be about 650,000 farm families or about 4.5
million people all over the Punjab. About 24,600 families would be direct beneficiaries
of HEIS systems, about 150,000 of laser leveling system, and about 475,000 families
from the watercourse improvement program. A very large population would be indirect
beneficiaries of the Project that would help in installation of the systems, and supply of
materials and improvement of watercourse, and help processing the incremental
agriculture production. More women farmers are likely to opt for the HEIS system as it
does not require night irrigation as well as other field work generally not considered
culturally appropriate for women e.g. diversion of water from channels, tilling etc. The
HEIS systems can easily be operated by one person and require just a few hours of water
during the day. In contrast, water supply according to the warabandi goes over 24 hour
rotation and about half of the shareholders get water at night. With HEIS the water
would be delivered to the ponds and used for a week. Importantly, it is delivered during
the day in the early morning and in the evening when heat and evaporation is low.
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Project Components
The various components included in the proposed Project are briefly described below.
Component A: Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems
Subcomponent A1: Installation High Efficiency Irrigation Systems. Drip, bubbler,
sprinkler (rain-gun, centre pivot) are termed as high efficiency irrigation systems, which
use pipes for conveyance of water from the source to points of use. In drip or trickle
irrigation, water is delivered in the form of drops to individual plants by means of small
emitters. Bubbler irrigation is very similar to trickle irrigation except that the water is
delivered to the plants through fountain type heads mounted on small spikes. Water is
pumped at high pressure in sprinkler irrigation network through a pipe system and
sprayed over the field somewhat like rain to irrigate the crops. In case of Punjab the
source of water would be a groundwater well or canal water. As the canal water is
delivered according to warabandi the farmers would have to develop pond on the farm
that would allow to store water during their turn of “warabandi”, and apply to the field
through HEIS on a continuous basis during the week till the next turn.
The component would support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler
irrigation systems at the field level for high value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture
and other high value row crops. The irrigation systems would be installed by a service
provider on a shared cost basis. The drip units would include a pumping unit, fertilizer
tank, delivery fittings, filters, underground main pipeline, and delivery lines, etc. These
systems would be installed for orchards, vegetable, flowers and other high value row
crops, thereby promoting crop diversification. Controlled application of water and non-
water inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical assistance package would be
provided by the vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new technology. In
addition, technical assistance and training would be provided to the users through
component C of this project. Successful installation and application of these irrigation
systems would encourage the private sector to adopt this high efficient irrigation
technology, as was the case of groundwater development, which was initiated by the
government but brought to scale by the private sector.
The high efficient irrigation systems would be installed over 120,000 acres. The target
would be to install about 13,500 3-acre units (covering an area of about 40,500 acres),
about 6,300 5-acres units (covering an area of about 31,500 acres) and 4,800 10-acres
units (covering an area of 48,000 acres) (see Table 3.2 for details). The farmers would
carry 40% of the cost of material, labor and installation, while the government would
finance 60% of such cost and administrative cost of the government for installation of the
system.
Table 0.2: Targets for Different Sizes of HEIS Units
Size and Type of Unit Number of Units Area
3-Acre Units for Orchards 4,500 13,500
3-Acre Units for Vegetables 4,500 13,500
3-Acre Units for Row Crops 4,500 13,500
5-Acre Units for Orchards 2,100 10,500
5-Acre Units for Vegetables 2,100 10,500
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Size and Type of Unit Number of Units Area
5-Acre Units for Row Crops 2,100 10,500
10-Acre Units for Orchards 1,600 16,000
10-Acre Units for Vegetables 1,600 16,000
10-Acre Units for Row Crops 1,600 16,000
Total 24,600 120,000
The HEIS units would be designed and installed based on the lessons learnt from the pilot
project already working in Punjab. Among the major components would be providing
sufficient technical assistance and training to the installer and the users, and aftercare to
ensure maximum benefit of such systems. Schemes for installation of HEIS would be
selected using the criteria given below.
� The Farm:
(i) has adequate and reliable/assured water source e.g. canal supply or operational
tube-well having water of suitable quality for cotton irrigation;
(ii) preferably located in an area with adequate access in order to have good
demonstration effect;
(iii) soil is suitable for growing cotton with drip irrigation and not severely
degraded due to water-logging, salinization, and alkalinization; and
(iv) topography relatively good without deep ditches/ravines or other obstacles,
which cannot be resolved through economic drip irrigation design;
� The Farmer:
(i) agrees to contribute his/her share over and above the financial assistance
being provided under the scheme;
(ii) is willing to mobilize operation and maintenance expenditure after installation
of the drip irrigation;
(iii) agrees to provide support and assistance to the project staff, supply and
services companies, and consultants during their activities pertaining to the
site surveys, installation of equipment, and other civil works;
(iv) is owner/tenant/lessee and self cultivator of land (in the case of absentee
owner, a well-versed farm manager is required);
(v) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;
(vi) will not remove or sell or transfer or hand over possession of installed system
to any person in any form within three years after installation;
(vii) agrees to get the operator of irrigation system trained in operation, trouble
shooting/repair & maintenance from SSC/government;
(viii) will abide by the decision of the allotment committee; and
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(ix) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the
purpose as arrears of land revenue in case of violating any of the conditions
specified by the government.
The criteria would be reviewed annually, or more often if required, and updated based on
the lessons learned.
Component A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services. Un-leveled
fields cause wastage of water, resulting in low irrigation application efficiency and much
lower yields. Precision land leveling saves up to 30% irrigation water, results in uniform
seed germination, and increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which enhances crop yields of
up to 20%.
The Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) provided 2,500 LASER units to the
farmers/service providers during the period 2005-06 to 2007-08 under the “Strengthening
of LASER Land Leveling Services in the Punjab” project which has substantially
improved the rental service of LASER land leveling for the farmers. Furthermore, about
1,425 units have been procured by the farmers/ service providers from their own
resources in the province. Accordingly, there are over 4,000 operative LASER land
leveling units in the Punjab with annual capacity of normally 1.2 million acres.
The total irrigated area of the Punjab is 34.73 million acres, out of which only about two
million acres have been leveled. It is estimated that one LASER unit can LASER level
about 300 acres annually due to short window available for land leveling between the
rabi and kharif crops. Accordingly, LASER leveling of the remaining area in five years
will require more than 22,000 LASER units. In addition, LASER land leveling operations
are required to be repeated after 3-5 years to get the real benefits of the technology. It is
therefore considered appropriate to add at least 3,000 more units to bring significant
improvement in provision of LASER land leveling services.
The innovative approach introduced under the recently completed scheme will be
replicated under proposed project for further strengthening of LASER land leveling
services. This involves provision of one-time financial assistance to farmers/service
providers for procurement of equipment and their capacity building to carry out the
envisaged task that proved to be quite successful.
Under this component the laser leveling equipment would be provided to the service
providers on a shared cost basis. The service providers would provide the laser leveling
equipment and tractors to interested farmers, who would use their own tractors to
complete the leveling. A capacity for laser land leveling of about two million acres
annually would be developed, for which about 3,000 laser leveling units would be
provided. About 50% of the cost of the laser land leveling equipment would be provided
by the service provider who owns tractors capable of operating the LASER unit
The following criteria would be used for selection of service providers under the Project.
The criteria would be approved and updated by the PSC time to time. An applicant will
be eligible for the grant of financial assistance provided that the person:
(i) possesses a tractor capable of operating LASER unit (not less than 50 HP);
(ii) agrees to carry out/provide services for LASER land leveling of 300 acres per
year during project period on rental basis;
(iii) has not applied for provision of LASER unit under this scheme from any other
tehsil in the Punjab;
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(iv) has not already availed such facility from any earlier scheme of
federal/provincial government;
(v) is owner/tenant/lease and self cultivator of land not more than 25 acres and is
preferably agricultural machinery service provider or an agricultural graduate
possessing requisite land ownership
(vi) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;
(vii) agrees to use LASER unit for agricultural purposes only;
(viii) will rent out the equipment for LASER land leveling in the area;
(ix) will get the LASER unit booked with any short-listed/pre-qualified firm and
failure to do so will cause cancellation of financial assistance being offered
under the scheme,;
(x) will not sell or transfer or hand over possession of the LASER unit to any
person in any form within the project period before meeting the obligations
agreed under the scheme;
(xi) agrees to get the operator trained in operation, trouble shooting/repair &
maintenance and farm layout planning through Water Management Training
Institute, Lahore;
(xii) will abide by the decision of the District Allotment Committee and Director
General Agriculture (Water Management), Punjab Lahore; and
(xiii) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the
purpose as arrears of land revenue in case of violation of any of the conditions
of the scheme.
Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems
Component B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas. The
component would assist Government efforts to improve watercourses (W/C), the tertiary
level water distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the 140,000 total
watercourses in irrigated areas of Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under
various program supported by several donors. Punjab has about 58,000 watercourses in
irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been improved, leaving a remaining
17,000 in need of improvement.
The innovations would be introduced to use concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8
feet (or U sections namely canalets) placed on leveled compacted earth with water tight
joints, thus improving existing technology of brick lining. It may not be possible to use
parabolic concrete units at all watercourses due to accessibility issues, lack of required
skills, and farmers’ preference. Therefore, where suitable and where farmers prefer,
watercourses would be lined using traditional bricks with plaster. Also, water turnout
structures would be replaced with properly designed concrete structures (pucca nakas).
The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using clean compacted soil.
Efforts would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct such
canalets and have water users associations (WUAs) install them. The project would
provide technical assistance for layout and construction supervision to the WUAs. The
length of the watercourses, installation of diversion structures, as well as other
improvements to earthen sections of the watercourses would be in accordance with the
current standard practice and optimized for each watercourse. WUAs would share the
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cost through providing labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other
material.
About 5,500 new watercourses which have never been improved would be covered under
the project. The target would be to improve at least 3,000 using the concrete canalets and
another 2,500 using traditional material of bricks etc. About 1,500 watercourses that
have been improved since the start of the program would be improved using up-to-date
techniques. About 2,000 watercourses would be improved in rain-fed (barani) area. In
canal commanded areas, preference would be given to the areas where distributary level
farmers’ organizations have been formed. Preference would also be given to the
watercourses located at the tail-end of the canal systems.
Development and Role of Water Users Associations (WUAs). The key to the success
of the watercourse improvement program in Pakistan is farmers’ participation.
Watercourse improvement projects are driven by the community and share holders of the
watercourses. The OFWM staff would carry out the social mobilization program to
involve the farmers in the implementation of the proposed project. They have
successfully undertaken this function for past 30 years by organizing about 48,000
WUAs in the province for improvement of watercourses.
A WUA would be formed on each canal outlet or watercourse that will be registered
under “On Farm Water Management & Water Users Association Ordinance Act, 1981
(Amended 2001)” under the proposed project. The WUA will be the key institution for
implementation of watercourse development activities with following key
responsibilities:
� Provide right of way for constructing watercourse;
� Arrange skilled and unskilled labor required for reconstruction of earthen water
channel, installation of structures and lining of critical reaches;
� Procure construction materials for carrying out civil works;
� Settle matters of disputes amongst the water users in respect of channel alignment,
fixation of nuccas (outlets), distribution of work etc.
� Make alternate arrangements for conveyance of water during execution of works
� Carry out civil works in accordance with standards and specifications under the
supervision of OFWM field staff
� Regularly undertake O&M of new / improved watercourses
In addition, WUAs would be encouraged to assume following functions:
� participate in distributary level farmers’ organization and represent all users of the
watercourse;
� undertake construction / improvement of farmers’ branches and field ditches
� participate in the process of water allocations and distribution (warabandi) within the
watercourse command
� carry out O&M of community tube-wells
� install surface/sub-surface drains within watercourse command areas;
� facilitate distribution of non-water inputs;
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� participate in development and utilization of funding obtained from the government
or other sources.
Watercourse improvement works. The watercourse improvement/renovation would
consist of complete demolition of community channels and rebuilding/re-aligning them
according to the engineering design with clean compacted soil. Parts of reconstructed
channel are lined and necessary water control structures are installed to improve
conveyance of the canal and tube-well water. The standard "pucca" lining carried out
under previous and ongoing OFWM programs is a rectangular shaped channel using
double-brick masonry walls (23 cm) and a brick masonry bed (7 cm) plastered inside and
on top of the walls. This design has proved to be durable and easy to install. The same
will therefore be adopted under the proposed project. Other types of lining e.g. pre-
fabricated concrete (pre-cast parabolic lining), pipe, plastic etc. will also be followed
considering farmers’ choice, field conditions, and cost effectiveness.
Precast naccas would be installed at all junctions and authorized outlets to reduce
channel deterioration, seepage loss, and to improve water control. Under normal
conditions, where the land is fairly leveled and belongs to one or two farmers only, the
standard practice of providing one nacca (turnout and check) for every 25 acres is
satisfactory. Extra provision of naccas would be made where the land has been subjected
to fragmentation because of uneven topography, repeated division of ownership, and
social problems. Moreover, culverts would be constructed at major crossings, and a
limited number of checks/drop structures, animal wallows/buffalo baths, and laundry
sites would be provided as required. The construction of washing places and lining of
reaches through villages would provide additional public health benefits. It is planned
that execution of field activities will be carried out by the following procedures adopted
under earlier national program.
Component B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses. Many
watercourses in Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early part of the
program in the late 1970s. In order to fully realize the benefits, the improvement works
on these watercourses would have to be completed. The project would cover completion
of about 4,000 watercourses which have been partially improved in the past. Farmers
would contribute skilled and unskilled labor (30 percent of the cost) with the Project
funding the remaining cost. Improvement works and procedures would be similar to new
watercourses, as described above.
Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal
Commanded Areas. This component would cover watercourse improvements in the
rain-fed (barani) areas, i.e. areas which are not in the command of barrage controlled
irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes. These are generally small watercourses
and the cost of improvement is less than in other areas. The project would cover about
4,000 watercourses in barani areas. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor
(about 30 percent of the cost of the improvement works) while the Project would carry
the cost of the material. The standards and procedures for improvement would be the
same as described above.
Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices. The purpose of
this component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities
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under this component would include: (i) effective applied research, extension, and
agricultural information services; (ii) participatory training for farmers, involving training
of specific target groups in various agro-technical fields, farm management and irrigation
agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in improved and modern technologies and
methods to increase agricultural production through better agronomic practices; (iv)
training of the service providers, and training of trainers; and (iv) the establishment of a
Farmers Information Services Desk linked to the internet, electronic media and cell
phones etc. This would provide relevant information to farmers and to advise them on
making their farms more productive and sensitive to the market demands. The Water
Management Training Institute (WMTI), Lahore will provide training, research and
extension support for adoption of modern irrigation water management and conservation
techniques and technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is expected to result in
crop diversification, and crop husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture,
improved irrigation and drainage practices and better water management to improve
water use efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This would include
interventions to optimize field size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation,
irrigation using drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation system and ways to adapt these
technologies etc. For this purpose, demonstration plots would be developed in various
parts of the project area to complement the direct assistance and to promote new
technologies.
Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact. This component
would cover monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the project’s impacts. This would be
done primarily by using a sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, GIS
systems, and satellite data. The M&E activities would provide continuous feedback on
the project’s performance and impact of its various components to the GoPunjab, the
Project Policy Committee (PPC), Project Steering Committee (PSC), and the
implementing agency, so that corrective actions could be undertaken in a timely manner.
The M&E activities would cover three set of activities: (a) monitoring of project
implementation, checking and audit of project outputs and quality; (b) project impact;
and (c) monitoring of environmental and social impact and mitigation plans. The M&E
activities are likely to cover, but not limited to: (i) the impact of the I&D improvements
on water use efficiency, groundwater levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water
use; cropping patterns and yields; and livestock population, health and production; (ii)
socio-economic impacts and the impact on the level of employment, livelihood and
household incomes in the project area; estimation of the project’s overall benefits and
economic rate of returns. M&E would be carried out using latest technology such as
satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.
Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies.
This component would cover the cost of (i) project implementation and management,
including mobilization of farmers, surveys, engineering and designs, implementation
supervision and assistance to the farmers and suppliers, and ensuring quality of the works
carried out by farmers and suppliers/venders etc; (ii) project supervision and spot checks,
covering quality and quantity aspects, by third party consultants based on which the
funds would be disbursed; and (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that would be
identified during project implementation, and technical assistance, training, in particular
training to the project staff (i.e. training of trainers) in crop diversification, shift to
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horticulture, vegetable and floriculture crops, operation and maintenance of the irrigation
systems, and units installed under the project.
Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) (DGAWM) would be responsible
for implementation of the Project and act as the Project Director of the Project. The
Directorate of OFWM has demonstrated its capacity to implement such programs in
Punjab. It has implemented several World Bank-, ADB- and JICA-financed projects and
national programs for watercourse and high efficiency improvements. The detailed
implementation arrangements are described below.
The DGAWM reports to the Secretary Agriculture of the Government of Punjab.
DGAWM, as Project Director, would be responsible for all aspects of project, including
technical, implementation, procurement, financial management, and overseeing the
technical assistance and training program etc. The DGAWM would be supported by: (i)
Director Water Management - Headquarters (DWM-HQ); (ii) two Deputy Project
Directors at the Headquarters (DPD-HQ); (iii) Deputy Director at the Headquarters (DD-
HQ) for implementation and coordination of work on the HEIS and precision land
leveling; (iv) DD-HQ for watercourse improvements; (v) Deputy Director Finance with
accounting staff; (vi) a highly qualified procurement specialist with supporting
procurement staff; and (vii) support staff.
The on-farm water management function, that is water management below “mogha”
(outlet from the distributary canal and command area of community watercourse that is
managed by farmers), has been devolved to the District Governments under the
Devolution Plan of 2001. Under this set-up, an office of the District Officer (OFWM)
has been setup in all 36 districts of the Province for supervision of water management
activities. The tehsil is the lowest tier of the administration where the office of Deputy
District Officer (DDO, OFWM) carries out the execution of works through field staff
comprising of: (i) Deputy District Officer and one water management officer; (ii) two
water management supervisors; and support staff. Out of 133 tehsils in the province,
offices of DDO (OFWM) have been established at 101 Tehsil Headquarters of which 83
are in irrigated area and 18 are in barani areas.
Divisional Coordination Unit (DCU). At the divisional level, a Divisional Coordination
Unit (DCU) would help coordinate and supervise the project activities. The DCU would
be headed by one Deputy Project Director (DPD) who will be supported by two Assistant
Directors (Technical) one for HEIS and Precision Land leveling i.e. Component A of the
Project and second for Watercourse Improvements i.e. component B of the project.
District Office (OFWM) would be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal
monitoring at the district level. Its capacity would be strengthened by provision of
incremental staff for establishing HEIS Field Teams, comprising of two Water
Management Officers (WMO), one Computer Operator, one Vehicle Driver, and two
surveyors and Rodmen. The incremental staff shall be recruited on a contract basis for the
duration of the Project. In addition, the incremental staff comprising of Water
Management Supervisors and Rodmen will be provided to DDOs (OFWM) offices as per
work load/targets in various tehsils.
Project Supervision and Coordination. Several committees have been established to
ensure provincial oversight and coordination in implementation at various levels:
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� Project Policy Committee. The Project Policy Committee (PPC) would provide
planning and strategic guidance for project implementation as well as facilitate inter-
agency coordination at the highest level. The PPC would be chaired by the Chairman,
Planning and Development Board, Punjab with Secretaries of Agriculture, Irrigation
and Power (IPD), Local Government (LG) and Finance (FD) Departments as its
members.
Director General Agriculture (Water Management) will be the member/secretary of
the PPC. The PPC would initially meet quarterly or as often as required. The PPC
would, inter alia: (a) make policy decisions for smooth project execution; (b) ensure
coordination among all stakeholders; (c) arrange bridge financing for local resources
during any financial constraint from donors; (d) constitute committee/s for resolving
any policy related issue; (e) modify implementation mechanism for project
interventions, if needed; (f) approve criterion and mechanism for reappointment of
NPIW contractual staff in proposed project; and (g) Resolve issues constraining
smooth implementation of envisaged activities
� Project Steering Committee (PSC). The Project Steering Committee (PSC) would
be chaired by Secretary Agriculture, Government of the Punjab with Director General
Agriculture (Water Management), Punjab; Chief (Agriculture) Planning and
Development Department; Additional Secretary (Expenditure), Finance Department;
and Additional Secretary (Tech), Irrigation & Power Department as its members.
Director (Headquarters) (of the DGAWM office) would act as Secretary of the PSC.
The PSC would meet quarterly to review the physical and financial progress as well
as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in the field for execution of
project activities. The PSC will (a) approve annual work plan and streamline flow of
funds; (b) Monitor physical and financial progress; (c) identify the constraints in
achieving targets and devise strategies for their redressal; (d) review
provincial/district monitoring reports and take appropriate actions; (e) Constitute
committee/s for approval of equipment specifications/standards, prequalification of
supply and services companies for LASER land leveling units, HEISs, and
preparation of technical proforma; (f) formulate committee/s to resolve specific issues
relating to civil works, unspent funds, rates of construction materials, and make
recommendations for decision by the PPC; (g) Ensure implementation of decisions of
Project Policy Committee; and (h) devise mechanism for transparent monitoring of
project activities.
� Project Implementation Committee (PIC). The Project Implementation Committee
(PIC) would be chaired by Director General Agriculture (Water Management) with
Director (Headquarters), Director (Training), Deputy Directors (HQ), Deputy Project
Directors (HQs), Divisional Deputy Project Directors (M&E), District Officers
(OFWM), and Team Leader Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants
(PISCs) as its members. The Director (Headquarters) would act as Secretary of the
committee. The PIC would meet every month to review the physical and financial
progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in execution
of project activities. The major functions of PIC would, inter alia, be as follows: (a)
prepare annual work plan; (b) review physical and financial progress; (c) coordinate
and supervise the project activities; (d) ensure implementation of decisions of Project
Steering Committee; (e) formulate mechanism for transparent external monitoring of
project activities; and (f) review the monitoring reports and rectification of the
shortfalls
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� District Implementation Committee (DIC) The District Implementation Committee
(DIC) would be constituted in each district to implement the project at the district
level. It would comprise of (i) District Coordination Officer who would chair the
DIC; and (ii) its members who would be Executive District Officer (Finance &
Planning), Executive District Officer (Agriculture), Deputy Project Director, and
District Officer (OFWM) who would be Member/Secretary. The DIC is proposed to
meet on monthly basis to review physical and financial progress, ensure effective
project implementation, oversee proper flow of funds to WUAs, arrange transparent
internal monitoring of project activities, and make recommendations to the PIC for
the improving pace of implementation.
� District Rate Committee (DRC). The District Rate Committee (DRC) would be
constituted under the DIC to decide the rates of construction materials for
improvement of watercourses and would consist of District Officer (OFWM) as
Chairman and Deputy Project Director, Field Engineer (Consultant), Deputy District
Officer (OFWM), as members and ADT (OFWM) would be secretary. The DRC
will periodically review rates of various construction materials, fix price for different
materials for clusters on geographical basis, and ensure procurement of materials
within the fixed price limits.
Project Implementation and Supervision Consultants (PISCs). The project
implementation and supervision consultants (PISCs) would be selected through
international selection process under Component D2 of the Project. They would report to
DG OFWM and check the implementation program, quality of works, delivery of works,
and certify the quantities of work carried out and the payments. They would also help the
DG OFWM in project planning and management, quarterly progress reporting,
procurement planning, financial management and overall project management.
Monitoring and Evaluation, Technical Assistance and Training Consultants
(M&ETACs). These consultants using the resources allocated for component C of the
project would help (a) monitoring of the physical progress; (b) monitoring and evaluation
of the Project impact; (c) technical assistance and training to the service providers for the
HEIS and precision land leveling, to the individual farmers and WUAs as envisaged
under component C1 and C2 of the project and described in more detail above.
Description of Project Activities
The key project activities including drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, laser land
leveling, and water course improvement are introduced below.
Drip Irrigation 18
Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and
involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-
20 liters/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic
pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water
is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in
which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and
sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil
profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more
18
Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods – Training Manual No. 5. FAO 1988.
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frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very
favorable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops
where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high value
crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.
Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted
along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour
also. This is done to minimize changes in emitter discharge as a result of land elevation
changes.
Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clayey soils water must be applied slowly to
avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates
will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.
One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters
have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become
blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of
sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.
Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved
chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Filtration may remove some of the
materials but the problem may be complex to solve and requires an experienced engineer
or consultation with the equipment dealer.
Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water). Dripping
water to individual plants also means that the method can be very efficient in water use.
For this reason it is most suitable when water is scarce.
Sprinkler Irrigation 19
Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural
rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then
sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which
fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and
operating conditions must be designed to enable a uniform
application of water.
Sprinkler irrigation is suited for most row, field and tree
crops and water can be sprayed over or under the crop
canopy. However, large sprinklers are not recommended
for irrigation of delicate crops such as lettuce because the
large water drops produced by the sprinklers may damage
the crop.
Sprinkler irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope,
whether uniform or undulating. The lateral pipes supplying
water to the sprinklers should always be laid out along the
land contour whenever possible. This will minimize the
pressure changes at the sprinklers and provide a uniform irrigation.
19
Ibid.
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Sprinklers are best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration rates although they are
adaptable to most soils. The average application rate from the sprinklers (in mm/hour) is
always chosen to be less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil so that surface ponding
and runoff can be avoided. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils which easily form a crust.
If sprinkler irrigation is the only method available, then light fine sprays should be used.
The larger sprinklers producing larger water droplets are to be avoided.
A good clean supply of water, free of suspended sediments, is required to avoid problems
of sprinkler nozzle blockage and spoiling the crop by coating it with sediment.
Laser Land Leveling
Laser leveling is a process of smoothing the land surface
(± 2 cm) from its average elevation using laser-equipped
drag buckets. This practice uses large horsepower tractors
and soil movers that are equipped with global positioning
systems (GPS) and/or laser-guided instrumentation so
that the soil can be moved either by cutting or filling to
create the desired slope/level. This technique is well
known for achieving higher levels of accuracy in land
leveling and offers great potential for water savings and higher grain yields.
A laser transmitter transmits a laser beam, which is intercepted by the laser receiver
mounted on the leveling bucket. The control panel mounted on the tractor interprets the
signal from the receiver and opens or closes the hydraulic control valve, which raises or
lowers the bucket. Loose soils are picked up by the bucket and released lower in the field.
Benefits
� A precisely leveled surface leads to uniform soil moisture distribution, resulting in
good germination, enhanced input use efficiency and improved crop stand and yield.
� Laser leveling allows for control of water distribution with negligible water losses.
� Laser leveling improves irrigation efficiency and reduces the potential for nutrient
loss through better irrigation and runoff control.
� It facilitates uniformity in the placement of seedlings, helping to achieve higher
yields.
� Land leveling reduces weed (improved water coverage reduces weeds up to 40%),
pest, and disease problems.
� It results in 3 to 4 percent additional land recovery and improves operational
efficiency (reducing operating time by 10 percent to 15 percent).
� Leads to reduced consumption of seeds, fertilizers, chemicals and fuel
� Facilitates movement of agricultural machinery through the fields.
Water Course Improvement
Tertiary irrigation conveyance network in Pakistan is
called watercourses. These are community channels off-
taking from government controlled irrigation system. The
watercourses are operated and maintained by the
shareholders receiving water through these channels. A
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watercourse commands an area of about 150-250 hectares (375-625 acres) and is shared
by 40 to 50 farm families. Studies have indicated that about 40 percent of irrigation water
is lost during its conveyance through nation’s about 140,000 watercourses because of
their aging and deteriorated conditions. Previous experience of watercourse improvement
has shown that on an average, annual water saving in an improved watercourse is about
100 Acre Feet besides other socio-economic benefits.
The water course improvement consists of complete
demolition of community channel and its re-building and
re-alignment according to the proper engineering design
with clean compacted soil. Parts of the constructed
watercourse are brick-lined and necessary water control
structures are installed to improve water conveyance.
Precast naccas (control structures) are installed at all
junctions and authorized outlets in the water course to
reduce the channel deterioration, seepage losses and to
improve water control. Moreover culverts are installed at
major crossings as well as check/drop structures, animal
wallows, and clothes-washing sites for the communities.
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Project Alternatives This chapter considers various project alternatives, and the associated environmental as
well as social concerns.
No-project Alternative
The ‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable since in that scenario, a considerable
amount of irrigation water will continue to be wasted. As described in Section 1.1, the
irrigation sector in the Country suffers from among other factors low surface water
delivery efficiency as well as wasteful on-farm water use, and only 35-40 percent of the
irrigation water reaches from the canal head to the crop root zone. Pakistan relies upon
its irrigation network for 90 percent of its food production and 25 percent of its GDP. In
addition, the Country’s agriculture sector provides two-third of employment and 80
percent of exports. With rising population and the associated increasing pressure on food
and other commodities, and decreasing water availability in the rivers, improving the
water delivery efficiency is vitally important to enhance the irrigation productivity that
will in turn increase the productivity of agriculture sector.
Alternative Irrigation Methods
Flood irrigation has been the traditional method in the Country for ages. In this method,
the entire cultivation field is flooded with the irrigation water. This method is time
consuming and hence labor intensive, highly inefficient in terms of water usage, and also
results in other problems such as increased vulnerability to pest attacks and proliferation
of weeds, in turn resulting in the increased need of pesticides and weedicides. The high
efficiency irrigation methods proposed under the Project address all of these problems, in
addition to achieving enhanced yields and productivity of the farms. As already
mentioned in Section 1.1, these high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input
costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30
percent, diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water.
It is clear from the above comparison that the high efficiency irrigation methods are the
preferred option for irrigating the cultivation fields in the Country.
Environmental and Social Aspects
The high efficiency irrigation methods generally result in the reduced need of farm inputs
such as fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides, as mentioned above. The
controlled irrigation generally results in reduced vulnerability of the crops to the pest
attacks and reduced proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in reduced need of pesticides
and herbicides. In addition, fertigation (i.e., application of fertilizers or other soil
additives through the irrigation system) is possible for the high efficiency irrigation
systems, such as drip and sprinkler, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of the fertilizers
and hence their reduced quantities needed. Similarly, for these high efficiency irrigation
systems, chemigation (i.e., application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides through
the irrigation system) is possible, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of these chemicals
and hence their reduced quantities needed. The overall result of the high efficiency
irrigation system is therefore a much reduced usage of chemical inputs.
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The above mentioned reduced usage of chemical inputs affects the environment and
communities in a positive manner. The excessive usage of these chemicals causes
contamination of soil and water that may pose health hazards for the nearby communities
and may also harm the natural flora and fauna including beneficial insects that are
important for functions such as pollination. With the adoption of high efficiency
irrigation methods, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts
on communities and natural flora/fauna are likely to be reduced.
Alternative Land Leveling Methods
The conventional leveling with the help of tractors or graders is the major alternate to the
laser land leveling, which is included in the proposed project. Through the conventional
methods, land cannot be leveled with precision, hence the advantages of leveling cannot
be fully achieved. Unleveled fields result in improper irrigation, wastage of irrigation
water and also require additional farm labor.
On the basis of the above, it is evident that the precision land leveling through laser
leveling is a preferred mode of farm leveling.
Environmental and Social Aspects
No major environmental and social aspects are associated directly with the leveling
activity. The indirect aspects of the conventional leveling methods include increased
water consumption, increased need of pesticides, weedicides, and other chemical inputs.
This excessive usage of chemical inputs can potentially contaminate soil and water,
which may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and may also harm the
natural flora and fauna, as described above as well. It can therefore be concluded that
with the help of laser leveling, contamination of soil and water and the associated
negative impacts on communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.
Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation
The alternatives available for the on-farm water conservation include i) piped conveyance
system; re-alignment and brick-lining the entire length of the water course; and re-
aligning and improving the water course, but keeping it earthen (ie, without brick-lining).
The cost of the first alternative would be prohibitive with marginal benefits compared to
the second alternative, and the reduction of water losses will not be substantial in case of
the third option. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio is best for the second alternative, which
has been selected for the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Aspects
No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and
social consequences, except that the third option would not fully achieve the objective of
water conservation and associated benefits.
Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives
The beneficiaries of the high efficiency irrigation/laser land leveling/water course
improvement schemes under the proposed project would be required to share the cost of
establishing the schemes. Once established, these schemes will be operated and
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maintained by the beneficiaries themselves. This arrangement will ensure ‘ownership’ of
these schemes by the beneficiaries, and thus the sustainability of the initiative.
Other options include i) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the Project; ii) full cost
of the scheme to be covered by the beneficiary. The disadvantages of these alternatives
are quite obvious; the first option would result in lack of ownership of the schemes by the
beneficiaries, while the second option may fail to attract the farmers to adopt the new
initiatives included under the proposed project.
No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and
social consequences, except that the selected option will ensure beneficiary and
community participation.
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Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile This Chapter presents an overall profile of the existing environmental and socioeconomic
situation in the Province as the baseline conditions for project and it’s ESA, since the
sites for the interventions included in the proposed project are likely to be spread all over
Punjab. This baseline has been prepared based upon the secondary literature resources.
Location
The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the
Islamabad Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the
Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan;
north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province
(see Figure 5.1 for the map of the Province).
Physical Environment
Geography
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284
sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian
plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital
of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad,
Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to
six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the
Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's population
lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it
also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This
geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's
outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of
the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 20
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can
be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the
Thal and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab
from north to south.
The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found
throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to
the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north
as well.
Owing to its geographical disposition, the province exhibits wide variations of physical,
ecological, socio-cultural, and environmental features down from north to south and
across from east to west21
. Topographically, Punjab can be divided into following five
landforms22
:
20
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011. 21
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,
2008 22
Ibid
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� Upper hilly region
� Potohar (or Potwar) plateau
� Central plain lands (Doab23
)
� Desert like plains
� Cholistan and Thal deserts.
The upper hilly region is a southward continuation of the Himalaya foothills of Kashmir.
High rainfall, coniferous trees, and a cold weather characterize the region. Murree, with
an altitude of 2,300 meters24, is a popular hill station and a summer resort. The Potohar
Plateau, which also includes the Salt Range, is a land of undulating terrain. It lies
between rivers Indus and Jhelum. Besides a number of important archaeological sites, the
region is distinguished by diverse wildlife. The central part of the province comprises
low-lying floodplains along the rivers. This geographical relief has facilitated large-scale
cultivation, development of an extensive irrigation network, construction of roads,
railways, and other infrastructure. The general trend of gradient in plains is from north to
south and from west to east. The desert like plains present a transition zones between
floodplains and the deserts of Cholistan and Thal. Development of surface irrigation, to
some extent, has transformed their morphology into irrigable tracts. Thal and Cholistan
exhibit true desert features. Cholistan, locally known as Rohi, spans over an area of
16,000 km². It continues into Sindh province under the name “Thar” and into India as
“Rajhistan”25.
Geology and Seismology
Approximately 70 percent land area of the province comprises floodplains of Indus
Basin. Geologically, lands in the floodplains are lightly mantled with alluvial deposits
transported from the Himalaya foothills. The underlying bedrock is composed of
Precambrian metamorphic and tertiary consolidated rocks. The overlying alluvium
consists of Pleistocene to recent unconsolidated deposits of sand, clay and silt. The
formation age of the alluvium also relates from Pleistocene to recent, the latter being
predominant near the riverbanks and the former around the central part of the plains26
.
According to the seismic map of Pakistan, most parts of the province lie in zone “2A” of
the Earthquake Zones Classification of the Uniform Building Code (UBC – 1997) of the
United States. This zone is associated with unknown geologic conditions and the
earthquake damage is “moderate”. However, earthquakes of magnitude up to five on the
Richter scale, which generate ground acceleration up to 0.1g, have been reported for this
zone27
.
Soil Morphology
The texture, morphology, and moisture holding capacities of the soils in the province
vary from region to region. The surface crust soils are composed of alluvial deposits
consisting of silt, clay, sand, and loam. Clay and silt formations occur in discontinuous
23
Doab in local language is an area between two rivers 24
Informatory Brochure on Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab on Murree Hills 25
Geography of Punjab, Sang-e-Meel Publication, Lahore, 2007 26
Geological Survey of Pakistan <www.gsp.com.pk>, accessed on 07.01.2009 27
Ibid
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 3
November 2011
layers with limited lateral extent. Their thickness is generally less than five meters28
. Due
to rich surface irrigation in the central Punjab, the fertile soils of the floodplains give a
good per unit yield29
.
Meteorology, Climate, and Air Quality
Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-
February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April,
when the summer heat sets in.
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the
early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either
skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and
July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above
46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about
people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June
1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive
heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its
wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come
until late October.30
The general pattern of climate in the upper Punjab is characterized by a relatively higher
rainfall (approximately 1,000 mm compared to province’s average of 351 mm/annum)31
,
high humidity, low temperatures, and heavy monsoon precipitation. Southern Punjab has
a hot and dry climate with low rainfall32
. Summers are hot with moderate humidity,
whilst winters exhibit extreme cold. Spring and autumn seasons are the most pleasant
parts of the year. Mean winter temperature (December/January) in the plains and desert
areas range between 8.5°C and 12.5°C. The mean summer temperature remains around
35°C to 39°C with spikes crossing 42°C. The mean of the maximum temperature ranges
between 29-30°C and mean of the minimum from 15-16°C33
. Approximately 50 percent
of the average annual rainfall occurs during monsoon in the months of July and August34
.
The past climatic records indicate that rain rich years occurred at a cycle of 15-20 years
with intervening dry period35
.
Air Quality
A joint air quality study of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad by the Pak-EPA and the
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), showed that the average suspended
particulate matter (SPM) in the study districts was 6.4 times higher than WHO Guideline
Values. The levels of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also
exceeded the acceptable standards in some areas, but the average levels were below the
28
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 29
Ibid 30
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011. 31
Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, GoPb, 2007 32
Meteorological Profile of Punjab, Pakistan Meteorology Department, Lahore, 2008 (soft copy) 33
Ibid 34
Ibid 35
Ibid
Environmental and Social Assessment
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November 2011
Guideline Values36
. Another similar study of Gujranwala and Faisalabad also revealed
higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air37
. However, barring congested urban
centers, air quality in rest of the province generally conforms to WHO Guideline
Values38
. However, the project sites will essentially be located in rural areas where the
ambient air quality is likely to be free from most of the criteria pollutants such as sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.
Surface Water Resources
The River Indus and its tributaries constitute the surface water resources of the area.
These are briefly described below.
Indus River: The Indus River and its tributaries are the main source of surface water in
the Punjab Province (and in the country). The Indus rises in Tibet, at an altitude of about
5,486 m (18,000 feet) above mean sea level (amsl), and has a total catchment area of
654,329 km2. Length of the Indus River in the country is about 2,750 km. Five main
rivers that join the Indus from the eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
Besides these, two minor rivers - Soan and Haro - also drain into the Indus. On the
western side, a number of small rivers join Indus, the biggest of which is River Kabul
with its main tributaries i.e. Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. Several small streams such as
Kurram, Gomal, Kohat, Tai, and Tank also join the Indus on the right side.
The Indus River exhibits great seasonal variations, with more than 80 percent of the total
annual flow occurring during the summer months, peaking in June, July and August.
The Indus River and its tributaries on an average bring about 190 billion cubic meters
(bcm) (154 million acre-feet - MAF) of water annually. This includes 178.7 bcm (144.9
MAF) from the three western rivers and 11.2 bcm (9.14 MAF) from the eastern rivers.
Most of this, about 129.1 bcm (104.7 MAF) is diverted for irrigation, 48.6 bcm (39.4
MAF) flows to the sea and about 12.2 bcm (9.9 MAF) is consumed by the system losses
which include evaporation, seepage and spills during floods. The flows of the Indus and
its tributaries vary widely from year to year and within the year. As is the case with the
water availability there is significant variation in annual flows into sea.
Chenab River: The Chenab River is one of the major left bank tributaries of the Indus
River. The River Chenab originates in the Kulu and Kangra districts of the Himachal
Pardesh province of India, at an elevation of about 4,877 m (16,000 feet) amsl. The total
length of the river is about 1,242 km, of which approximately 729 km flow through
Pakistan. The total catchment area of the river is about 67,430 km2, of which 28,166 km
2
lie in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, 4,494 km2 in India and 34,885 km
2 in Pakistan.
Water discharges of the Chenab start rising in the later part of May and pass the
1,416 cubic meters per second (cumec) (50,000 cubic feet per second –cusecs) mark in
June. A high flow above 1,416 cumec (50,000 cusecs) continues till the middle of
September, the peak discharge months being July and August.
Ravi River: The Ravi River is the smallest of the five main eastern tributaries of the
Indus. It rises in the basin of Bangahal, India, and has a total catchment area of about
36
3-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad), JICA/Pak-EPA,
2001 37
2-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Gujranwala and Faisalabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2003 38
Air Quality Monitoring in Six Districts of Punjab using Physico-Chemical Techniques, Environment
Protection Department, Government of the Punjab, 2005
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 5
November 2011
40,769 km2. Length of the river in Pakistan is about 679 km. India has the full rights
over the Ravi waters in accordance with the Indus Basin Water Treaty of 1960, and
diverts all of its base flow for irrigation purposes.
Sutlej River: This Sutlej River originates in Western Tibet in the Kailas mountain
range, near the source of the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. It flows through
the Panjal and Siwalik mountain ranges and then enters the plains of Indian Punjab. The
total length of the river is about 1,551 km of which only 529 km runs in Pakistan. The
total catchment area of the River is about 106,728 km2. India has full rights over Sutlej
waters as well, according to the Indus Basin Water Treaty.
Rivers Water Quality: The water quality of Indus River and its tributaries is generally
considered excellent for irrigation purposes. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from
60 mg/l in the upper reaches to 375 mg/l in the lower reaches of the Indus, which are
reasonable levels for irrigated agriculture and also as raw water for domestic use. The
disposal of saline drainage from various irrigation projects has been a major factor in the
increased TDS in the lower reaches of the rivers in the Punjab. There is progressive
deterioration downstream and the salinity is at its maximum at the confluence of the
Chenab and Ravi rivers, where the TDS ranges from 207 to 907 mg/l. A slight
improvement in water quality is noted further downstream at Panjnad due to dilution
from the inflow from Sutlej River. The quality of the Indus water at Guddu, however, is
within acceptable limits for agriculture; TDS being in the range of 164-270 mg/l.
In the upper reaches of the Indus River, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content remains
above 8.5 mg/l which is well above the acceptable levels of 4 mg/l. The Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) downstream of Attock has been recorded as 2.9 mg/l. Indus
River water quality has been studied at the Dadu Moro Bridge and Kotri Barrage, with
nitrate levels at 1.1 and 7.5 mg/l, phosphate at 0.02 and 0.3 mg/l, BOD at 2.4 and 4.1
mg/l, faecal coliforms at 50 and 400 per ml, and aluminum at 1.8 and 0.2 mg/l
respectively. Due to industrial waste discharges from Punjab and Sindh, a high content
of heavy metals such as nickel, lead, zinc and cadmium have also been found in Indus
water.
Groundwater
The Punjab Province can be divided in four hydro-geological zones: Potohar plateau and
Salt Range, piedmont areas, alluvial plains, and Cholistan desert. The total groundwater
potential in the province (52.7 bcm or 42.75 MAF) is based upon rainfall recharge
(12.2 bcm or 9.90 MAF), groundwater recharge (8.7 bcm or 7.08 MAF), recharge from
rivers (4.3 bcm or 3.5 MAF), and recharge from the irrigation system (26.7 bcm or
21.70 MAF).39
The Indus Basin was formed by alluvial deposits carried by the Indus and its tributaries.
It is underlain by an unconfined aquifer covering about 15 million acres (60,700 km2) in
surface area. In the Punjab, about 79 percent of the area and in Sindh, about 28 percent
of the area is underlain by fresh groundwater. This is mostly used as supplemental
irrigation water and pumped through tube-wells. Some groundwater is saline. Water
from the saline tube wells is generally put into drains and, where this is not possible, it is
discharged into large canals for use in irrigation, after diluting with the fresh canal water.
39
Source: Pakistan’s Groundwater Reservoir and its Sustainability. Muhammad Amin, Member Water,
WAPDA.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 6
November 2011
Before the introduction of widespread irrigation, the groundwater table in the Indus Basin
varied from about 12 m in depth in Sindh and Bahawalpur areas to about 30 m in Rechna
Doab (the area between Ravi and Chenab Rivers). After the introduction of weir-
controlled irrigation, the groundwater table started rising due to poor irrigation
management, lack of drainage facilities and the resulting additional recharge from the
canals, distributaries, minors, water courses and irrigation fields. At some locations, the
water table rose to the ground surface or very close to the surface causing water-logging
and soil salinity, reducing productivity.
In the late 1950s, the Government of Pakistan embarked upon a program of Salinity
Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) wherein large deep tube wells were installed
to control the groundwater table. Over a period of about 30 years, some 13,500 tube-
wells were installed by the Government to lower the groundwater table. Of these, about
9,800 tube-wells were in the Punjab.
The SCARP project initially proved to be quite effective in lowering the water table but
with time, the performance of the SCARP tube-wells deteriorated. The development of
deep public tube wells under the SCARPS was soon followed by private investment in
shallow tube wells. Particularly in the eighties, the development of private tube wells
received a boost, when locally manufactured inexpensive diesel engines became
available. Most of these shallow tube wells were individually owned.
In the last 25-30 years, ground water has become a major supplement to canal supplies,
especially in the Upper Indus Plain, where ground water quality is good. Large scale
tube-well pumpage for irrigation started in the early sixties. There are presently more
than 500,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). According to a
study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the order of 67.8 bcm (55 MAF).
Major part of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is within the canal commands or
in the flood plains of the rivers. However, the amount of abstraction varies throughout
the area, reflecting inadequacy/unreliability of surface water supplies and groundwater
quality distribution.
The quality of groundwater ranges from fresh (salinity less than 1000 mg/l TDS) near the
major rivers to highly saline farther away, with salinity more than 3000 mg/l TDS. The
general distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and
mapped, as it influences the options for irrigation and drinking water supplies.
Availability and quality of groundwater, the depth of water table, and the aquifer
recharge rates considerably differ from area to area depending on a number of variables
such as amount of precipitation, proximity to surface water channels, and other
meteorological factors40
. About 79 percent area of the province has fresh groundwater41
.
High fluoride content is found in groundwater of the Salt Range42
. Water table varies
from as low as 1 meter in the waterlogged areas to as deep as 90 meters in desert areas43
.
The groundwater is drawn through hand pumps, tube-wells, springs, and public water
supply schemes. Tables 5.1 to 5.3 present typical groundwater quality of a few selected
40
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 41
Water Quality Status in Pakistan, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad, 2003 42
Ibid 43
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 7
November 2011
districts of the province i.e., Rawalpindi (northern Punjab), Sheikhupura (central Punjab),
and Bahawalpur (southern Punjab)44
.
Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas
The forests resources of the province include Coniferous Forests, Scrub Forests, Riverine
Forests, Irrigated Plantations, Linear Plantations, and Rangelands45. These are discussed
in Annex B.
Protected Areas
There exist one national park, nineteen wildlife sanctuaries and five game reserves in the
project area. A list of these protected areas is provided in Table 5.4.
Socioeconomic Profile
The salient social and socioeconomic features of the Province are described below;
further details are presented in Annex B.
Demographic Profile 46
The population of the province is estimated to be more than 81 million in 2010 and is
home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab
is Punjabi and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. The language is not
given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis
themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans and communities
(qaum in Urdu). In Pakistani Punjab these clans and communities have more to do with
traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social
stratifications.
The biradari, which literally means brotherhood is an important unit of Punjabi society,
and includes people claiming descent from a common ancestor. The biradaris
collectively form larger units known as quoms or tribes. Historically, these quoms were
endogamous, but latterly, especially in the large cities, there is considerable intermarriage
between members of different quoms, and differences are getting blurred. Important
quoms within Punjab include the Gondal, Arain, Niazi, Paracha, Aheer, Awan, Dogar,
Gakhars, Gujjars, Jat, Kamboh, Khokhar, Khattar, Mughal, Rajputs, Sheikh and Syeds.
Other smaller tribes are the Khateek, Maliar, Rawns, Pashtuns, Baloch, Khetran,
Rehmanis and the Maliks.
In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups in the
province include the Siraiki, Hindkowan, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. The
Muhajirs are Urdu speaking Muslim migrants from India and settled in Pakistan after
independence in 1947. Three decades of bloodshed in neighboring Afghanistan have also
brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the province.
As per the census of Pakistan 1998, linguistic distribution of the Punjab province is:
Punjabi (75.23 percent), Saraiki (17.36 percent), Urdu (4.51 percent), Pashto (1.16
44
Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring in 14 Districts of the Punjab, Environment Protection Department,
Government of the Punjab, 2003 45
Brief on Punjab Forest Department, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 2006 46
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 8
November 2011
percent), Balochi (0.66 percent), Sindhi (0.13 percent) others (0.95 percent). The
population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be between 97.21 percent Muslim with a
Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The largest non-Muslim
minority is Christians and make up 2.31 percent of the population. The Other minorities
include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Bahá'í.
The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a
shared heritage. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has
been disseminated by Tasawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the
remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.
Economy 47
Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan. Punjab's
economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7 percent in
2000 and 59 percent as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture
sectors of the Pakistan economy, with their contributions ranging from 52.1 to 64.5
percent and 56.1 to 61.5 percent, respectively. It is also major manpower contributor
because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained)
manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the
dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44 percent to
a high of 52.6 percent. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8 percent and during
the period 2002-03 to 2007-08, its economy grew at a rate of about 7 percent to 8 percent
per year, and during 2008-09 grew at 6 percent against the total GDP growth of Pakistan
at 4 percent.
Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its
manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical
appliances, surgical instruments, cement, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants,
cement plants, agriculture machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and
processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90 percent of the paper and paper
boards, 71 percent of the fertilizers, 69 percent of the sugar and 40 percent of the cement
of Pakistan.
Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-
irrigation system is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other
crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as
kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the
rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and
harvesting. Punjab contributes about 76 percent to annual food grain production in the
country. 51 million acres (210,000 km2) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres
(36,600 km2) are lying as cultivable waste in different parts of the province.
Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially
to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of
the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market
roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries
are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of
textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for
47
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 9
November 2011
processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries. Lahore and
Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The
district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, gas, petrol,
rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-
sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred
economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics,
and various other goods.
Land Use / Agricultural Profile
Agriculture is mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 21 percent of the GDP and
together with agro-based products fetches 80 percent of the country’s total export
earnings. More than 48 percent of the labor force is engaged in this sector.
The Punjab province has about 29 percent of the total reported, 57 percent of the total
cultivated and 69 percent of the total cropped area of Pakistan. It contributes a major
share in the agricultural economy of the country by providing about 83 percent of cotton,
80 percent of wheat, 97 percent fine aromatic rice, 63 percent of sugarcane and 51
percent of maize to the national food production. Among fruits, mango accounts for 66
percent, citrus more than 95 percent, guava 82 percent and dates 34 percent of total
national production of these fruits.
Agriculture is still the predominant economic activity of 64 percent population of the
rural Punjab. About 50 percent of total labor force is employed in agriculture. More than
70 percent of cropped area of Indus Basin is located in Punjab. The principal sources of
irrigation are the surface channels supplemented by tube-wells. Rainfall accounts only for
a small proportion of the irrigation sources. Sericulture, horticulture, and aviculture are
also gaining popularity. Investments in honeybee- sheep-, goat-, fish-, poultry, and dairy
farming are also increasing. The major seasonal crops include wheat, rice, maize, and
vegetables. Other agricultural products include fodder, fresh vegetables, and lattice48. The
reported area of Punjab is 17.62 million hectares, out of which 71 percent is cultivated
and the remaining is uncultivated49.
The land use in the province has been exhibiting change from agricultural to residential
and built-up structures. Whereas, land use in the urban centers is predominantly of fixed
and permanent structures, it is of mixed disposition in the suburbs and along outer rim of
the cities, where agricultural lands interpose with new constructions, inhabitations, and
farmhouses50. Table 5.5 presents the key data on land use statistics in the province,
whereas Table 5.6 provides the farm size characteristics.
Cultural Heritage
A large number of sites exist in the Province having archeological, historical, cultural,
and religious significance, and the ones that have been officially notified and protected
under the Antiquity Act, 1975 (see Section 2.1.11) are listed in Table 5.7.
48
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Protection Department, GoPb, 2008 49
Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007 50
Ibid
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 10
November 2011
Environmental Hotspots
The environmental hotspots in the Province are essentially the wildlife protected sites
discussed in Section 5.3.1 (listed in Table 5.4), and the cultural heritage sites described
in Section 5.4.4 above (listed in Table 5.7). In addition, heavily forested areas
particularly in Murree tehsil are also included in the environmental hotspots in the
Province. No project interventions will be carried out inside or at these hotspots.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 11
November 2011
Figure 0.1: Punjab Province
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 12
November 2011
Table 0.1: Groundwater Quality of Rawalpindi District
Parameter Unit WHO Limits Results
1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.2
2. Odor -- Unobjectionable Odorless
3. Color TCU 5 – 50 Clear
4. Taste -- Unobjectionable Tasteless
5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 6.2
6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 334
7. TSS mg/l -- 8
8. Calcium mg/l -- 41
9. Magnesium mg/l -- 30
10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 222
11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 41
12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 150 61
13. Nitrate mg/l 500 0.6
14. Fluoride mg/l 1.5 0.25
15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0
16. Lead mg/l 10 5.5
17. Total Coliform 0/100 ml --
(Source: Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring Report of the EPA, Punjab)
Table 0.2: Groundwater Quality of Sheikhupura District
Parameter Unit WHO Limits Results
1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.7
2. Odour -- Unobjectionable Odorless
3. Colour TCU 5 – 50 Clear
4. Taste -- Unobjectionable Tasteless
5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 5
6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 935
7. TSS mg/l -- 9
8. Calcium mg/l -- 73
9. Magnesium mg/l -- 64
10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 442
11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 172
12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 250 183
13. Nitrate mg/l 500 20
14. Fluoride mg/l 1.5 0.4
15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.003
16. Lead mg/l 10 7
17. Total Coliform 0/100 ml --
(Source: Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring Report of the EPA, Punjab)
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 13
November 2011
Table 0.3: Groundwater Quality of Bahawalpur District
Parameter Unit WHO Limits Results
1. pH -- 7.0 – 8.5 7.5
2. Odor -- Unobjectionable Odorless
3. Color TCU 5 – 50 Clear
4. Taste -- Unobjectionable Tasteless
5. Turbidity NTU 5 -25 5
6. TDS mg/l 500 – 1500 935
7. TSS mg/l -- 9
8. Calcium mg/l -- 73
9. Magnesium mg/l -- 64
10. Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 442.5
11. Chloride mg/l 75 – 200 173
12. Sulfate mg/l 50 – 150 183
13. Nitrate mg/l 500 21
14. Fluoride mg/l 1.5 0.4
15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.01
16. Lead mg/l 10 7
17. Total Coliform 0/100 ml --
(Source: Subsoil Water Quality Monitoring Report of the EPA, Punjab)
Table 0.4: Protected Areas in Punjab
Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates
Abbasia Reserve Forest 2,731 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bahawalpur R. F. Plantation 547 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/23 N. 71/39 E.
Bajwat 5,795 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Bhagat Reserve Forest 251 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bhakkar Forest Plantation 2,124 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/37 N. 71/03 E.
Bheni 2,068 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bhon Fazil 1,062 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Chak katora Reserve Forest 535 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Chak Reserve Forest 2,158 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Changa manga Plantation 5,063 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/05 N. 73/59 E.
Chashma Barrage 33,082 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/19 E.
Chashma Lake Not
Recorded
Unclassified 32/27 N. 71/19 E.
Chaupalia 9,857 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Chichawatni Forest Plantation 4,666 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/32 N. 72/42 E.
Chinji 6,070 National Park 32/42 N. 72/22 E.
Cholistan 660,921 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/59 N. 73/16 E.
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Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates
Cholistan 2,032,6 Game Reserve 29/23 N. 71/39 E.
Chumbi-Surla 55,943 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/50 N. 72/46 E.
Daluana 2,314 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Daman Reserve Forest 2,270 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Daphar Reserve Forest 2,897 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/24 N. 73/08 E.
Depalpur Plantation 2,928 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/40 N. 73/39 E.
Diljabba-Domeli 118,101 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Fateh Major Forest Plantation 1,255 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Gatwala 5,883 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Hamot Reserve Forest 889 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Head Islam/Chak Kotora 3,132 Game Reserve 29/49 N. 72/33 E.
Head Qadirabad 2,850 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.
Inayat Reserve Forest 4,211 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Indo/Pak Border Belt Not
Recorded
Game Reserve Not Recorded
Jalalpur Lake 42 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/32 N. 72/14 E.
Jalalpur Sharif Forest 2,263 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/41 N. 73/32 E.
Jauharabad Reserve Forest 399 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/17 N. 72/21 E.
Kala Chitta 132,605 Game Reserve N. 72/20 E.
Kalabagh Game Reserve 1,550 Unclassified 34/04 N. 71/36 E.
Kamalia Plantation 4,396 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/43 N. 72/43 E.
Kathar 1,141 Game Reserve 33/45 N. 73/07 E.
Khabbeke Lake 285 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/37 N. 72/14 E.
Khanewal Plantation 7,217 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/18 N. 71/56 E.
Kharar lake 235 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/52 N. 73/13 E.
Kheri Murat 5,616 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Kot Zabzal 10,117 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Kotla issan Reserve Forest 2,178 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Kundal Rakh 2,999 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Kundian plantation 7,800 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/29 E.
Lal Suhanra 51,588 National Park (WHS) 29/21 N. 71/58 E.
Lohi Bher Forest 887 Wildlife Sanctuary 33/43 N. 73/05 E.
Machu Plantation 4,109 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Miranpur Reserve Forest 768 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Mitha Tiwana Plantation 1,116 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Namal lake 482 Game Reserve 32/40 N. 71/49 E.
Pirawala kikarwala 506 Game Reserve 30/21 N. 72/02 E.
Qadirabad Head Works 2,849 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.
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Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates
Rahri Bungalow 5,463 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Rajan Shah Plantation 2,110 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Rakh Ghulaman 4,356 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Rasool Barrage 1,138 Game Reserve 32/42 N. 73/33 E.
Shorkot Forest Plantation 4,079 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/50 N. 72/04 E.
Sodhi I 5,817 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/35 N. 72/17 E.
Taunsa Barrage 6,566 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/42 N. 70/46 E.
Tehra Plantation 339 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Thal 71,275 Game Reserve 33/22 N. 70/33 E.
Ucchali lake 942 Game Reserve 32/36 N. 72/13 E.
Wathar Reserve Forest 1,874 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Table 0.5: Land Use Statistics of Punjab
Classification Area
(Million Hectares)
Area
(Million Acres)
Geographical Area 20.63 50.98
Total Area Reported 17.49 43.22
Forest Area 0.49 1.21
Not available for Cultivation 2.95 7.29
Culturable Waste 1.56 3.85
Cultivated Area 12.49 30.86
Current Fallow 1.39 3.43
Net Area Sown 11.10 27.43
Area Sown more than once 5.86 14.48
Total Cropped area 16.96 41.91
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2008-09
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Table 0.6: Farm Size Statistics
Farm Farms Area Size of Farm
(Hectares) Number % Hectares %
Avg. size of
Farm Area
(Hectares)
All Farms 3,864,166 * 11,261,963 *
Government Farms 96 * 26,802 *
Private Farms 3,864,070 100 11,235,161 100 2.9
Under 0.5 703,638 18 201,112 2 0.3
0.5 to under 1.0 617,265 16 459,408 4 0.7
1.0 to under 2.0 844,219 22 1,166,753 10 1.4
2.0 to under 3.0 597,863 15 1,403,901 12 2.3
3.0 to under 5.0 536,361 14 2,081,497 19 3.9
5.0 to under 10.0 368,362 10 2,422,326 22 6.6
10.0 to under 20.0 149,018 4 1,858,563 17 12.5
20.0 to under 40.0 36,696 1 909,254 8 24.8
40.0 to under 60.0 5,712 * 263,095 2 46.1
60.0 and above 4,932 * 469,257 4 95.1
* = Negligible.
Source: Census of Agriculture-2000 (Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2008-09)
Table 0.7: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab
Attock District
1. Lala Rukh’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
2. Begum ki Sarai, on left bank of Indus River near Attock fort, Attock.
3. Saidan Baoli, Hatti, Attock.
4. Hakim’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
5. Chitti Baoli, Pindi Suleman Makhan, Attock.
6. Attock Fort, Attock.
7. Attock tomb, on G. T. Road near Ziarat Hazrat Baba Sahib, Attock.
8. Behram ki Baraddari, Attock.
9. Tope and Mnastery (Buddhist remains), 5 miles east of Hasan Abal Baoli Pind, Attock.
10. Kallar (temple) or Sassi da Kallara, village Shah Muhammad Wali, Tesil Talagang, Attock.
11. Site at Garhi, village Malak Mala, 6 miles east of hasan Abal, Attock.
12. Inderkot mosque, Fateh Jang, Inderkot, Attock.
13. Buddhist site (Behari Colony) Hasan Abddal Town, Behari Colony, Attock.
Bahawalpur District
14. Tomb of Abu Hanifa, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
15. Tomb of Bibi Jawidi, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
16. Tomb of Nuria, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
17. Tomb of Bhawal Halee, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
18. Tomb of Musa Pak Shaheed, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
Dera Ghazi Khan District
19. Ghazi Khan’s Tomb, Mohalla Zaminaran, Village Chirotta, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
20. Ther Dallu Roy, Dajal, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
Fasialabad District
21. Wangar Wala Tibba, Chak No. 742, Tehsil Taoba Tek Singh, Faisalabad.
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Gujranwala District
22. Baraari in Sherawala garen, Gujranwala city.
23. Tomb of Abdul Nabi Kotli Maqbara, Gujranwala.
Gujrat District
24. Akbari Baoli in fort Gujrat city.
25. Bahar Wali, Baoli Kharian Town, Gujrat.
26. Tomb of Shaikh Ali Baig, locally called Hanjeera, Village Hailan, Tehsil Phalia, Gujrat.
Jhang District
27. Shahi Masi, Chiniot, Jahng.
28. Tomb of Shah Burhan, Chiniot, Jhang.
Jhelum District
29. Rohtas Fort, 5 miles from Dina Railway Station, Jhelum.
30. Ruined Temple with gateway, Melot, Jhelum.
31. Raja Mansigh’s Haveli Rohtas, Jhelum.
32. Hill measuring 25 ft. long and 190 ft. broad, Murti in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
33. Two ancient teples, Bhagan Wala, 11 miles from Haranpur Railway Station, Jhelum.
34. Ruins of Nandana, For Bhagan Wala, Jhelum.
35. Sardar of Hari Singh’s Haveli, Katas, Jhelum.
36. Ruined Buddhist Stupa area around it, Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
37. Satghara temple Village Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
Khanewal District
38. Tomb of Khali Walid, village Kabirwala, Khanewal.
Lahore District
39. Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan and Gateway, Lahore.
40. Buddo’s tomb, Lahore.
41. Sarvwala Maqbara, Lahore.
42. Huzuri Bagh Baradari, Lahore.
43. Dai Anga’s tomb, Lahore.
44. Shalamar Garden, including baradari, gateway, kiosks, pavilions, well, Naqqar Khana, asmani well and
garden, Lahore.
45. Old Fort, Lahore.
46. Buddho ka Awa, Lahore.
47. One kos minar, Lahore.
48. Roshani gate, Lahore.
49. Mirza Kamran’s baradari, Lahore.
50. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Lahroe.
51. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, 34-A, Mcleod Road, Lahore.
52. Chauburji, Mazang, Lahore.
53. Gulabi Bagh gatweay, Begumpura, Lahore.
54. Qutbudddin Aibak’s tomb, Anar kali street, Lahore.
55. Tiledd gatweay and two bastions, Nawankot, Lahore.
56. Two kos minars, Minola, 6 miles from Jullo, Lahore.
57. Tomb of Shaikh Mosa, Ahangar, mosque and house, Mcleod Road, 35, Chiraghan Street.
58. Tomb of (erroneously called) Zebun-Nisa, Nawankot, Lahore.
59. Naddira Begum’s tomb and tank, Mian Mir, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore.
60. Hujra Mir Mehdi (Janazegah), Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
61. Tomb of Prince Parwaiz, Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
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62. Tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, Mughalpura near Railway crossing, B-II, South of railway carriage
shop, Lahore.
63. Javedd Manzil, Allama Iqbal Road, Lahore.
64. Jahangir’s tomb and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
65. Akbari Sarai an mosque, Shahdara, Lahore.
66. Tomb of Asif Khan and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
67. Tomb of nur Jeha, Shahdara, Lahore,
68. Tomb of Mahabat Khan and boundary wall, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
69. Samadh of Rajit Singh, Karakh Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Lahore.
70. Tomb of Anarkali, Lahore.
71. Baradari and Samadh of Maharaja Sher Singh, Lahore.
72. Badshahi mosque, Lahore.
73. Wazir Khan’s mosque, Lahore.
74. Chitta gate, Chowk Wazir Khan inside elhi Gate, Lahore.
75. Another gate to northeast of Wazir Khan’s mosque, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
76. Well of Raja Dina Nath, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
77. Masti gate, Lahore.
78. Bhati gate, Lahore.
79. Sheranwala gate, Lahore.
80. Kashmiri gate, Lahore.
81. Lahori known as Lahori gate, Lahore.
82. Delhi gate, Lahore.
83. Wazir Khan’s hammams inside Delhi gate, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
84. Haveli Nau Nihal Singh including garden, quarters, latrine etc. inside Bhati gate, Kucha Nau Nihal
Singh, Lahore.
85. Tomb of Khawaja Sabir (Nawab Nusrat Khan) inside Railway Mechanical Workshop, Mughalpura,
Lahore.
86. Tomb of French Officer’s ddaughter, Kuri Bagh, Lahroe.
87. Wazir Khan’s baradari, oldd Anarkali, Behind Lahore Museum, Lahore.
88. Samadh of Jhingar Shah Suthra (Suthron ka Asthan) Suthron, Teshl Lahore, Lahore.
89. Samadh of Bhai Wasti Ram Tixali gate near Shahi Qila, Lahore.
90. A Mughal period tomb, Tehsil Lahore Singhapura, oppsite Police Post, Lahore.
91. Jani Khan’s tomb, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
92. Dai Anga’s mosque, Naulakha, Lahore.
93. Mosque with glazed tiles work, Bagumpura, Lahore.
94. Mosque of Nawab Zakariya Khan, Bagumpura, Lahore.
95. Inayat Bagh, opposite Shalamar Garden, Bagumpuura, Lahore.
96. Angori bagh, opposite Shalamaer Garen Bagumpura, Lahore.
97. Mariam Zammani mosque, insie Masti gate, Lahore.
Mianwali District
98. Shershah’s baoli, Wah Buchhran, Mianwali.
99. A buddhist Stupa with a surrounding area on River Inddus to the north of Village Rokhari.
Multan District
100. Sawi Masjid an graves, Kotla Tole Khan, Multan.
101. Tombs of Petrick Alexander Vana, Andrew & William Anderson, Old Fort, Multan.
102. Shrine of Rukne Alam, Old For, Multan.
103. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar’s mother, Sura Miana, Multan.
104. Tomb of Shams Tabriz, Sura Miana, Multan.
105. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar, Sura Miana, Multan.
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106. Tomb of Shah Yousuf Gardezi, Multan.
107. Mound Ratti Khari, Head Bust 133 village Bhatianwala, Teshil Kaberwala, Multan.
108. Tobm of Shah Hussain Soozai, near Abdal Road, Multan.
109. Tomb of Mai Mehraban, Mohallah Kirialoghana, Multan.
110 Ruined mosque Village Sargana, Multan.
111. Maryala Moun, Chak No. 267/IOR, Multan.
Muzaffargarh District
112. Tomb of Thar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Musaffargarh.
113. Mosque of Tahar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Muzaffargarh.
114. Tomb of Sheikh Sadan Shaheedd, Village Sadan, Muzaffargarh.
Rawalpini District
115. Tope or stupa (Buddhist), Mankiyala, Rawalpindi.
116. Top or stupa (Buddhist) Bhallar, Rawalpindi.
117. Pharwala fort Pharwala, Rawalpindi.
118. Losar baoli, Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi.
119. Bhir Moun,Taxila, Mauza Majawer, Rawalpindi.
120. The area or Track known as Babar Khan, Taxila, Babar Khan, Rawalpindi.
121. Kalawansite, Mauza Karawal, Rawalpindi.
122. Chirtope site, Taxila, Chirtope, Rawalpindi.
123. Sirkap site, Mauza Gangu Bahaddur, Rawalpindi.
124. Giri remains, Mauza Khuram Gujjar, Rawalpindi.
125. Mohra Maradu site, Taxila, Rawalpindi.
126. Rewat fort, Village Rewat, Rawalpindi.
127. Nicholson Column, Margala Pass, Rawalpindi.
128. Kos minar, Milestone 102, G.T. Road, Rawalpindi.
129. Kos Minar, near Golara Railway Station, Rawalpindi.
130. Farudgh-e-Shahan-e-Mughalia, tank and garden Wah, Rawalpindi.
131. Ratta Pind, Village Gangu Bahadur, Rawalpindi.
Sahiwal District
132. Mounds, Harappa, Saiwal.
133. Mir Chakar’s tomb, Satghara, Sahiwal.
134. Tomb of Syyed Daud Kirmani, Shergah, Sahiwal.
Sargodha District
135. Three temple inside fort, Amb Sargodha.
136. Site of ancient city, Bhera, Sargodha.
137. Site of ancient city, Vijjhi, 2 milles southwest of Miani known as Sabzal Pind, Sargodha.
138. A red sandstone teple, Sodhi Zerin, Sargodha.
Sheikhupura District
139. Sheikhupura fort, east of Sheikhupura town, Sheikhupura.
140. Baoli and mosque, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
141. Tank and tower, Sheikhupura.
142. Tomb of Abdullah Shah, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
143. Mound Mian Ali Sahib, Mian Ali Faqiran, Sheikhupura.
144. Tibba (Mound), Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura.
145. Tomb of Noor Muhammad, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
146. Tomb of Hafiz Barkhurdar, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
Sialkot District
147. Tibba Jolian, Sialkot.
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Stakeholder Consultations This Chapter provides the objectives, process and outcome of the stakeholders
consultations conducted as part of the ESA study.
Objectives
The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social
assessment for a project such as PIPIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication
channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the
objectives of the stakeholder consultation conducted as part of the present ESA were to:
� develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and
stakeholders,
� provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the
project and its potential or perceived impacts, and
� ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project
design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative
impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project.
Participation Framework
The stakeholder consultation is a continuous process, and should be carried out
throughout the life of project. The consultations carried out during the earlier
environmental study (PERI, 2004) as well as in the present ESA and reported in this
Chapter are essentially among the initial steps in this process. During the subsequent
project phases as well, participation of the project stakeholders need to be ensured.
Table 6.1 charts out the proposed participation framework during different project
phases, while Figure 6.1 provides the conceptual framework employed during the
stakeholders consultation carried out as part of the present ESA.
Stakeholder Identification
Stakeholder analysis was carried out to identify relevant stakeholders on the basis of their ability to influence the project or their vulnerability to be negatively impacted from it. This approach ensured that no relevant groups are excluded from the consultation, and appropriate engagement strategies are developed for each stakeholder.
Key stakeholders consulted at various levels include:
� People directly affected by the Project and Project beneficiaries (ie, farmers, WUA
members, other villagers).
� Sales and service companies
� Officials from the Agriculture Department
� Officials from agriculture research institutes
� Environment Protection Agency
� Academia
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� The broader interested community
� Donors
� NGOs, international organizations, and other interest groups.
Consultation Process
The consultations with the project stakeholders were carried out while conducting the
present ESA. A participatory and consultative approach was employed for information
gathering and data collection.
Meetings and consultations were held with a range of key informants as well as
government and civil society stakeholders at different levels. The focus group
discussions with smaller groups of grassroots stakeholders were held, whereas
discussions with the institutional stakeholders were arranged in consultation workshops.
These discussions were held with project affected people, project beneficiaries and other
local communities in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan,
Bhakkar, and Layyah districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of
the distinct regions of the province with respect to the cultivation and water availability –
Potwar, Central Punjab, Sothern Punjab, and Thal desert. This process of stakeholder
consultation was conceived to interact meaningfully with affected communities and other
stakeholders. The consultations also helped better understand local knowledge with
respect to the various sets of issues and concerns, and integrate these into the project
design and EMP. (Please see Annex C for stakeholder consultation details.)
Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders
The institutional stakeholder consultations were held during the workshops organized in
Rawalpindi and Multan. The representatives of the following organizations were invited
for these workshops:
� Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
� Punjab EPA and EPD
� Planning Commission
� P&DD, Punjab
� Ministry of Environment
� Ministry of Food and Agriculture
� Ministry of Water and Power
� Officials from the Agriculture Department,
Punjab
� NARC
� The Pakistan Water and Power
Development Authority (WAPDA)
� Pakistan Council for Research on Water
Resources (PCRWR)
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� Irrigation Department
� Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
� Agriculture University, Faisalabad
� National University of Science and
Technology (NUST)
� International Islamic University
� World Bank
� Asian Development Bank
� United Nations Development Program
(UNDP)
� Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI)
� Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)
� Cotton Research Center, Multan
� Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)
� International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
� WWF.
Concerns Raised and Suggestion Forwarded by Institutional Stakeholders
The institutional stakeholders raised several concerns and provided useful
suggestions/recommendations. These are provided below.
� The capacity building and awareness raising of farmers should also address the water-
borne diseases caused by over irrigation.
� The use of FM radio should be promoted for the awareness raising and capacity
building of farmers for the improved irrigation techniques.
� The research institutions should also play their role in capacity building of farmers
and the Department staff.
� The research institutes should arrange farmers’ gatherings and workshops.
� More effective investment is needed for the bed-furrowing with the help of laser
leveling.
� Trees and livestock are important elements of the rural agricultural economy. The
tree cutting caused by the water course improvement should be compensated through
plantation of appropriate tree species at appropriate locations.
� The tree plantation can be used for nitrogen fixing of soil, as wind breaker
particularly in areas that experience sand/wind storms.
� The drip irrigation should be promoted in areas having undulating terrain.
� The national water policy needs to be devised addressing judicious use of the
available water for irrigation.
� Sustainability of the modern irrigation techniques needs to be studied through
research.
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� The laser land leveling equipment should be provided to the rental services.
� Demonstration systems should be arranged at regional level to showcase the modern
irrigation techniques.
� The Project interventions can employ the rural unemployed youth.
� The private sector should be motivated to participate in promoting the modern
irrigation techniques.
� Drip irrigation system is ideal for locations where water is scarce.
� The private sector needs to be supported and encouraged to develop simple
machinery for bed-furrowing and other similar tasks.
� The water course improvement can potentially cause tree cutting and loss of natural
vegetation. Tree cuttings should be restricted to only those trees causing restriction in
water flow or hindrance in civil works.
� Existing provision for improvement of entire earthen section may be reconsidered to
relax the same for a certain portion located at tail end of watercourse where water
flows only for a few hours.
� The hydrology data needs to be collected and analyzed to fully understand the impact
of water course lining on the groundwater recharge.
� Laser land leveling is now becoming economically viable and sustainable. Other
interventions such as water course lining are not yet sustainable and government’s
support is needed to undertake these improvements.
� Environmental impacts of brick kilns, which would provide bricks for the Project,
needs to be highlighted.
� Local manufacturing of drip irrigation systems and their parts should be encouraged.
� The traditional flood irrigation system is no more viable in view of the water
shortage, hence high efficiency irrigation methods should be promoted through the
Project.
� Tube-wells should be installed giving due consideration to their location and inter-
tube-well distance.
� The lining of the water courses should be carried out beyond the current limit of 30
percent. The quality of water course lining needs to be improved, and the Department
team should regularly monitor this aspect.
� The soil and water pollution caused by the left over plastic tubing and other parts for
the drip/sprinkler irrigation system needs to be addressed.
� The drip irrigation system is currently suitable for large farmers having more
resources available to them and having more know-how/awareness. The barriers for
its adaptation by the small farmers need to me removed.
� Pest management component needs to be included in the Project, addressing the use
of pesticides (and other chemical inputs) in the high efficiency irrigation techniques.
Awareness raising and capacity building components should also be included in the
Project in this regard. Additionally, this aspect needs further field research as well.
� The contaminated water in the canals is causing diseases, since it is used for drinking
purposes as well in many areas.
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� The use of solar energy should also be explored for pumping groundwater.
� Trees are sometimes cut down for improving the water courses. The compensatory
tree plantation should be included in the Project (and Water User Associations’
contracts with the Department).
� The Department should also encourage the farmers to build water ponds to store
irrigation water.
� Laser leveling is highly beneficial for water conservation.
� The tube-wells are being misused, and there exists no law to control the installation of
new tube-wells.
� The Department should promote small dams and sprinkler/drip irrigation in Potohar
region of the Province.
Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations
The grass root consultations were carried out at the following locations:
� Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others,
Tehsil Hazro, District Attock
� Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil
Hazro, District Attock
� Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan and
others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock
� Farm of Moazzam Javed and others,
Tehsil and District Attock
� Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and
others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock
� Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and
others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District
Attock
� Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others,
Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near
Chakri)
� Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others,
Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near
Chakri)
� Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil
and District Chakwal
� Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others,
Tehsil and District Chakwal
� WUA # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore
Cantonment.
� WUA # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore
Cantonment
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� Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District
Sheikhupura
� Farm of Shabir Hussain and others, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura
� Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara
� Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara
� Farm of A. Ashiq Babar and others,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
� Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni,
District Sahiwal
� Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
� Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni,
District Sahiw al
� Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina,
District Multan
� Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District
Multan
� Farm near Karor, District Layyah
� Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others,
Karor, District Layyah
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 7
November 2011
� Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah
� Farm of Bashir A. Khan and others, District Bhakkar
� Farm of Rana Munawar and others; Chaubara, District Layyah
� Farm of Mohammad Husnain and others, Chaubara District Layyah
� Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others, Chaub ara, District Layyah
Table 6.2 presents list of the discussants and the key issues raised during the
consultations. The details of the consultations are provided in Annex C.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 8
November 2011
Table 0.1: Participation Framework
Project Stage Proposed Tool Stakeholders Consulted /
to be Consulted Responsibility
Project Design Phase Meetings with institutional stakeholders (carried out during the present ESA);
Meetings with grass root stakeholders (carried out during the present ESA)
(See Sections 6.5 and 6.6 for lists of key stakeholders consulted.)
Institutional stakeholders;
Grass root stakeholders, including the communities to be affected/benefitted during the project implementation.
ESA consultant.
Project Construction / implementation Phase
Sharing of the project objectives, project components, major benefits, potential impacts, and mitigation measures with the affected communities (and other stakeholders).
Institutional stakeholders;
Grass root stakeholders, including the communities to be affected during the project implementation.
The concerned Water Management Officer (WMO)
Grievance Redressal Mechanism (discussed in Section 8.7).
The communities to be affected/benefitted
WMO
Consultations with the communities during Environmental and Social Monitoring (discussed in Section 8.5).
The communities to be affected/benefitted
Consultations with the project affectees / beneficiaries and communities during the external monitoring (discussed in Section 8.5).
The communities to be affected/benefitted
External monitoring consultant.
Consultations with the project affectees / beneficiaries, and communities during the site visits by the WB monitoring mission.
The communities to be affected/benefitted;
District government officers
WB monitoring mission.
Project Operation Phase
Liaison with the communities The communities to be affected/benefitted
WMOs; Officials from DGA (WM).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 9
November 2011
Figure 0.1: Conceptual Framework for Consultations
Identification of grassroots level and management level
stakeholders
Individual consultations with the management level stakeholders
Individual consultations with
the grassroots level stakeholders
Group consultations with the grassroots and management level stakeholders
Discussions on the likely impacts of the project
Identification of the mitigation of the impacts of the project
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 10
November 2011
Table 0.2: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman
and others, Tehsil Hazro,
District Attock
10;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
District Officer
(DO), Deputy
District Officer
(DDO),
Assistant
Agriculture
Engineer (AAE)
Very positive impact on productivity;
water consumption after scheme
completion reduced to one-third; area
under cultivation increased; price of
land increased.
Extension of scheme is needed; the
farmers showed keenness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about high efficiency
irrigation techniques and the
forthcoming project.
Farm of Ahsan Khan and
others, Tehsil Hazro,
District Attock
9;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and DDO;
Supply and
Service
Company (SSC)
Farmers very happy with increased
productivity; water consumption after
scheme completion reduced to one-
third; area under cultivation increased;
price of land increased.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides
needed reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the
SSC support.
The farmers showed keenness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
Farm of Mohammad
Arshad Khan, and others
Tehsil Hazro, District
Attock
10;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and DDO;
Supply and
Service
Company (SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased
output; water consumption after
scheme completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides
needed reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the
SSC support.
The farmers showed willingness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
Farm of Moazzam Javed
and others, Tehsil and
District Attock
8;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
Farmers satisfied with increased
output; water consumption after
scheme completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides
needed reduced.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 11
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
(WM) officers;
DO and DDO The farmers showed willingness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about high efficiency
irrigation techniques and the
forthcoming project.
Farm of Malik Ghulam
Hussain and others, Tehsil
Jand, District Attock
12;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and DDO;
Supply and
Service
Company (SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased wheat
output; water consumption and cost of
irrigation after scheme completion
reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides
needed reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the
SSC support.
The farmers showed willingness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
Farm of Khursheed Ahmed
Khan and others, Tehsil
Fateh Jang, District Attock
15;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and DDO;
Supply and
Service
Company (SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased
orchard output; water consumption
and cost of irrigation after scheme
completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides
needed reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the
SSC support.
The farmers showed willingness to
participate in any future scheme of
same or similar nature.
Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq
and others, Tehsil and
District Rawalpindi (near
Chakri)
9;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and AE
Farmers showed satisfaction on the
success of scheme. They have applied
for drip irrigation scheme for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of
pesticides and fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to
more than 20 workers.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about high efficiency
irrigation techniques and the
forthcoming project.
Farm of Mian Abdul
Majeed and others, Tehsil
and District Rawalpindi
12;
Farmers;
Farmers reported increased output
from the farm after the completion of
the scheme. In addition to the
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 12
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
and District Rawalpindi
(near Chakri)
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and AE
the scheme. In addition to the
increased income to the owners, the
farm has provided employment to
about 50 workers.
The farmers enquired about any future
schemes offered by the Department.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about high efficiency
irrigation techniques and the
forthcoming project.
Farm of Iqtedar Amir and
others, Tehsil and District
Chakwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO and AE
Farmers satisfied on the success of
scheme. They have applied for drip
irrigation scheme for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of
pesticides but increased use of
fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to
more than 6 workers.
The farmers willing to adopt high
efficiency irrigation techniques.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about high efficiency
irrigation techniques and the
forthcoming project.
Farm of Mohammad Hayat
and others, Tehsil and
District Chakwal
11;
Farmers;
Directorate
General (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO
Farmers reported increased output
from the farm after the completion of
the scheme.
The farmers have applied for the
Government’s scheme for the high
efficiency irrigation system.
Water course # 7828
(Khwaja Faqir), Lahore
Cantonment.
21;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DDO, AAE,
WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
Farmers showed their satisfaction
about the water course improvement
and reported water conservation after
the completion of scheme. They
expected the Department to provide
further assistance.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be proper.
The community showed interest in
high efficiency irrigation methods and
laser land leveling.
The WUA members complained about
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 13
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the earlier
payment installments and decrease the
last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Water course # 4412/R
(Taqi Pur), Lahore
Cantonment
17;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DDO, AAE,
WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
Farmers reported water conservation
after the completion of scheme. They
expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in
high efficiency irrigation methods and
laser land leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the earlier
payment installments and decrease the
last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Farm (Countryside Natural
Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil
Ferozwala, District
Sheikhupura
10;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
The farmers reported achieving very
high yield from the farm using of the
drip irrigation system.
The quantities of pesticides and
fertilizers need were reduced.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 14
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
DDO, AAE,
SSC Water consumption was significantly
reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction
regarding the service provided by the
SSC.
Farm of Shabir Hussain,
Tehsil Muridke, District
Sheikhupura
11;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DDO, AAE,
SSC
The farmers reported achieving high
yield from the farm using of the
sprinkler irrigation system for wheat
crop.
The quantities of herbicides and
fertilizers need were reduced.
Water consumption was significantly
reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction
regarding the service provided by the
SSC.
Water course # 79430-L,
Renala Khurd, District
Okara
25;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO, DDO, AE;
Consultant
The farmers reported the reduction in
time required to irrigate the fields after
the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to
provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The farmers now moving to further
improvements such as laser land
leveling.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in
high efficiency irrigation methods and
laser land leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the initial
payment installments and decrease the
last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 15
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Water course # 40477-L,
Renala Khurd, District
Okara
22;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officers;
DO, DDO, AE;
Consultant
The farmers reported the reduction in
time required to irrigate the fields and
increase in the irrigated area after the
improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to
provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in
high efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the initial
payment installments and decrease the
last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Farm of M. Ashiq Babar,
Chichawatni, District
Sahiwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials,
DO, DDO, AE;
Consultant
The farmer reported about 30% saving
in water requirements after laser land
leveling.
Use of herbicides, fertilizer, and
pesticides reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction about
the equipment and after-sales service
provided by the SSC.
Water course # 6072-TR,
Chichawatni, District
Sahiwal
12;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
The farmers reported increased
availability of water and hence
increase in the irrigated area after the
improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to
provide more assistance for further
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 16
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials,
DO, DDO, AE;
Consultant
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in
high efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the initial
payment installments and decrease the
last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Farm of Malik Hammad
Hyder and others,
Chichawatni, District
Sahiwal
5;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials,
DO, DDO, AE,
Supervisor
Farmers reported 30% saving in water
use and 30% increase in yield after
laser land leveling.
Decreased use of fertilizer and
weedicides.
The farmer informed that without
subsidy, they and other farmers would
not be able to afford the laser land
leveling.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Water course # 13528-TF,
Chichawatni, District
Sahiwal
18;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials,
The WUA members reported
reduction in water losses, labor
required for irrigating the fields, and
water pilferage - because of the water
course improvement.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments from the
Government and difficulty in getting
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 17
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
DO, DDO, AE;
Consultant
farmers’ contributions. The farmers
usually have money only after the
harvest. The delays in payments also
affect the material purchase, since the
material rates keep on increasing. The
WUA members also complained about
tough criteria used by the consultants
for approving the works, increasing
labor expenses, and requested that the
Government’s share should be
increased.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about water course
improvement, laser land leveling and
high efficiency irrigation techniques in
the forthcoming project.
Water course # 16575-L,
Shakh-e-Madina, District
Multan
29;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO, AE,
WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
The farmers reported increased
availability of water and hence
increase in the irrigated area after the
improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to
provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the initial
payment installments and decrease the
last installment. They informed that
collecting farmers’ share was a very
difficult task. They requested the
Department to eliminate the farmers’
share altogether.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 18
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Water course # 37810-L,
Gagra, District Multan
27;
WUA members
and other
farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO, AE,
WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
The farmers reported increased
availability of water and hence
increase in the irrigated area after the
improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to
provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was
found to be effective. The WUA
documentation was found to be
acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested
the Department to increase the initial
payment installments and decrease the
last installment. They informed that
collecting farmers’ share was a very
difficult task.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory
tree plantation should be carried out.
The community showed its willingness
to undertake this compensatory
plantation.
The Department officials informed the
farmers about the forthcoming project
involving laser land leveling, high
efficiency irrigation techniques, and
water course improvement.
Government’s
Demonstration Farm near
Karor, District Layyah
6;
The farm’s
supervisors and
attendants;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO.
Drip irrigation has resulted in
decreased water needs, as well as
reduced pesticides, weedicides and
fertilizer usage.
Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba
and others, Karor, District
Layyah
10;
Farmers;
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption by 30%, increased yield,
and effective utilization of fertilizers
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 19
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
Layyah Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
and effective utilization of fertilizers
by adopting drip irrigation technique.
Farm of Asad Imran and
others, District Layyah
8;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced
need of fertilizers and pesticides by
adopting drip irrigation technique.
Farm of Bashir A. Khan,
District Bhakkar
7;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced
need of fertilizers and pesticides by
adopting drip irrigation technique.
Farm of Rana Munawar;
Chaubara, District Layyah
8;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced
need of fertilizers and pesticides by
adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.
Farm of Mohammad
Husnain, Chaubara District
Layyah
6;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced
need of fertilizers and pesticides by
adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.
Farm of Sardar Nasir
Abbas Magsi, Chaubara,
District Layyah
7;
Farmers;
Directorate
General
Agriculture
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced
need of fertilizers and pesticides by
adopting drip irrigation technique.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 20
November 2011
Location/Farmers Number and
Type of
Participants
Key Issue Discussed
(WM) officials;
DO, DDO,
WMO
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 1
November 2011
Impact Assessment This Chapter assesses the potential impacts of the proposed project on environment and
people. Also provided in the Chapter are the mitigation measures to minimize if not
eliminate the potentially negative impacts, in order to ensure that the interventions under
the proposed project do not cause environmental and/or social impacts beyond the
acceptable level.
Positive Impacts
The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water
conservation, enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and increased
employment opportunities for skilled people. In addition, the project interventions such
as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help discontinue usage of sewage water to
irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a practice that poses health
risks to the population consuming these vegetables.
Environmental Screening
The potentially negative impacts of the project interventions have been screened using
the ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for the irrigation projects as given
in Table 7.1 below.
Table 0.1: Environmental Screening
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
A. Project Siting
Is the Project area adjacent to or
within any of the following
environmentally sensitive areas?
• Protected Area
Unlikely - No subprojects to be located
inside any protected area.
• Wetland
Unlikely No subprojects to be located
inside any protected wetland.
• Mangrove
- ✔ No mangroves exist in the
Province.
• Estuarine
✔ No estuaries exist in the Project
Area.
• Buffer zone of protected area Unlikely - No subprojects to be located
inside any protected area.
• Special area for protecting
biodiversity
Unlikely - No subprojects to be located
inside any protected area.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 2
November 2011
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
B. Potential Environmental
Impacts
Will the Project cause…
• loss of precious ecological
values (e.g. result of
encroachment into
forests/swamplands or
historical/cultural
buildings/areas, disruption of
hydrology of natural
waterways, regional flooding,
and drainage hazards)?
Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be
located in cultivation fields.
Only some interventions could
be located in uncultivated areas.
No subprojects will be located
at any protected archeological,
cultural, or religious sites.
• conflicts in water supply
rights and related social
conflicts?
Unlikely - The project interventions will
not change the existing water
rights. Formulation of Water
User Associations (WUAs) will
address any possible conflicts.
• impediments to movements of
people and animals?
Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be
located in cultivation fields.
The water course improvements
include construction of culverts
at appropriate locations.
• potential ecological problems
due to increased soil erosion
and siltation, leading to
decreased stream capacity?
Unlikely
/
possibly
- The water course improvement
works will decrease soil
erosion.
Appropriate mitigation
measures have been included in
project interventions.
• Insufficient drainage leading
to salinity intrusion?
Unlikely - The project interventions are
unlikely to affect the drainage
pattern.
• over pumping of groundwater,
leading to salinization and
ground subsidence?
Unlikely - The project interventions will
promote judicious use and
hence conservation of irrigation
water, thus reducing the need of
ground water pumping. The
water course lining may reduce
groundwater recharge, but this
lining will be minimized in the
saline groundwater zone.
• impairment of downstream
water quality and therefore,
impairment of downstream
beneficial uses of water?
Unlikely
/
possibly.
- The high efficiency irrigation
schemes under the project will
generally result in reduced and
judicious use of chemical
inputs. The chemical inputs are
generally applied direcltly to
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 3
November 2011
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
the plant root zone, thus
reducing the possibility and
extent of soil and water
contamination. Awareness
raising has nonetheless been
included in the apacity building
component of the Project.
• dislocation or involuntary
resettlement of people?
Unlikely - Most of the project
interventions will be located in
cultivation fields. Only in rare
cases, uncultivated land will be
brought under cultivation.
Appropriate control measures
have been included to ensure
that no resettlement of people
takes place.
• disproportionate impacts on
the poor, women and children,
Indigenous Peoples or other
vulnerable groups?
Unlikely - The project will generally
benefit the land owners and
growers, however, these
interventions are unlikely to
negatively affect vulnerable
groups such as poor, women
and children. No indigenous
people are known to exist in the
Province.
• potential social conflicts
arising from land tenure and
land use issues?
Unlikely - The project benefits are
unlikely to change the existing
land tenure or land use rights.
Formulation of WUAs is likely
to address any possible
conflicts.
• soil erosion before
compaction and lining of
canals?
Unlikely
/
possibly
- Lining of water courses will
generally reduce the soil
erosion. Most of the
interventions will be located in
plain areas, thus minimizing the
possibility of soil erosion.
Appropriate mitigation
measures have been included in
the water course improvement
and other components to control
any soil erosion.
• noise from construction
equipment?
Unlikely - The noise during the project
interventions will primarily be
generated by tractors (laser land
leveling), and small trucks
(material hauling). These
Environmental and Social Assessment
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November 2011
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
vehicles will essentially operate
in cultivation fields, during the
day time, where such machinery
is routinely used. Hence the
noise generation from the
project intervention is unlikely
to cause any significant impact.
• dust during construction? Possibly - Some minor dust emissions are
likely to be caused by the
construction activities, however
these will take place within the
cultivation fields where such
dust emissions are quite routine.
• Water logging and soil
salinization due to inadequate
drainage and farm
management?
Unlikely - The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation.
Hence water logging and
salinization are not likely to
take place.
Soil slinization cuased by high
efficiency irrigation may be
controlled by flood irrigating
the field on occasional basis.
• leaching of soil nutrients and
changes in soil characteristics
due to excessive application
of irrigation water?
Unlikely - The project aims to conserve
water and discourage over-
irrigation. Hence leaching of
soil nutrients and soil
degradation are not likely to
take place.
• reduction of downstream
water supply during peak
seasons?
Unlikely - The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation.
Hence the project is unlikely to
negatively affect other water
users (other water users are
likely to benefit from the
project with increased water
availability).
• soil pollution, polluted farm
runoff and groundwater, and
public health risks due to
excessive application of
fertilizers and pesticides?
Possibly - The high efficiency irrigation
techniques under the project
need smaller quantities of
chemical inputs which are
applied directly to plant root
zone, thus reducing the resultant
soil and runoff contamination.
Appropriate awareness raising
and capacity building initiatives
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
have nonethelees been included
in the project design to address
the potential impacts.
• soil erosion (furrow, surface)? Unlikely - The project interventions (land
leveling, high efficiency
irrigation techniques, and water
course improvement) will
reduce and forestall soil
erosion, usually associated with
over-irrigation.
• scouring of canals? Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest
any previous scouring.
• clogging of canals by
sediments?
Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will arrest
sedimentation in the water
courses.
• clogging of canals by weeds? Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest
any clogging of the water
courses.
• seawater intrusion into
downstream freshwater
systems?
- ✔ No sea front exists in the
Province.
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
• introduction of increase in
incidence of waterborne or
water related diseases?
Unlikely
to
possibly
- The project interventions aim to
conserve water and discourage
over-irrigation. Therefore these
interventions are likely to
decrease waterborne or water-
related diseases. The capacity
building component of the
project will address this aspect
as well.
• dangers to a safe and healthy
working environment due to
physical, chemical and
biological hazards during
project construction and
operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly
- The physical hazards associated
with the project are same as the
other cultivation activities. The
biological and chemical hazards
are associated with the
injudicious and unsafe
use/handling of chemical
inputs. The project
interventions are likely to
reduce the need of these inputs.
The capacity building
component of the project will
nonetheless address these
aspects.
• large population influx during
project construction and
operation that causes
increased burden on social
infrastructure and services
(such as water supply and
sanitation systems)?
Unlikely - The individual subprojects are
quite small and localized, with
no possibility or need of any
population influx during
construction or operation.
• social conflicts if workers
from other regions or
countries are hired?
Unlikely - The individual subprojects are
quite small and localized, with
little possibility or need of
workers from other regions.
The contractors will be selected
by WUAs.
• risks to community health and
safety due to the transport,
storage, and use and/or
disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other
chemicals during construction
and operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly
The risk to community’s health
and safety is associated with the
handling of chemical inputs
(pesticides and fertilizers)
mentioned earlier as well. The
capacity building component of
the project will address these
aspects. The capacity building
component will also address
avoidance and cure of water borne and
water related diseases, particularly
malaria and dengue.
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
• community safety risks due to
both accidental and natural
hazards, especially where the
structural elements or
components of the project
(e.g., irrigation dams) are
accessible to members of the
affected community or where
their failure could result in
injury to the community
throughout project
construction, operation and
decommissioning?
Unlikely - The project interventions do not
include any structures (such as
dams and dikes) which could
pose hazard to the local
community through accidents or
natural disasters.
Assessment of Potential Impacts and Mitigation
The potentially negative impacts identified with the help of environmental screening
discussed in Section 7.2 are assessed in the subsections below.
Subproject Siting (Land Use, Landform, and Land Take)
Drip irrigation. The farmers will generally adopt the drip irrigation system on an
existing cultivation field/farm, thus causing no modification of land use or landform. In
some cases however, farmers may use land that is previously not under cultivation (as has
been observed particularly in Potohar, where farmers have grown orchards irrigated by
drip system in area that were lying vacant). The potentially negative impacts of such
changes in land use/land form include:
� disputes over land ownership, blocked access for people of the area,
� encroachment into any sensitive habitat and/or protected areas, and
� encroachment into any sites of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious
significance.
The proposed project will not need any land to be acquired and hence it will not cause
any involuntary resettlement.
Sprinkler irrigation and laser land leveling. These interventions will generally be
implemented in the existing cultivation fields, hence causing no changes in the land form
or land use.
Watercourse improvement: While improving the watercourse, it is sometimes realigned
also, thus causing change of land from and land use (this change is on a micro level; at
the macro level, no change takes place, since the area in general would remain under
cultivation after the completion of the scheme as well). The land under the watercourse
is generally owned by the water users, who greatly benefit from the watercourse
improvement, and therefore willingly donate the land.
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Mitigation Measures
For the schemes under the proposed project where an expansion of the cultivation
field/orchard takes place, the following measures will be implemented/included in the
design of the scheme:
� The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under the scheme
should be owned by the beneficiary. No involuntary resettlement should result from
such expansion of the cultivation area.
� It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.
� If trees are to be cut for any scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme
beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree
species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
� No schemes should be located inside or at any environmental hotspot as defined in
Section 5.5.
� The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrines.
� The ‘chance find’51
procedures will be included in the scheme agreements.
� Land for the realigned water course should be voluntarily donated by its owner(s),
and proper documentation should be completed for this donation. In addition, this
donation should be appropriately recorded in the WUA register.
Loss of Precious Ecological Values
The project interventions can potentially cause loss of precious ecological assets, if they
are inappropriately located and encroach into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural
buildings/areas, disrupt hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage
hazards.
Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures described in Section 7.3.1 above will address the potential
issues associated with the loss of precious ecological values.
Conflicts in Water Supply Rights
Increased irrigation water availability as a result of water course improvement and/or
adopting high efficiency irrigation techniques can potentially cause local conflicts among
the communities.
Mitigation Measures
Conflict avoidance and resolution are some of the key functions of the WUAs. The
social mobilization and capacity building components of the project will address
formulation and sustainability of the WUAs.
51
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious
significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of water ponds, the works will be
stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
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Disruption of Local Routes
During the construction activities of the project, local routes can potentially be blocked
adversely affecting the local communities and their livestock.
Mitigation Measures
� The design of water course improvement will include culverts at appropriate
locations.
� Any disruption of local routes will be minimized through astute planning.
� Any temporary blocking of local routes will be discussed in WUA meeting and
agreement reached considering alternate routes.
Soil Erosion and Topography
No project interventions are likely to involve any large excavation or any other activity
causing soil erosion. Some minor excavation is involved in the water course
improvement works, but the overall impact of this improvement is reduced soil erosion,
which takes place along the unimproved water course.
Some schemes under the project may involve constructing a water pond as the water
source for drip or sprinkler irrigation. Improper location/construction of pond can
potentially cause soil erosion/subsidence. Additionally, the surplus soil if inappropriately
disposed can potentially cause blocked drainage, loss of cultivable land, and associated
issues.
Mitigation Measures
The following measures will greatly reduce the potential impacts described above:
� During the water course improvement works, earthen channels will not be left un-
compacted for long durations.
� The soil excavated and silt removed during the water course improvement works will
be disposed appropriately, ensuring that it is not dumped in the cultivation fields, and
does not block the water courses, drains, or local routes.
� The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and designed,
addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and seepage.
� The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include proper
disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond itself).
Loss of Soil Productivity
The flood irrigation helps in leaching of salts present in the irrigation water (particularly
when groundwater is used) from the soil thus avoiding salt build up in the crop root zone.
However, the proposed high efficiency irrigation system may potentially lead to salt build
up in the crop root zone since the leaching is unlikely to take place with the controlled
irrigation. This phenomenon may be more likely in central and southern Punjab where
rainfall is too scanty and therefore little natural leaching of salts takes place.
Mitigation Measures
� Drip irrigation system should be preferred for row crops and for areas having loamy
soils.
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� Soil analyses should be carried out in the fields using high efficiency irrigation
systems to detect any salt build up in the crop root zone.
� In the fields using drip irrigation systems in areas with little or scanty rainfall,
occasional (say, once a year) flood irrigation may be considered to avoid salt build up
in the soil, particularly where groundwater is used for irrigation.
Reduced Groundwater Recharge
The water course lining while conserving water by reducing the water seepage from the
water courses can also potentially reduce the groundwater recharge thus affecting among
others the drinking water source for the local population. The groundwater in areas
where it is not saline or brackish has become a major source of irrigation water. The
seepage from the irrigation network and the cultivation fields is among the major sources
of recharge to this valuable natural water storage.
Mitigation Measures
One of the design criteria adopted by the Department is to limit the water course lining to
30 percent in the areas with fresh groundwater. This will ensure adequate groundwater
recharge from the remaining places.
In addition, the Department should utilize the results of the groundwater studies being
carried out by different organizations in the Country. This would help understand the
actual impact of the water course lining on the groundwater table.
Soil and Water Contamination
The application of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides) can potentially
cause soil and water contamination, having negative impacts on people, as well as on
natural flora and fauna. The high-efficiency irrigation techniques and laser land leveling
included in the proposed project generally increase the effectiveness of these inputs, thus
reducing the quantities of these inputs per unit farm produce. Particulalrly in case of the
HEIS, the fertilizers and pesticides are msoslty applied directly to the crop root zone,
which results into maximum absorption of these chemicals by the plant, thus reducing the
possibility and extent of soil and water contamination.
The installation of the drip or sprinkler system may also generate small quantities of
wastes, such as plastic tubing, pieces of metal pipes, and pipe fittings, as well as left over
construction material including cement, sand and bricks can potentially cause soil and
water contamination.
Mitigation Measures
� Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as
integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be
promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives which are
included in the Component C1 of the proposed project (see Section 3.4.3).
� The capacity building program will also include safe handling of hazardous
substances such as pesticides.
� Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It will be
ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left behind in the
cultivation fields.
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Impacts on Women, Children, Vulnerable Groups, and Indigenous People
The project interventions will generally benefit the land owners and growers, however,
these interventions are unlikely to negatively affect vulnerable groups such as poor,
women and children.
The proposed interventions are unlikely to negatively affect the gender roles and
responsibilities, nor the women of the area. Rather, watercourse improvement and high
efficiency irrigation systems are likely to facilitate the women laborers to carryout
irrigation and other on-farm activities more effectively. Similarly, construction of
washing bays on watercourses will benefit the local population particularly women.
No indigenous people are known to exist in the Province.
Mitigation Measures
No discrimination with respect to religion, caste, gender, or association with any social
group will be practiced while selecting the project beneficiaries.
Noise and Vibration
The activities under the proposed interventions, such as laser land leveling, will cause
some noise and vibration, however this noise will not be in excess to what is normally
generated in a cultivation field/farm during the routine cultivation activities.
Air Quality
Air quality deterioration in and around the farms participating in the proposed project can
potentially be caused by:
� increased use of chemical inputs, since certain volatile substances can become
airborne;
� use of diesel engines/tractors for water pumping and laser land leveling;
� Dust emissions from excavation and other construction works.
Mitigation Measures
� Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as
integrated pest management and using disease-resistant seeds) will be promoted
through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives, as described earlier.
� Awareness raising and capacity building initiative included in the proposed project
should also address aspects such:
� Keeping the tractors and diesel engines properly tuned and in good working
condition,
� Using proper fuel.
Water Consumption and Availability of Water in Downstream Areas
With the implementation of the proposed interventions, the water consumption generally
reduces, thus allowing more area to be irrigated with the same amount of water available.
This is a positive impact (and the key objective of the project) hence does not require any
mitigation.
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However, water consumption for any scheme involving new area to be brought under
cultivation, may potentially affect other water users.
Mitigation Measures
� It will be ensured that any new area development does not negatively affect
downstream water users.
� The water saved through the project interventions should be used to address the water
stress and/or to bring the fallow land under cultivation.
Clogging of Water Courses
Improper maintenance of water courses can potentially cause silting and clogging of
these channels, thus reducing the irrigation efficiency and water availability.
Mitigation Measures
The WUAs play an important role in maintaining the water courses in good condition.
Through social mobilization and capacity building during the project, the sustainability of
the WUAs will be promoted
Water Borne and Water-related Diseases
Construction and operation of irrigation schemes can potentially cause water borne and
water-related diseases. In particular, the ponds constructed to store water can provide
breeding areas for mosquitoes, potentially causing maleria and dengue.
Mitigation Measures
� The capacity building component of the project will address the importance of safe
drinking water and hygienic practices, thus addressing the water borne diseases.
� The capacity building program will also address the avoidance and cure of water-
related diseases. In particular, ways and means to avoid malaria and dengue will be
disseminated to the communities.
Safety Hazards and Public Health
Improper handling of pesticides and herbicides exposes the farm labor to hazardous and
toxic substances. Though, as mentioned earlier, the quantities of pesticides and
herbicides applied per unit produce are reduced by using the high efficiency irrigation
techniques, or by leveling the land, the overall quantities of these chemical inputs may
increase because of the increased productivity and higher intensity of cultivation. This
may increase the exposure of the farmers and farm labor to the hazardous substances.
The water pond constructed for the high efficiency irrigation systems may pose safety
hazards for the local population particularly children and also for the livestock. These
ponds may also become the breeding areas for disease vectors such as mosquitoes,
potentially causing malaria and dengue.
Mitigation Measures
� Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as
integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be
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promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives included in the
proposed project.
� The above mentioned awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also
address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
� Protective fencing would be erected around the water ponds.
� The capacity building program would also address the potential mosquito breeding in
the water ponds.
Influx of Workers and Employment
The water course improvement works will offer employment and/or small contracting
opportunities. Influx of laborers/contractors from other regions can potentially cause
conflict and tension between communities and these laborers and contractors.
Generally, the proposed interventions tend to reduce time and efforts needed to irrigate
the cultivation fields, which may reduce the need of farm labor. However, the increased
productivity from these fields more than compensates this reduction in farm labor
demand. In addition, the high efficiency irrigation techniques increase the demand of
labor having better skills and know-how.
Mitigation Measures
� Preference will be given to the local contractors and laborers. The WUAs will select
the contractors in accordance with the local norms.
� The capacity building component of the project will include trainings for operation
and maintenance of drip, sprinkler, and laser land leveling systems.
� The modern irrigation techniques also provide an opportunity for the unemployed
rural youth to be gainfully employed. Most of the modern high efficiency irrigation
techniques are being adopted by young, educated farmers. The capacity building and
awareness raising component of the Project should target this aspect also.
Impacts on Natural Flora and Fauna
Natural flora and fauna can potentially be negatively impacted by the proposed
interventions in the following manners:
� As mentioned in Section 7.3.8, the use of excessive chemical inputs causing soil and
water contamination, which in turn can potentially harm natural vegetation, beneficial
insects, birds, and other faunal species.
� Trees may need to be cut to undertake the improvement of watercourses particularly
its realignment.
� Trees may need to be cut and natural vegetation removed for implementing any
proposed scheme such as drip irrigation in a previously vacant area.
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures will avoid/reduce the potentially negative impacts of
the project interventions on the biological resources:
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� Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as
integrated pest management and using disease-resistant seeds) will be promoted
through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives as described earlier in
Section 7.3.8.
� Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those trees which cause
restriction/hindrance in water flow or civil works.
� If any trees are to be cut for watercourse improvement works, the WUA will carry out
compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted
should be at least three times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme.
� If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme
beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree
species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
� As mentioned earlier, no schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas
(see Table 5.4 for the list of such areas).
Grazing
Most of the interventions such as laser land leveling and watercourse improvement will
not have any impact on the grazing, since they will be implemented in the existing
cultivation fields as mentioned earlier as well. Implementing drip irrigation in previously
vacant areas can potentially negatively affect the grazing of livestock.
Mitigation Measures
It should be ensured that the vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be
established under the scheme is owned by the beneficiary.
Damage to Infrastructure
The proposed interventions will improve the on-farm irrigation infrastructure
(watercourses), will cause reduced irrigation water requirements per unit produce, and
will generally increase irrigated area and productivity of the cultivation fields. These are
positive impacts (and the key objectives of the project) hence do not require any
mitigation.
Improvement of some local infrastructure such as culverts for water courses is included
in the project design. Similarly washing bays will also be constructed at appropriate
locations along the water courses. On the other hand, the construction works can
potentially damage the local infrastructure.
Mitigation Measures
The WUA will ensure that any infrastructure such as culverts damaged during the
construction works is restored to same or better condition.
Sustainability of Interventions
Without appropriate backup support, interventions such as high efficiency irrigation
systems are not likely to be accepted by the growers. Any disruption of irrigation in
these high efficiency systems may cause water stress and associated damage to the crops.
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Mitigation Measures
The project will ensure strong and effective backup support to be provided by the
suppliers through appropriate contractual clauses. This arrangement has been quite
successful in providing after-sales support to the farmers during the on-going project.
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Environmental and Social Management Plan This Chapter presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the
proposed project.
ESMP Objectives
The ESMP aims to provide the implementation mechanism for the mitigation and control
measures for the potential impacts of the project on environment and people discussed in
Chapter 7. The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following:
� To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified
during the present ESA.
� To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation
and control measures
� To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation
of the mitigation and control measures.
� To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social
aspects of the project.
� To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP
implementation.
ESMP Components
In line with the ESMP objectives presented in Section 8.1 above, the key elements of the
ESMP include the following:
� Institutional setup
� Environmental and social guidelines,
� Monitoring mechanism,
� Environmental and social trainings,
� Grievance redressal mechanism
� Documentation and reporting system.
These ESMP components are described below.
Institutional Setup and Responsibilities
The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) – DGA (WM) – will be overall
responsible for environmental and social performance of the project in accordance with
the national and WB requirements.
The DGA (WM) will appoint a dedicated environmental/social development specialist or
designate an appropriate officer of the Directorate General to be the Environmental and
Social Coordinator (ESC) for the proposed project at the provincial level. The ESC will
ensure the effective implementation of ESMP throughout the project implementation.
S/he will also maintain liaison and coordination with the WMOs at the district level, who
will be designated as the district environmental and social coordinators (DESCs) in their
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respective districts. The DESCs will in turn supervise and coordinate with the WUAs
and farmers for the actual implementation of the environmental and social guidelines
(discussed in the next section) and other ESMP requirements during the project
implementation.
The Project Implementation and Supervision Consultant (PISC) will be responsible for
the implementation of ESMP while M&E Consultants will be responsible for the third
party monitoring. Production and maintenance of all the documentation outlined in
ESMP will be the responsibility of the PISC.
Environmental and Social Guidelines
Four sets of guidelines have been prepared, one each for the four types of interventions
included in the proposed project. These guidelines, presented in Tables 8.1 to 8.4, have
essentially been prepared on the basis of the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 7.
These guidelines will be made part of the agreements to be signed for each scheme under
the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Monitoring
The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring is to ensure the effective
implementation of the ESMP, particularly the environmental and social guidelines
described in Section 8.4 above.
The monitoring will be carried out at two tiers. At the first tier, the DESCs (WMOs) will
carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual
observations and discussions with the farmers/WUAs. At the second tier, the ESC and/or
the PISC will provide top supervision of the monitoring carried out by the DESCs, with
the help of spot checks during their field visits.
Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, the M&E
Consultants will carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation – TPV) on
an annual basis. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP
implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social
issues caused by the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to
improve ESMP and its various components.
Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising
The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic
knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with
the proposed interventions to the key project personnel including the ESC and DESCs.
The awareness raising initiatives on the other hand are essentially meant for the WUA
members and farmers participating in the schemes under the proposed project.
The training plan is presented in Table 8.5. The ESC will be responsible for the
implementation of this plan.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
The grievance redressal and dispute resolution mechanism is built in the WUA and SSC
contracts. The sample contracts are presented in Annex D.
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Documentation and Reporting
Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation
process. This will include the following:
� environmental and social checklists filled by the WUAs/farmers,
� environmental and social checklists filled by DESCs,
� visit reports with photographs prepared by the Supervision Consultants and ESC,
� annual third party monitoring reports,
� training reports to be prepared by ESC with the help of DESCs,
� district quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each DESC
in his/her respective district,
� quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by
the ESC on the basis of the district quarterly reports described above, and
� project completion report on overall ESMP implementation during the entire duration
of the project – to be prepared by ESC.
The ESC and PISC will be overall responsible for the above documentation and
reporting.
ESMP Implementation Budget
The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of six years has been
estimated to be Rs. 19.2 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost.
The breakdown of this estimate is provided below.
ESMP Implementation Budget
Description Cost (Pak Rs.) Notes/basis
Personnel cost ESC,
DESCs)
- No additional manpower
is needed.
Third party monitoring 9.0 million 1.5 m per year
Trainings 7.2 million 300,000 per training; 24
trainings
Miscellaneous expenses 3.0 million 0.5 m per year
Total (for 6 years) 19.2 million
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Table 0.1: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is
to be established under the scheme should be
owned by the beneficiary.
WMO/OFWM
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
WMO/OFWM
Land use, land form, and/or land
take (particularly when the
schemes are to be implemented
in previously vacant areas)
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving
expansion of cultivation area will be established
ensuring no negative impacts on downstream
water users.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The water ponds under the schemes will be
appropriately located and designed, addressing all
aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
WMO/OFWM Soil erosion and topography
The scheme design involving excavation of water
pond should include proper disposal of the surplus
soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond
itself).
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 5
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
farmer
Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas
where groundwater is used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if
salt built up is identified, particularly in areas
having little or scanty rainfall, and in soils having
poor drainage.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously
vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will
carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate
indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be
at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
Farmer
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 5.4 for the list of such
areas)
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
Farmer
Safety hazards/public health
Water ponds to have protective fencing. Farmer
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 6
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water
related diseases, particularly addressing mosquito
breeding in water ponds.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.
WMO/OFWM
The schemes should not be located in graveyards
or shrine.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
The ‘chance find’52
procures will be included
in the scheme agreements.
WMO/OFWM
Employment/contracting
opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be
preferred to carry out the construction and
operation activities.
Farmer
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
WMO/OFWM
52
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of
water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 7
November 2011
Table 0.2: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is
to be established under the scheme should be
owned by the beneficiary.
WMO/OFWM
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
WMO/OFWM
Land use, land form, and/or land
take (particularly when the
schemes are to be implemented
in previously vacant areas)
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving
expansion of cultivation area will be established
ensuring no negative impacts on downstream
water users.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The water ponds under the schemes will be
appropriately located and designed, addressing all
aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Soil erosion and topography
The scheme design involving excavation of water
pond should include proper disposal of the surplus
soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond
itself).
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 8
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas
where groundwater is used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if
salt built up is identified.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously
vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will
carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate
indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be
at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
Farmer
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 5.4) for the list of such
areas)
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
Farmer
Safety hazards/public health
Water ponds will have protective fence around
them.
Farmer
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 9
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water
related diseases, particularly addressing mosquito
breeding in the water ponds..
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The schemes should not be located in graveyards
or shrine.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
The ‘chance find’53
procures will be included
in the scheme agreements.
WMO/OFWM
Employment/contracting
opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be
preferred to carry out the construction and
operation activities.
Farmer
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
WMO/OFWM
53
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of
water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 10
November 2011
Table 0.3: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Air quality deterioration Tractors will be properly maintained and tuned to
minimize exhaust emissions, and proper fuel will
be used.
Farmer
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 5.4) for the list of such
areas)
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The schemes should not be located in graveyards
or shrine. WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
The ‘chance find’54
procures will be included
in the scheme agreements. WMO/OFWM
54
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of
water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 11
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
The farm owners will provide necessary
protective gear to the workers handling and
applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.
Farmer
Safety hazards/public health
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water
related diseases.
WMO/OFWM;
farmer
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be
preferred to carry out the leveling activities. Farmer
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
WMO/OFWM
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 12
November 2011
Table 0.4: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
Land for the realigned water course should be
voluntarily donated by its owner, and proper
documentation should be completed for this
donation.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
The donation should be appropriately recorded in
the WUA register.
WUA
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
WMO/OFWM
Land use, land form, and/or land
take
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Soil and water contamination
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Soil erosion Earthen portion of the water course will not be left
un-compacted for long durations.
Surplus soil and silt will be disposed appropriately,
without having any impacts on water courses, local
routes, cultivation fields, or drains.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Conflicts Social mobilization and capacity building will
address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 13
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address conflict
avoidance and resolution.
WUA
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those
trees which cause restriction/hindrance in water
flow or civil works. If any trees are to be cut, the
WUA will carry out compensatory plantation of
appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus
planted should be at least three times the number of
trees cut for establishing the scheme.
WUA
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 5.4) for the list of such
areas)
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 5.7.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
The schemes should not be located in graveyards
or shrine.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Damage to cultural heritage
The ‘chance find’55
procures will be included
in the scheme agreements.
WMO/OFWM
Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
55
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of
water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 14
November 2011
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
WUA/farmers
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water
related diseases.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be
preferred to carry out the construction and
operation activities.
WUA
Clogging of water courses Social mobilization and capacity building will
address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address proper
maintenance and care of water courses.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Sustainability of scheme Social mobilization will address the sustainability
of WUAs, which in turn will ensure proper
operation and maintenance of water courses.
WMO/OFWM;
WUA
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 15
November 2011
Table 0.5: Environmental and Social Training Plan
Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency
Environmental and social
trainings
Environmental and social
awareness;
Key environmental and social
issues associated with project
ESA findings;
ESMP and its components;
ESMP implementation.
ESC, DESCs, Supervision
Consultants; others
At the start of the project;
Afterwards as required
Awareness raising Judicious use of fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides;
Use of alternate techniques
(such as IPM, using better
seeds) to reduce the application
of chemical inputs;
Safe handling and application
of pesticides and herbicides and
use of protective gear;
Waste disposal;
Community mobilization (for
WUA members)
WUA members, farmers On-going
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-1
November 2011
Annex A. National Environmental Quality Standards
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA
1997, specify the following standards:
� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial
sources,
� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial
effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of
numbers).
� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.
� Ambient air quality standards.
� Drinking water standards
� Noise standards.
The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 below. Only a few of these
standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to
the environment from the activities under the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-2
November 2011
Table A.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents
Parameter Unit Standards (maximum
allowable limit)
Temperature increase °C < 3
pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9
5-day biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) at 20 °C
mg/l 80
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150
Total suspended solids mg/l 200
Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500
Grease and oil mg/l 10
Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1
Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000
Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10
Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600
Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0
Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40
Cadmium mg/l 0.1
Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0
Copper mg/l 1.0
Lead mg/l 0.5
Mercury mg/l 0.01
Selenium mg/l 0.5
Nickel mg/l 1.0
Silver mg/l 1.0
Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0
Zinc mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 1.0
Barium mg/l 1.5
Iron mg/l 8.0
Manganese mg/l 1.5
Boron mg/l 6.0
Chlorine mg/l 1.0
Notes:
1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated
effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.
2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should
meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-3
November 2011
Table A.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions
mg/Nm3
unless otherwise stated
Parameter Source of Emission Standards
(maximum allowable limit)
Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale
or equivalent smoke number
(a) Boilers and furnaces:
i. Oil fired
ii. Coal fired
iii. Cement Kilns
300
500
300
Particulate matter 1
(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker
coolers and related processes,
metallurgical processes,
converters, blast furnaces and
cupolas
500
Hydrogen Chloride Any 400
Chlorine Any 150
Hydrogen fluoride Any 150
Hydrogen sulphide Any 10
Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000 Sulphur Oxides 2, 3
Other Plants except power Plants
operating on oil and coal 1,700
Carbon Monoxide Any 800
Lead Any 50
Mercury Any 10
Cadmium Any 20
Arsenic Any 20
Copper Any 50
Antimony Any 20
Zinc Any 200
Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000 Oxides of Nitrogen 3
Other plants except power plants
operating on oil or coal:
i. Gas fired
ii. Oil fired
iii. Coal fired
400
600
1,200
Explanations:
1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.
2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated.
3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel
shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-4
November 2011
Table A.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air 56
Concentration in Ambient Air
Pollutants
Time-
weighted
Average Effective from
1st July 2010
Effective from
1st
January 2013
Method of Measurement
Annual
Average*
80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Sulfur
Dioxide
(SO2) 24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Annual
Average*
40 µg/m3 40 µg/m
3 Oxides of
Nitrogen as
(NO) 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m
3
Gas Phase Chemiluminescence
Annual
Average*
40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 Oxides of
Nitrogen as
(NO2) 24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Gas Phase Chemiluminescence
Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m3 Non dispersive UV
absorption
Annual
Average*
400 µg/m3 360 µg/m
3 Suspended
Particulate
Matter (SPM) 24 hours** 550 µg/m3 500 µg/m3
High Volume Sampling, (Average
flow rate not less than1.1
m3/minute).
Annual
Average*
200 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 Respirable
Particulate
Matter. PM10
24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m3
β Ray absorption
Annual
Average*
25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m3
Respirable
Particulate
Matter. PM2.5
1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m
3
β Ray absorption
Annual
Average*
1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m
3 Lead (Pb)
24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3
ASS Method after sampling using
EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter
paper
8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO) 1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)
*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but
not on two consecutive days.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010).
56
Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:
(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-5
November 2011
Table A.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 57
(i) For In-use Vehicles
Parameter Standard (Maximum
Permissible Limit) Measuring Method Applicability
1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the
Ringlemann Scale
during engine
acceleration mode.
To be compared with
Ringlemann Chart at a
distance 6 or more. r
2 Carbon
Monoxide
6% Under idling conditions:
Non-dispersive infrared
detection through gas
analyzer.
3 Noise 85 db (A). Sound meter at 7.5
meters from the source.
Immediate effect
(ii) For new Vehicles
Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles
(a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km)
Type of
Vehicle Category/Class Tiers CO
HC+
NOx PM
Measuring
Method Applicability
Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 Passenger
Cars
M 1: with
reference mass
(RW) upto 2500
kg. Cars with RW
over 2500 kg to
meet NI category
standards.
Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10
NEDC (ECE
15+
EUDCL)
Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 NI-I (RW<1250
kg) Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10
Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12 NI-II (1250 kg<
RW <1700 kg0 Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14
Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17
Light
Commercial
Vehicles
NI-III (RW>1700
kg) Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20
i. All
imported and
local
manufactured
diesel
vehicles with
effect from
01-07-2012
Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the
source.
57
Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website:
(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-6
November 2011
(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)
Type of
Vehicle
Category /
Class Tiers CO HC NOx PM
Measuring
Method Applicability
Heavy Duty
Diesel
Engines
Trucks and
Buses
Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49 All Imported
and local
manufactured
diesel vehicles
with the effect
1-7-2012
Large goods
Vehicles
N2 (2000 and
up
Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC
Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the
source.
Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km)
Type of
Vehicle Category / Class Tiers CO
HC+
NOx
Measuring
Method Applicability
Passenger M 1: With reference
mass (RW) upto 2500
kg. Cars with RW over
2500 kg. to meet N1
category standards
Pak-II 2.20 0.50
N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50
N1-II (1250 kg>RW
<1700 kg)
Pak-II
4.00
0.65
Light
Commercial
Vehicles
N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80
NEDC (ECE
15 +
EUDCL)
2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II
5.50
1.50
Motor
Rickshaws &
motor Cycles 2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30
ECER 40
All imported and
new models* locally
manufactured petrol
vehicles with effect
from 1st July, 2009**
Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from
the source
Explanations:
DI: Direct Injection
IDI: Indirect Injection
EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle
NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle
M: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than
eight seats in addition to the driver's seat
N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.
* New model means both model and engine type change
** The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to Pak-II
emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012
Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-7
November 2011
Table A.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality58
Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan
Bacterial
All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or
Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli or
thermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or
thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are
examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples
taken throughout any 12- month period.
Physical
Color ≤15 TCU
Taste Non objectionable/Accept able
Odor Non objectionable/Accept able
Turbidity < 5 NTU
Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l
TDS < 1000
pH 6.5 – 8.5
Chemical
Essential Inorganic mg/Litre
Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2
Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P)
Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P)
Barium (Ba) 0.7
Boron (B) 0.3
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chloride (Cl) <250
Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05
Copper (Cu) 2
Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre
Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05
Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5
Lead (Pb) ≤0.05
Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5
Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001
Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02
58
Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:
(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab A-8
November 2011
Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan
Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50
Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)
Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P)
Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source
Zinc (Zn) 5.0
Organic
Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial
No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**
Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002
Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method)
Radioactive
Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1
Beta Emitters 1
* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.
** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).
Table A.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 59
Limit in dB(A) Leq *
Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July 2012 Category of
Area/Zone Day time Night time Day time Night time
Residential area 65 50 55 45
Commercial area 70 60 65 55
Industrial area 80 75 75 65
Silence zone 55 45 50 45
Notes:
1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.
3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not
less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the
competent authority.
* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).
59
Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:
(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-1
November 2011
Annex B. Baseline Details
Forests, Habitat, and Ecologically Sensitive Areas
The forests resources of the province include Coniferous Forests, Scrub Forests, Riverine
Forests, Irrigated Plantations, Linear Plantations, and Rangelands60.
Natural Habitats
The existing natural habitat of the province is largely a modified habitat owing to human
interventions. Construction of an extensive irrigation network during early 20th
century
paved the way for transformation of the Tropical Thorn Forests into agricultural lands.
This has led to a changed landscape and loss of wildlife. Nine habitat types have been
identified in the province, of which deserts, sub-tropical deciduous, and wetlands are of
concern with regard to threat to wildlife61. The major habitats along with their
geographical areas are described below.
Temperate Coniferous Forests Ecozone
This zone starts at about 1,980 m (6,500 feet) amsl. This habitat is mostly found in the
upper reaches of Murree, Galiat, parts of AJK, parts of northern KP and the Gilgit-
Baltistan. Its upper limit is higher than the mountains of the project area. This Ecozone
is internationally known as hotspot of bird species. The forest vegetation comprises of
mix of conifers and broad-leaved species. The main forest trees are Blue Pine or Kail
Pinus wallichiana, Yew - Burmi Taxus baccata, Silver Fir Abies pindrow, Elm Tree
Ulmus wallichiana, Oak – Barungi Quercus dilatata, Oak – Ban / Reen Quercus incana,
Horse-chestnut – Bankhor Aesculus incana, Maple Acer caesium, Poplar – Palach
Populus ciliata, Bird Cherry Prunus padus. The undershrubs of the forest are Berberis
ceratophylla, Berberis lycium, Lonicera alpigena, Viburnum nervosum, Skimmia
laureola, Voila, Impatiens, Indigofera and many more.
The faunal species found in this ecozone are listed in Table B.1.
Cheer Pine Forest Ecozone
The Moist Temperate Coniferous Forests Ecozone, at its lower margin at about 1,980 m
(about 6,500 feet) amsl blends with Cheer Pine forest. This ecozone is usually found at
intermediate heights, and is scattered in various parts of northern Punjab, northern KP
and parts of Balochistan. This forest belt remains above about 900 m (about 3,000 feet)
amsl. Cheer Pine dominates, hence the name of this Ecozone. However, Quercus incana
grow on cooler aspects and in depressions of the slopes where the soil is somewhat
deeper. The understorey is sparse, especially the shrub layer, and in some sites un-
decomposed pine needles form a thick mat covering of the forest floor. Among the
shrubs Berberis lycium, Myrsine africana, and Carissa opaca are found in varing
proportion depending upon their distribution at different slopes and aspects. Rumex
hastatus is one of the commonest small shrubs among the rocks. Other species that are
found in this zone includes Plectranthus coetsa, Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium
60
Brief on Punjab Forest Department, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 2006 61
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, Government of the
Punjab, Final Report, 2008
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November 2011
quadrifarium, Vitis jacquemontii, Geranium himalayense, Inula cappa, and Woodfordia
fruticosa.
A large number of herbaceous plant species such as Viola sp., Micromeria biflora,
Adiantum incisum, Galium sp., Plectranthus sp., Geranium spp., Fragaria sp., and Rubus
sp grow here. This herbaceous cover has mostly perennial or annual plants. Among the
grasses, Themeda sp., Aristada Cyanantha and Heteropogon contortus are well
represented.
The faunal species found in this ecozone are listed in Table B.2.
Tropical Deciduous Forest Ecozone
This ecozone is primarily found in the Himalayan foothills. It has deciduous tree species
of Indo-Malayan origin: Acacia modesta, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Ficus
carica, Shorea robusta, Salmalia malabarica, Streculia villosa, Punica granatum, and
Lannea coromandelica. The understorey comprises of Dodonea, viscose, Woodfordia
fruiticosa, Carissa spinarum, Adhatoda vasica, and Zizyphus mauritiana.
The fauna of this zone is almost the same as that of the Cheer Pine Ecozone listed in
Table B.2, except the Barking deer untiacus muntjack and the Pangolin Manis
crassicaudata, which are found in the tropical deciduous ecozone.
Arid Sub-Tropical Forests Ecozone
This zone covers whole of the Potohar Plateau and the Salt range. It is dominated by
Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidate and on dry slopes Dodonea viscos. Other flora consists
of Tecomella undulata, Monotheca buxifolia, Eryngium billardieri, Adhatoda vasica,
Witbania coagulans, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Cynodon dsactylon, Calligonum
polygonoides, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Fagonia cretica,
Euphorbia prostrata, Dipterygium glaucum, Tribulus terrestris, Digiteria bicornis,
Capparis aphylla, Hetropogon contotuis, Rhazya stricta; Saccharum munja, Grewia tenax,
Zizyphus nummularia, Cynglossum lanceolatum, Monothca buxifolia and Prosopis
spicigera. It is mostly modified into agriculture habitat and overgrazed, eroded
rangeland.
The faunal species of the ecozone are listed in Table B.3.
Tropical Thorn Forest
This habitat was the most extensive ecozone of the Indus plain, and currently exists only
in places where the land has not been converted for habitation or cultivation. This habitat
comprises low forests of thorny and hard-wooded tree species, dominated by Acacia spp.
The trees of such forests have short boles and low branching crowns. These are usually
not close-growth trees hence their canopies touch each other in exceptionally favorable
spots. The usual height of the trees is 20-30 feet (6-9 m). Other plants that grow mixed
with Acacia include Salvadora, Prosopis, Capparis, and Tamarix. The shrubs of the
ecozone included Calotropis, Zizyphus, Suaed, while herbs of the area included
Chenopodium, Calligonum, Haloxylon and various species of grasses.
Mammals usually found in such forest areas included Long-eared Hedgehog, Grey
Mongoose, Bengal Fox, Jackal, Wolf, Jungle Cat, Civet Cat, Wild Boar, Desert Jirds and
Porcupine.
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Birds of the ecozone included Grey Partridge, Peafowl, Common Quail, Ring Dove, Red
Turtle Dove, Little Brown Dove, Green Pigeon, Hoopoe, Spotted Owlet, Barn Owl,
Dusky Horned Owl, Indian Nightjar, Wryneck, Golden-backed woodpecker, Pied
Woodpecker, Wood Shrike, Great Grey Shrike, Rufous-backed shrike, Fantail Flycatcher,
Common babbler, Jungle babbler and many other species of passerine birds.
Reptiles of the area included Bengal Monitor Lizard, Garden Lizard, Spiny-tailed Lizard,
Cobra, Krait, Vipers and Rat Snake.
Tropical Habitats of Thal and Cholistan Deserts
These deserts are characterized by undulating sand dunes with occasional trees such as
Acacia, Prosopis, Capparis, Tammarix and small vegetation like Calligonum, Alhagi,
Pennisetum and Haloxylon.
The key mammals of these areas include Chinkara Gazelle, Nilgai, Blackbuck, Caracal,
Desert Cat, Civet Cat and Desert Fox. Wild birds of the area include Grey Partridge,
Houbara Bustard, Great Indian Bustard, Indian Courser, species of Sandgrouse, Little
Brown Dove, Shrikes, Larks and Finches.
The key reptiles of the ecozone included Cobra, Krait, Russel’s Viper, Saw-scaled Viper,
Yellow Varanus and many other small lizard species.
Riverine Tract Habitats
Originally the riverine habitats used to have heavy, seasonal floods. Since forecasting
and prior warning were not available to the rural people, these habitats were not occupied
for agriculture and habitation. Natural resource exploitation was also not extensive. As a
result, this natural flora along the rivers flourished. These included: Tamarix,
Saccharum, populus and Acacia. Typha growth was common wherever the water was
stagnant or slow moving.
The mammals of such habitat included Hog Deer, Wild Boar, Fishing Cat, Jungle Cat,
Small Indian Civet, Smooth-coated Otter and Indus Blind Dolphin. The wild avifauna of
the area included around forty species of Ducks and Geese, Black Partridge, Countless
number and species of waders, Purple Moorhen, Common and White-breasted Moorhen,
Yellow-eyed Babbler, and several Passerine species. The key reptiles of the area
included Monitor Lizard and several species of Turtles.
Modified Nature of Habitat
Major parts of the original habitats described above have been modified into new
habitats, primarily as a result of extensive cultivation and expanding urban centers as well
as rural settlements. These new habitat types are briefly discussed below.
Rakhs and Irrigated Plantations
Rakhs are areas where inundation water reaches and the trees grow in good condition.
Usually Prospis spiciger may grow with closed canopy. Chichawatni Rakh is one such
plantation in the project area. Other irrigation plantations in the area are located at Sama
Satta and Lal Suhanra. The tree species in such plantations include Shisham, Mulbery,
Kikar and Euclayptus. Large number of bird nest in all the plantations. These are also
the habitats of Wild Boar, Porcupine, Jackal, Jungle cat, Bengal fox and Monitor Lizard.
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Wetlands
The wetlands of the region include rivers, canals, ponds and water logged areas. These
areas provide great resources for human needs, while providing good habitat for water
related species as well. Reeds, water reeds, Typha, Lotus, Water nut and Bladderworts
grow in these habitats. These habitats also support a large variety of fish.
Some of the threats these wetlands currently face include: polluted waters in rivers and
canals; burning of reed; and cutting of typha for commercial purposes.
Agricultural Habitats
Most parts of the Punjab are under very intensive irrigated cultivation. In addition,
livestock rearing is also practiced extensively, and milk animals are common. The use of
the chemical fertilizers and pesticides is very common. Several species of wildlife have
adapted to the changed habitat. These include: Jackal; Jungle Cat, Bengal Fox, Small
Indian Mongoose, Shrew, Rodent pests including Porcupine, Fruit Bats and Wild Boar.
The avifauna which survived the modified habitat include Doves, Black Partridge,
Cuckoos, Koel, Woodpeckers, Parakeets, Bulbuls, Babblers, Black Drongo, Bee-eaters,
Finches and House Sparrow. The reptilian species of this modified habitat include Krait,
Cobra, Saw-scaled Viper, Rat Snake and Monitor Lizard.
In these modified habitats, the winter bird species from Himalayas have reduced due to
the extensive use of pesticides in these areas, since these species feed on the insects.
These birds play an important role in controlling insects particularly in the forests.
Almost all of the project interventions will be undertaken in this habitat type.
Rural and Urban Habitats
These include human habitations within agriculture areas, as well as the urban centers.
Scavengers like Jackals are attracted to the garbage dumps and human feces for food.
House Sparrows breed in the houses. Bank Mynas and Cattle Egrets feed on
grasshoppers in the rangelands with cattle and buffalos. Banyan and Peepal trees still
grow in villages. Green Pigeons and barbets feed in these trees.
Some of the oldest trees still stand in the old British era colonies. Some rare species of
birds such as hornbills, Green Pigeon, Barbets still live on them. Large populations of
Pigeons breed in urban houses. Kites, Crows, Mynas, House Sparrows, and Alexandrine
Parakeets breed in the urban areas.
Usually Shisham and Acacia trees are planted alongside the roads and canals. Mostly
Doves breed on such trees.
Table B.1: Fauna of Moist Temperate Forest Ecozone
Mammals:
White-toothed Shrew Crocodura pullata, Dark Whiskered Bat Myotis muricola, Common cerotine bat Eptesicus
serotinus, Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta, Jacal Canis ayreus, Hill Fox Vulpes vulpes, Yellow - throated Marten
Martes flavigula, Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Leopard cat Prionailurus benagalensis, Common Leopard Panthera
pardus, Large red flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista, Small grey flying squirrel Hylopetes fimbriatus, Indian
Porcupine Hystrix indica, Turkistan Rat Rattus turkestanicus, and Murree Vole Hyperacrius.
Birds:
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Feather-toed Hawk Eagle or Mountain Hawk Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis, Koklass Pheasant Pucracia macrolopha,
Slaty Headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana, Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus
canorus, White-throated Needle-tail Swift Hirundapus caudacutus, Pacific Swift or Asian White-rumped Swift Apus
pacificus, Little Swift or House Swift Apus affinis, Great Hill Barbet Megalaima virens, Scaly-bellied Green
Woodpecker Picus squamatus, Black-naped Green Woodpecker Picus canus, Himalayan Pied Woodpecker
Dendrocopus himalayensis, Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis, Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica,
Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus, Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Indian Blue Chat or Indian
Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, Orange flanked Bush Robin Tarsiger cyanurus, Dark-grey Bush-Chat Saxicola ferrea,
Chestnut-bellied Rock Thrush Monticola rufiventris, Blue Whistling Thrush Myiophoneus caeruleus, Dusky Thrush
Turdus naumanni, Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca, Grey-headed Flycatcher Warbler Seicercus xanthoschistos,
Continued…
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November 2011
…Continues
Large Crowned Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis, Large-billed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris, Yellow-
browed Leaf Warbler Phyllosopus inornatus, Goldcrest Regulus regulus, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara,
Blue-throated Flycatcher Cyornis rubeculoides, Verditer Flycatcher Muscicapa thalassina, Sooty or dark-sided
Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica, Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris, Slaty-blue Flycatcher Ficedula tricolor,
Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris, Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis, White-throated Fantail
Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis, Variegated Laughing-thrush Garrulax variegates, Streaked or Himalayan Laughing-
thrush Garrulax lineatus, Black-capped Sibia Hetrophasia capistrata, Red-headed long-tailed Tit Aegithalos
concinnus, Black Crested Tit or Simla Tit Parus rufonuchalis, Crested Black Tit Parus melanolophus, Great Tit Parus
major, Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus, White-cheeked Nuthatch Sitta leucopsis, Bar-tailed or Himalayan Tree-
creeper Certhia himalayana, Fire-capped Tit Cephlopyrus flammiceps, Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa,
Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus, Jay Garrulus glandarius, Lanceolated Jay
Garrulus lanceolatus, Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa flavirostris, Himalayan Jungle Crow Corvus
macrorhynchos, Jungle Myana Acridotheres fuscus, Cinnamon Tree Sparrow Passer rutilans, Spotted Munia
Lonchura punctulata, Brambling Fringilla montifingilla, Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Plain Mountain Finch
Leucosticte nemoricola, Red-mantled Rosefinch Caprodacus grandis, Black and Yellow Grosbeak Mycerobas
icterioides, and Spotted-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas melanozanthos.
Reptiles:
Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor, Rock Agama Agama tuberculata, Kumaon Mountain Lizzard Japalura
kumaonensis, Yellow-bellied Mole Skink Eumeces taeniolatus, Himalayan Skink Scincella himalayana, and Monitor
Lizard Varanus bengalensis.
Snakes:
Royle’s Snake Spalerosophis atriceps, Diadem Snake Spalerosophis diadema, Rat Snake or Dhaman Ptyas mucosus,
Dark-headec Dwarf Snake Eirenis persica, Afro-Asian Sand Snake Psammophis schokari,Flat-headed Keelback
Amphiesma platyceps, Russet Kukri Snake Oligodon arnensis, Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus, Russell’s Viper
Vipera russelii, and Himalayan Pit-viper Agkistrodon himalayanus.
Amphibia:
Himalayan Toad Bufo himalayanus, Common Asian Toad Bufo melanostictus, and Murree Hill Frog Paa vicina.
Table B.2: Fauna of Cheer Pine Forest Ecozone
Mammals:
Hedgehog Hemiechinus collaris, Shrew Suncus murinus, Fruit Bat Rousettus leschenaultii, Flying Fox Pteropus
giganteus, Serotine Eptesicus serotinus, Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta, Jackal Canis aureus, Hill Fox Vulpes vulpes,
Yellow - throated Marten Martes flavigula, Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Leopard cat Prionailurus benagalensis,
Common Leopard Panthera pardus, Grey Goral Naemorhedus goral, Small grey flying squirrel Hylopetes fimbriatus,
Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica, Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennantii, Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi, Small
Mongoose Herpestes javanicus, and Pangolin Manis crassicaudata.
Birds:
Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus, Indian Kite or Pariah Kite Milvus migrans, Bearded Vulture or
Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinis, Lesser
Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina, Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax, Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Kestrel Falco
tinnunculus, Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus, Kaleej Pheasant or White-crested Kaleej, Blue Rock Pigeon
Columba livia, Spotted Dove or Chinese Dove Streptopelia chinensis, Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis,
Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon Treron sphenura, Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala,
Continued…
Environmental and Social Assessment
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November 2011
…Continues
Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Indian Cuckoo Cuculus
micropterus, Himalayan Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus, Koel Eudynamys scolopacea, Indian Scops Owl Otus
bakkamoena, Spotted Scops Owl Ottus spilocephalus, Himalayan Barred Owl Glaucidium cuculoides, Allied Nightjar
Caprimulgus affinis, Little House swift Apus affinis, White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrensis, Pied Kingfisher
Ceryle rudis, Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis, Kashmir Roller Coracias garrulous, Hoopoe Upupa epops,
Blue-throated Barbet Megaliama asiatica, Wryneck Jynx torquilla, Sindh Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos assimilis,
Himalayan Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis, Brown-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps, Crested
Lark Galerida cristata, Plain Sand Martin Riparia paludicola, Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, Kashmir House Martin
Delichon dasypus, Pipits Anthus and Wagtails, Common Wood Shrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus, Small Minivet
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, White-cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys, Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer,
Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Accentors Prunella, Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, Orange-flanked
Bush Robin Tarsiger cyanurus, Redstarts Phoenicurus, Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosus, Chat Saxicola,
White-capped Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephala, Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata, Rock Thrushes Monticola,
Blue Whistling Thrush Myiophoneus caeruleus, Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul, Dark-throated Thrush
Turdus ruficolli, Fan-tailed Warbler Cisticola juncidis, Warblers Prinia, Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata, Warblers
Sylvia, Grey-hooded Warbler Seicercus xanthoschistos, Leaf Warblers Phylloscopus, Goldcrest, Regulus regulus,
Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundrs, Blue-throated Flycatcher Cyornis rubiculoides, Flycatchers Muscicapa, Grey-
headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis, Fantail Flycatchers Rhipidura, Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi,
Rusty-cheeked scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Black-chinned Babbler Stachyris pyrrhops, Babblers
Turdoides, Streaked Laughing Thrush Garrulax lineatus, Red-headed long-tailed Tit Aegithalos concinnus, Tits Parus,
Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea, European Nuthatch Sitta europaea, Bar-tailed Tree Creeper Certhia
himalayana, Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica, White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa, Golden Oreole Oriolus oriolus,
Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus, Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus, Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach, Great
Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor, Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Indian Tree-pie Dendrocitta vagabunda,
Himalayan or Grey Tree-pie Dendrocitta formusae, Himalayan Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos, Buntings
Emberiza, Crested Bunting Melophus lathami.
Reptiles:
Garden lizard Calotes versicolor, Tree Gecko Hemidactylus brooki, House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Bengal
Monitor Lizard Varanus bengalensis, Mabuya dissimilis, Ptyas mucosus, Xenochrophis piscator, Bunganus caeruleus,
Vipera russelii and Echis caninatus.
phibia:
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Tomopterna brevicep, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Paa vicina, Microhyla ornate, Uperodon
systoma, Bufo stomaticus, Bufo melanostictus and Eublepharis macularius.
Table B.3: Fauna of Sub-tropical Forest Ecozone
Mammals:
Pangolin Manis crassicaudata, Jackal Canis aureus, Wolf Canis lupus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Jungle Cat Felis chaus,
Porcupine Hystrix indica, Hare Lepus nigricolis, Monkey Macaca mulatta, Fox Vulpes vulpes, Civet vivericula indica,
Urial Ovis wigenei and Chinkara Gazelle Gazella gazelle.
Birds:
Little Grebe or Dabchick Tachybaptus ruficollis, Little or Javanese Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger, Cinnamon or
Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Paddy bird Ardeola grayii, Cattle egret
Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia, Large Egret Egretta alba, Purple
Heron Ardea purpurea, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Black Stork Ciconia nigra, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus
rubber, Wigeon Anas Penelope, Gadwall Anas strepera, Common Teal Anas crecca, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos,
Continued…
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November 2011
…Continues
Pintail Duck Anas acuta, Shoveler Anas clypeata, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina, Common Pochard Aythya ferina,
Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, Tufted duck Aythya fuligula, White-headed Duck or Stiff-tailed Duck Oxyura
leucocephala, Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus, Black-shouldered or Black-winged Kite Elanus
caeruleus, Pariah Kite Milvus migrans, Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus, Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus,
Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps
bengalensis, Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Eurasian Black Vulture or Cinerous Vulture Aegypius monachus,
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus, Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucus, Goshawk
Accipiter gentiles, Eurasian Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus, Shikra or Indian Sparrow Hawk Accipiter badius, White-
eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinis, Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis, Lesser Spotted
Eagle Aquila pomarina, Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax vindhiana, Steppe Eagle Aquila rapex nipalensis, Bonnelli’s Eagle
Hieraaetus fasciatus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, Red-headed Merlin or Turumtee
Falco chiquera, Northern Hobby Falco subbuteo, Laggar Falcon Falco jugger, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Peregrine
or Shaheen Falcon Falco peregrinus, Chukar Partridge or Chukor Alectoris chukar, See-see Partridge Ammoperdix
griseogularis, Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus, Grey Partridge Francolinus pondicerianus, Common Quail
Coturnix coturnix, Black-breasted Quail or Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica, Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Water
Rail Rallus aquaticus, Brown Crake Amaurornis akool, White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Moorhen
Gallinula chloropus, Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio, Coot Fulica atra, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo,
Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis, Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Black-winged Stilt
Himantopus himantopus, Small Indian Pratincole Glareola lacteal, Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius, Kentish
Plover Charadrius alexandrius, Red-wattled Lapwing Hoplopterus indicus, Green Plover or Lapwing or Peewit
Vanellus vanellus, Timminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii, Ruff (& Reeve) Philomachus pugnax, Jack Snipe
Lymnocryptes minimus, Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago , Painted Snipe: Gallinago stenura, Spotted or Dusky
Redshank Tringa erythropus, Redshank Tringa tetanus, Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa
stagnatilis, Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus,
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus, Black-headed Gull Larus
ridibundus, Common Gull Larus canus, Herring Gull Larus argentatus, Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica,
Caspian Tern Sterna caspica, Indian River Tern Sterna aurantia, Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus, Indian
Skimmer or Scissorbill Rhynchops albicollis, Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus, Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse
Pterocles exustus, Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia, Wood Pigeon or Cushat Columba palumbus, Indian Ring Dove
Streptopelia decaocto, Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis, Spotted Dove or Chinese Dove Streptopelia
chinensis, Large Indian Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri, Blossom-headed
Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala, Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, Little
Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus, Koel Euedynamys scolopaceus, Common Crow-pheasant Centropus sinensis, Pakistan
Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena, West Himalayan Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides, Short-eared Owl Asio
flammeus, Spotted Owlet Athene brama, Allied Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis, Sindh Nightjar Caprimulgus
mahrattensis,
Eurasian Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis, Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis, Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis,
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops superciliosus, Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus, European Bee-eater Merops
apiaster, Kashmir Roller Coracias garrulous, Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis, Hoopoe upupa epops, Crimson-
breasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala, Wryneck Jynx torquilla, Golden-backed Woodpecker Dinopium
benghalensis, Sindh Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos assimilis, Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos
mahrattensis, Singing Bush Lark Mirafra cantillans, Rufous tailed Finch-lark Ammomanes phoenicurus, Eastern
Calandra Lark Melanocorypha bimaculata, Crested Lark Galerida cristata, Small Skylark Alauda gulgula, Barn or
Common Swallow Hirundo rustica, Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica, Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae,
Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris, Long-billed Pipit Anthus similes, Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta, Wagtails Motacilla
species, Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, White-cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys, Red-vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer, Indian Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis, Redstarts Phoenicurus sp.,
Continued…
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-9
November 2011
…Continues
Collard Indian Bush-Chat Saxicola torquata, Pied Bush-Chat Saxicola caprata, Pied Wheatear Oenanthe picata,
Warblers Prinia species, Scotocerca species, Orthotomus species, Locustella species, Acrocephalus species, Hippolais
species, Sylvia species, Phylloscopus species, Flycatchers of Muscicapa species, Rhipidura species, Asian Paradise
Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi, Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus, Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus, Tits of
Aegithalos sp., Parus sp., Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica, Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa, Golden
Oriole Oriolus oriolus, Shrikes Lanius sp, Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, Indian Tree Pie Dendrocitta
vagabunda, House Crow Corvus splendens, Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris, Rosy Pastor or Rosy Starling Sturnus
roseus, Myanas Acredotheres sp. House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Bayas or Weaver birds Ploceus sp., Red Munia
or Avadavat Estrilda amandava, Silverbill or White-throated Munia Lonchura malabarica, Rosefinches Caprodacus
sp., and Buntings Emberiza sp.
Reptiles:
Lissemys punctata, Kachuga smithii and Kachuga tecta. Lizards of the ecozone include Eublepharis macularius
Cyrtodactylus dattanensis, Hemidactylus brooki, Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Laudakia agrorensis, Uromastvx
hardwickii, Calotes versicolor, Mabuya dissimilis, Eumeces taeniolatus, and Varanus bengaiensis.
Snakes:
Ptyas mucosus, Xenochrophis piscator, Naja naja, Bunganus caeruleus, Vipera russelii, Echis caninatus, and Amphisma
stolatum.
Amphibia:
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Paa hazarensis, Paa vicina, Microhyla ornate, Uperodon systoma, Bufo stomaticus and Bufo
melanostictus.
Socioeconomic Profile
Administrative Setup
Punjab is divided into nine divisions: Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad,
Gujranwala, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, and Sahiwal. These divisions are
further divided in 36 districts shown in Figure B.1. The divisions are headed by the
commissioners, and the districts by the District Coordination Officers.
Healthcare Facilities
Punjab has a reasonable network of healthcare services in the public sector ranging from
primary to tertiary and even up to specialized healthcare facilities. There is good number
of tertiary level healthcare hospitals (teaching) in the province. The Province has 308
hospitals and 1,333 dispensaries. Table B.4 presents status of healthcare facilities in the
Punjab. There are more than 59,000 registered doctors, 45,000 nurses, nine thousand lady
health visitors, 7,000 midwives, and 500 hundred dais (female birth assistants). 62
The
mortality rates in the province are generally higher than accepted international standards
and health indicators present a dismal status as shown in Table B.5. On the lines of the
PESRP, Government of the Punjab is implementing a reform program in the health
sector, “Punjab Health Sector Reforms Program” for improving and upgrading healthcare
facilities in the province63
.
Awareness about personal hygiene is very low. According to the MICS64
, only 41 percent
households use soap to wash their hands before eating and only 55 percent wash their
62
Ibid 63
A Brief Introduction to Punjab Health Sector Reforms Program, PMIU, 2008 64
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2003
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-10
November 2011
hands adequately after attending toilet. Only 52 percent households are aware of the need
of iodized salt.
Educational and Literacy
The educational facilities in the province range from primary level masjid-maktab65
schools up to universities and specialized institutions. There is a separate stream of
technical and vocational institutions as well as teachers’ training colleges. Educational
facilities for the disabled children are provided by a separate Department of Special
Education66. The province has 52,000 primary schools, 7,000 middle schools, 5,000 high
schools, and 672 intermediate and degree colleges. More than 25 universities, both in the
public and the private sector, are catering for higher education and research67. Public
sector enrolments at primary level are 5.85 million, at middle level 2.1 million, at high
school level 0.85 million, and at college level 0.66 million. The percentage share of
Punjab’s enrolments to country’s total enrolments is 27.4 percent for primary, 45.3
percent for middle, 44.9 percent for high, and 65.5 percent for college grades. Literacy
rate in the province has recorded steady uphill trend from 27.4 in 1951 to 55.2 in 2005-
06. The combined literacy rate in urban areas is 70.2 with male literacy rate at 78 and
female literacy rate at 66. The literacy rate in rural areas is 59 for males and 35 for
females68.
The literacy in the Province has significantly increased over the years, from 20.7 percent
in 1972 to 79.7 percent in 2008.
Infrastructure
There are wide variations in the availability of infrastructure facilities in the urban and
rural areas as well as in different regions of the province. Whereas, availability and
condition of roads in the cities is fair, it is deplorable in rural areas69. As a part of its
developmental agenda, the Government is focusing attention on the construction of farm-
to-market roads (FMR) in the province and building of infrastructure under the Annual
Development Program (ADP) and the Public Sector Development Programs (PSDP).
Construction of the roads under various programs has substantially improved agricultural
marketing and timely transportation of the farm produce to markets70.
Labor and Employment
Country’s labor force is estimated as 43 million, out of which nearly 55.9 percent is in
Punjab. About 70 percent of Punjab’s labor force is in rural areas and 30 percent in urban
areas71. Migration of people from rural to urban areas for employment opportunities and
better socioeconomic conditions is an unending phenomenon in the province. Growth of
urban centers, development of Lahore as a metropolis, and establishment of industrial
estates / enterprises have all contributed towards increased employment opportunities in
the province. The number of employed people has doubled between 1972 and 2002.
65
Mosque is called “Masjid” in Urdu Language. Maktab is Urdu equivalent of school 66
Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007 67
Ibid 68
Ibid 69
Ibid 70
Medium Term Budgetary Framework, Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2008-09 71
Pakistan Economic Survey, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2007
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-11
November 2011
However, the number of unemployed people has recorded eightfold increase during the
same period, mainly because of high population growth rate72. Investments in social
sectors such as education, health, housing, water and sanitation, agriculture, transport,
infrastructure, and communications, etc. have not kept pace with rapidly growing
population73. The province of Punjab has over 18,000 large and medium industrial units,
59,126 small factories, and 90, 995 cottages units absorbing a total labor force of 62,000
persons74.
Culture, Religion, and Customs
The province of Punjab is rich with magnificent cultural heritage of ancient times and of
early Islamic period, reflected through specimens of art and craft, literature, and architect.
Bhangra and Luddi are two popular dances. The population predominantly consists of
Muslims. Punjabi is the native language and spoken widely, particularly in rural areas.
However, other languages like Hindkoh, Balochi, Potohari, and Saraiki are also spoken in
certain areas.
People generally respect chadar and chardewari, i.e. they do not mingle up with women
publically and stay away from others houses and respectfully wait to be called in or the
residents to come out from their houses. A reasonable proportion of womenfolk observe
the purdah etiquette, i.e. they remain secluded from outsiders. However, womenfolk do
participate in almost all sort of social, cultural, economic, educational, and service
activities75.
Joint family is generally prevalent, especially in rural area. However, nucleus or small
family is fast emerging in metropolis and urban centers because of socio economic
compulsions and attitudinal shifts in the youth.
Gender Aspects
Women in Pakistan are among the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of society.
Women’s access and control over productive resources is limited, which ranks Pakistan
amongst the highest in the world for maternal and infant mortality rates. Vulnerability of
women to discriminatory treatment varies across classes, region, and the urban / rural
populations. The 2007 Human Development Report ranks Pakistan at 135 out of 177
countries in terms of human development index and at 107 out of 140 in the gender
related index76. The dependency and vulnerability rates estimated to be around 47
percent. However, the actual dependency is believed to be much higher than the official
figures because approximately 69 percent population comprises women, children, and the
aged who all can be classified as vulnerable. Another reason of dependency is low
participation of women in economic activities. Presently, women comprise less than 5
percent of public sector employees in the province. Those who are employed have limited
72
Medium Term Budgetary Framework (2005-10), Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan,
Islamabad, 2005 73
Ibid 74
Punjab Industrial Directory, Directorate of Industries, GoPb, 2006 75
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, GoPb, Final Report,
2008 76
Ibid
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-12
November 2011
horizontal mobility and are limited to social sector departments like education and health.
Representation of women at the decision making level is only 3 percent77.
The Government’s major initiative of empowering the women is the Gender Reform
Action Program (GRAP), which is designed to trigger actions that will result in gender
mainstreaming. GRAP focuses primarily on institutional change to achieve gender
equity78.
Poverty
Incidence of poverty in the province is estimated at 32 percent (36 percent urban and 26
percent rural), which is quite high79. Despite government’s interventions, poverty is
increasing with passage of time. In case of urban areas, poverty is more evident in slums
and katchi abadis80. The southern Punjab has higher prevalence of poverty compared to
central and upper Punjab. The main causes of poverty are traditional agricultural
practices, fragmented landholdings, non-availability of safe drinking water and sanitation
facilities, low literacy rate, inadequate institutional arrangements for addressing social
sector problems, and lack of access to social justice system.
Table B.4: Number of Public Sector Healthcare Facilities and Bed Strength in
Punjab
Facility Number Number of Beds
Hospitals 308 34,612
Dispensaries 1,333 1,333
Rural Health Centers (RHC) 295 5,900
Basic Health Units (BHU) 2,456 4,912
T.B. Clinics 41 72
Sub Health Centers (SHC) 454 --
Maternity and Child Health Centers (MCHC) 492 --
(Source: Punjab Development Statistics, 2007)
Table B.5: Health Indicator Status in Punjab
Health Indicator Level per thousand
Child Mortality (under 5 years) 20
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (under 2 years) 115
Infant Mortality Rate (under 1 month) 64
Neonatal Mortality Rate (under 1 week) 73
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 68
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 40 %
Crude Death Rate (CDR) 12.5 %
(Source: Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, 2008)
77
Ibid 78
Ibid 79
Punjab Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Planning and Development Board, GoPb, 2003 80
An unplanned housing squatter
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-13
November 2011
Figure B.1: Districts of Punjab
1. Attock
2. Bahawalnagar
3. Bahawalpur
4. Bhakkar
5. Chakwal
6. Chiniot
7. Dera Ghazi Khan
8. Faisalabad
9. Gujranwala
10. Gujrat
11. Hafizabad
12. Jhang
13. Jhelum
14. Kasur
15. Khanewal
16. Khushab
17. Lahore
18. Layyah
19. Lodhran
20. Mandi Bahauddin
21. Mianwali
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab B-14
November 2011
22. Multan
23. Muzaffargarh
24. Narowal
25. Nankana Sahib
26. Okara
27. Pakpattan
28. Rahim Yar Khan
29. Rajanpur
30. Rawalpindi
31. Sahiwal
32. Sargodha
33. Sheikhupura
34. Sialkot
35. Toba Tek Singh
36. Vehari.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-1
November 2011
Annex C. Consultation Details
C.1. List of Grass Root Stakeholders Consulted
5 April M Aslam
M Akhtar Kamboh – Regional Deputy
Project Manager
M Tariq
M. Iqbal – DO Attock M Shahid
M. Farrukh – DDO Attock M Ramzan
Muslim Shah – JBL Rep WC 40477L
Qamar uz Zaman M Riaz
Ansar Khan Baba Anwar
Mother of Qamar M Yasin
Wife of Ansar Khan M Aslam
Ahsan Khan and others M Tufail
M Arshad Khan and others M Sarwar
Malik Ghulam Hussain and others Abdur Rahim
Khursheed A Khan and others M Karim
Moazam Javed and others M Ramzan
Abdul Latif
6 April 2011 M Sarwar
Iqdidar Amir Manzoor Ahmed
Javed Aiqbal M Ashraf
Mukhtar Hasan M Imam
M. Asghar Khan Mohammad
Tahira Nadeem M Ali
Chaudhry Gulistan. M Hussain
M. Hayat
M. Nawaz WC 6072 JR
M. Sadiq Haji Shahbaz Ahmed
M. Zaheer M Yaqub
Khizer Hayat M Azam
Abdul Rahman M Aslam
Mian Liaqat – DDO Talagang Munawar Hussain
Zia ul Haq - DDO Chakwal M Ashraf
Mian Asghar – DO – Chakwal Malik Hammad Hyder and others
(farmers)
Fayyaz Ahmed – DO Rawalpindi
Rao Tajammul Hussain – AE Rawalpindi WC (Chichwatni)
Abdus Sattar – AE Rawalpindi Brig (R) Shabir Ahmed
Col (R) Akhtar Abbasi
7 April 2011 Liaqat Ali
Malik M Akram – Prov. Project Director,
HEIS
Raja Kamran
Tariq Maqbool – DO, Lahore Talat Saleem
Ch M Hussain – DDO City Fida Hussain
Faiz A Kachhi – DDO Cantt. Noor Mohammad
Aurangzeb BAdar – AAE Cantt. Abdus Sattar
Environmental and Social Assessment
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-2
November 2011
Syed Ajaz Hussain Qureshi – WMO Khalid Mahmood
Syed Qamar Abbas Shah – Sub Engineer Tauseef Zafar
Nisar Ahmed - Sub Engineer Ghulam Mohiuddin
M Khalid BAshir - Sub Engineer
Syed Kosar Ali Shah – Rod Man
Sarwar Butt – Rod Man 9 April 2011
Zahir Ahmed - Sub Engineer Ch M Hanif (Chairman – WUA)
Fayaz Ahemd - Sub Engineer Ch Wali
Rashi A Zafar – Deputy Project Dirctor M Mansib
Haji Ramzan
Khwaja Faqir (WC) Malik Ashiq
M Ishtiaq Haji Ali Mohammad
M Ishaq M Jamil
Khushee Mohammad M Akbar
M Saleem M Ishfaq
M Mushtaq M Ramzan
M Ashraf M Rab Nawaz
M Fayaz M Aslam
M Rashid Ch Gul Mohammad
M Qasim Ch Idrees
Mahmood Ahmed Ch Ilyas
Sardar Mohammad Khizer Hayat
Khalil Ahmed
Taqi Pur (WC)
Ali Buksh Ch Abdul Ghani - DO
Haji Ajaz Ahmed (Chairman QUA) Shah M Asghar – DDO
M Ibtahim Malik Nazar Abbas
Nazir Ch Ishtiaq Ahmed – WMO
Ch M Arshad – Supervisor
Wahgah (WC) Malik Khizer Hayat – Supervisor
Mehdi Hasan Malik Shahbaz – Rod Man
M Tayab Muneer – Rod Man
Roshan Khan Saeed Akhtar Gardezi – Supervisor
Qari Ahmed Khan
M Ramzan – Chairman WUA
Ghulam Mutaza – Polo Abiari (SSC) Rana Ghulam Nabi
Shabir Hussain and others (farmers) Rana Ashraf
Shah Nawaz Akbar Khan
Tahir Iqbal – GM Countryside Natural
Products (farm) and others
Khan Baig
Arif Khan
8 April 2011 Makhan Khan
Ahmed Ali – DO Okara Jamal Khan
Gulzar Ahmed – DDO Okara Sarfaraz
Hafiz M Abbas – PWMC (Consultants) Rana Nadeem
Adnan – AE Habib Khan
Rana Altaf – Agronomist, Sahiwal Manzoor Balooch
Ch Sadfar – DO Sahiwal Javaid
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-3
November 2011
Kazim Sattar - AAE Zubair
Rana Waqar Ahmed – DDO Ali NAwaz
M Farukh Irshad – AAE Allah Rakha
Shahbaz Hussain - Supervisor M Arshad
Safdar Ali DO Allah Bukhsh
Waqar A Khan DDO M Jawaid
M Ayub - Supervisor Adeel
Haji Riaz Ahmed - Supervisor Akram
Manzoor
M. Ashiq Babar and others (farmers) Malik Ghulam Shabir – PD – Thal Cotton
Project
WC 79430 L Mahar Bagh Ali – DDO
M Ramzan Javaid Hussain – WMO
Abdul Mannan
M ashiq Babar Ahmed Mujtaba
Saif ur Rahman Ghulam Kibria and others
Abdur Rahman M. Asad Imran
Abdullah Hasan Imran
M Akbar Riaz Hussain
Abdus Sattar Fayyaz Hussain
Maqsood Ahmde Bashir A. Khan
M. Anwar M Jahangir and others
Abdul Khaliq
M. Manzoor 10 April 2011
M. Mansha Rana Munawar and others
M. Shaukat M. Hussain and others
M. Mushtaq Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others
C.2. Participants of Consultation Workshops
Workshop in Islamabd on 4 May 2011.
Name of Participants Designation Department /
Organization
1. Mr. Natiq Hussain Chief, Planning &
Evaluation Cell
Agriculture Department
2. Asad Ullah Sayed Director General Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency,
Islamabad
3. Dr. Aurangzeb Khan Chief (Environment) Pakistan Planning
Commission
4. Mr. Zia-ul-Islam Director, PEPC Ministry of Environment,
Islamabad
5. Mr. Tahir Anwar Director General,
FWMC
Ministry of Food &
Agriculture
6. Dr. Shagufta Shahjahan DG (EPD), Environmental Protection
Department, Punjab
7. Dr. Manzoor Ahmed Director (Research) Pakistan Council of
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-4
November 2011
Name of Participants Designation Department /
Organization
Malik Research in Water
Resources (PCRWR)
8. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Director Pakistan Council of
Research in Water
Resources (PCRWR)
9. Mr. Muhammad Baqir
Mufti
Assistant Chief
(Agriculture)
Planning & Development
Department, Punjab
10. Ch. Khalid Jamil Gujar District Officer
Agriculture
(Extension),
Rawalpindi
Agriculture Department
11. Mr. Fayyaz Khurshid District Officer
(OFWM), Rawalpindi
Agriculture Department
12. Mr. Akhtar Ali Regional Deputy
Project Director, HEIS
Project
Directorate General
Agriculture (Water
Management) Punjab
13. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Director, Soil
Conservation,
Rawalpindi
Director General
Agriculture (Field) Punjab
14. Mr. Basharat Javaid Director (Training) Water Management
Training Institute, Lahore
15. Mr. Muhammad Javaid Technical Advisor Environment Protection
Department
16. Malik Shabbir Ahmed Project Director, Small
Dams Organization
Irrigation & Power
Department
17. Dr. Javaid Afzal World Bank
18. Ms. Samina Islam World Bank
19. Dr. Muhammad Tariq Director, Soil & Water
Conservation Research
Institute, Chakwal
Directorate General
Agriculture (Research)
Punjab
20. Dr. Muhammad Yasin Head, Water Resources
Research Institute
National Agriculture
Research Centre
21. Dr. Abdul Quddoos Director, Punjab
Economic Research
Institute
Planning & Development
Department
22. Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Khan
Chairman,
Environment
Department
International Islamic
University, Islamabad
23. Dr. Tariq Mehmood Chairman,
Environment
Department
University of Arid
Agriculture, Rawalpindi
24. Dr. Safdar Ali Professor, Soil Science
Department
University of Arid
Agriculture, Rawalpindi
25. Dr. Shahid Masood Director, Plant Gene
Resources Institute
National Agricultural
Research Centre
26. Dr. Qaiyum Suleri Executive Director Sustainable Development
Policy Institute, Islamabad
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
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November 2011
Name of Participants Designation Department /
Organization
27. Mian Naseer Ahmed
(Sprinkler System on
Tubewell)
Farmer District Khushab
28. Malik Ghulam Hussain
(Sprinkler on Mini Dam)
Farmer District Attock
29. Mr. Khalid Ahmed Khan
(Drip on Mini Dam)
Farmer District
30. Agha Muhammad Tariq
(Watercourse
Improvement on Dam)
Farmer District Rawalpind
Workshop in Multan on 18 May 2011.
Name Designation
Department /
Organization
1 Dr Zahoor Ahmed Chief Guest Ex- Director CCRI, Multan
2 Ch. Arshad Ahmed Director Headquarters
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM) Punjab,
Lahore
3 Malik Muhammad
Akram
Provincial Project
Director
(HEIS), PC&IU, Punjab,
Lahore
4 Mr. Muhammad Yasin
Gill
Assistant Director
Tech.
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM) Punjab,
Lahore
5 Mr. Muhammad Ashraf
Nadeem
Assistant Director
Tech.
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM) Punjab,
Lahore
6 Hafiz Muhammad Qasir Assistant Director
Tech
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM) Punjab,
Lahore
7 Dr. Bismillha Khan Principal
Agriculture Collage Baha-
ud-Din Zakria University,
Multan
8 Dr. Nazim Hussain Labar Associate Professor Baha-ud-Din Zakria
University, Multan
9 Ch Abdul Ghani District Officer OFWM, Multan
10 Sardar Akbar Hayyat District Officer Agriculture Extention,
Multan
11 Dr Dilbagh Ahmed Agronomist CCRI, Multan
12 Dr. Sagheer Ahmed Cotton Botonist CRS, Multan
13 Mr.Ghulam Shabbir Project Director
(cotton Thal) OFWM, Punjab
14 Malik Zafar Iqbal District Officer
(environment) District Govt. Multan
15 Mr. Mahmood A Sheikh Agronomist Team
Leader M/s Jaffar Brothers
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Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab C-6
November 2011
Name Designation
Department /
Organization
16 Javid Qadarl Project Assistant
Director Tech.
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM) Punjab,
Lahore
17 Mr. Liaqat Ali Deputy District Officer OFWM Jalapur Pirwal
18 Mr. Omer Khalid Consultant World Bank
19 Lt.Col.(R) Muhammad
Rafique Chief Executive Commander Agro (Pvt) Ltd.
20 Muhammad Ishaq
Shehzad Assistant Director(IT) Media Lison Unit Agri.
21 Mr. Muhammad Sohail
Khakwani Farmer Multan
22 Mr. Younas Khan
Khakwani Farmer Multan
23 Mr. Safdar Ali DD(Hqs) F&UDP, Multan
24 Mr. Raees Ahmed Raees Irrigation Engineer F.A.O, United Nation
25 Dr. Ghulam Abbas Assistant Director(PP) Pest Warning, Khenewal
26 Mr. Riaz Rashid Suprientending Engr. Haveli canal circle, Multan
27 Dr. Habibulha Habib District Officer OFWM, Lodhran
28 Mr. Ejaz Saleem Deputy District Officer OFWM, Lodhran
29 Dr. Muhammad Razaq Assistant Professor Baha-ud-Din Zakria
University, Multan
30 Mian Ejaz Ahmed Director Agri. Engineering, Multan
31 Mr. Muhammad Asghar
Rana Associate Professor
Baha-ud-Din Zakria
University, Multan
32 Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Agri. Chemist S F(LAB), Multan
33 Engr. Muhammad Sultan Lecturer Baha-ud-Din Zakria
University, Multan
34 Mr. Jalil-ur- Rehaman
Drishak Farmer Bahawalpur
35 Mr. Abdul Sattar SDO Irrigation Dept. Multan
36 Dr. Unsar Naeem-Ullah Water Management
Officer Multan
37 Mr. Bashir Ahmed Khan Farmer Multan
38 Mr. Muhammad Akram
Shahid Farmer Mailsi
39 Farid Khan Khakwani Vice President Multan Mango Growers
(Regd.)
40 Mr. Ahmed Mujtaba
Khan Farmer Layyah
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Annex D. Sample Contracts
Participation Agreement
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PIPIP)
PARTICIPATION AGREEMENT
This deed of agreement for the Improvement of watercourse is made on
_____________between the District Officer (On Farm Water Management) or his
authorized person of District Government (hereinafter referred to as the First
Party) and the Water Users Association (WUA) registered under WUA
Ordinance 1981 (amended 2001) of Watercourse No. ___________ Village/Chak
No._______________________, Union Council _____________ Tehsil
__________, District ____________ (hereinafter referred to as Second Party).
WHEREAS the parties agree to the following terms and conditions.
1. ESTIMATED COST OF WORKS
1.1 Total cost of the watercourse improvement is determined as Rs.
_______(Annexure-1). Cost of construction material of the watercourse is termed as
Material Cost and is Rs.-________ (about 64% of the total estimated cost). Cost of
skilled and unskilled labour as well as earthen improvement is termed as Labour Cost
(about 36% of the total estimated cost).Material cost will be provided by the First Party
as subsidy to the Second Party, whereas, labour Cost shall be contribution of the Second
Party for watercourse improvement.
1.2 Material Cost will be paid by the First Party to the Second Party in three
installments as stipulated below in clause 3.1.
2. OPENING OF ACCOUNT
2.1 After Signing of mutual agreement, the second party will open a contract specific
joint bank account in any commercial bank which will be jointly operated by Chairman
and Treasurer of the Water User Association (WUA) and report of the account will be
made to First Party.
2.2 Second Party will provide copy of specimen signatures of account operators
(Chairman and Treasurer WUA) to the First Party. Any changes shall be communicated
to the First Party immediately. The signatories shall not be changed without prior consent
of the First Party.
3. DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS
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3.1 Payment to the Second Party for the construction works shall be released by the
first
Party in three installments in the following manner.
First Installment
Release of 40 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of First Interim
Completion Report (ICR-I) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully
verified by the consultants.
• Issuance of technical sanction by the competent authority.
• Deposit of 50 percent farmer’s share on account of labour charges for lining and
installation of allied structures.
• Renovation of at least 50 percent of designed earthen sections.
Second Installment
Release of 30 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of Second Interim
Completion Report (ICR-II) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully
verified by the consultants.
• Deposit of remaining 50 percent farmer’s share on account of labour charges for
lining and installation of allied structures.
• Renovation of entire designed earthen sections.
• Completion of at least 40 percent planned lining and allied works.
Third Installment
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Release of 30 percent of the estimated material cost on receipt of Final Completion
Report (FCR) meeting/fulfilling the following requirements and dully verified by the
consultants.
• Completion of all planned works.
• Renovation of entire designed earthen sections.
• Rectification of any pending discrepancy.
3.2 Payment at each stage will be made by the first party on submission of a bill for
completed portion of works at the stages agreed under clause 3.1 to the second party on
its certification by the Deputy District Officer. Thereafter, site verification will also be
carried out by the DO/AAE and a contingent bill will be prepared and submitted by the
DO (OFWM) to the District Accounts Officer, for making payment to the second party.
The Second Party will release all payments through crossed cheques. The second party
will maintain record of all transactions and purchases made for improvement of
watercourse in a specified register.
4. MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNT
The Purchase Committee comprising of representatives of first and second
party will decide itemzed rate of construction materials. The Committee constituted for
the purpose (Annexure-11), shall procure the construction material following local
shopping procedure. The committee shall survey the local market/area and collect the
rates of construction materials i.e. cement, bricks, sand, pipes and nakkas etc. from at
three different firms/suppliers. The quotations so offered will be in the name of Purchase
Committee and other relevant record thereof will be maintained in a proper manner by
the second party to enable its verification by the representatives of first party. The second
party shall procure material from the local market at the lowest competitive rates
finalized by the committee constituted for the purpose, execute the works and get
reimbursement from the first party for the completed works in accordance in clause 3
above. There will be no financial implication on the part of first party, if the actual
expenditure exceeds the initially agreed estimated cost.
4.1. In the event of any misuse of funds by the second party, the first party shall have
the right to freeze the bank account of the second party and initiate inquiry as
deemed necessary.
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4.2. In case of non-utilization of funds due to any reason, the second party will be
liable to refund the unspent balance to the first party.
5. COMPLETION TIME
The works shall be completed by the second party with in 120 days. The second
party shall be responsible for timely completion. In exceptional circumstances, the
time period may be extended in writing by mutual consent of both the parties and
approval of the Executive District Officer, Agriculture.
6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST PARTY
The First Party shall:
• Issue directions to the Second Party (WUA) for the improvement and construction
of watercourse.
• Conduct the survey and prepare the design of watercourse according to the
engineering principles.
• Prepare the cost estimates of watercourse.
• Provide help in improvement / construction of watercourse and arrangement of
Govt. funds in shape of installments to the WUA.
• Provide guidance in construction works according to the standards and
specifications of the department to complete the task in time.
• Resolve the disputes amongst the WUA.
• The first party shall be responsible for providing regular and frequent supervision
and guidance according to the standards and specifications of the On Farm Water
Management (OFWM) to the second party for carrying out the works.
7. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECOND PARTY
The Second Party shall
• Perform duty under the Water Users Ordinance 1981 (revised 2001).
• Provide the approved Chak Plan and Warabandi from the Irrigation Department.
• Provide the list of shareholders of the watercourse attested by the Numberdar or
WUA chairman.
• Resolve the disputes of members amicably.
• Clear the right of way of watercourse by the shareholders.
• Collect the farmer’s share from the shareholders well in time.
• Complete the improvement & lining works within the specific period agreed with
the First party.
• Arrange requisite machinery, materials and suitable skilled and unskilled labour
to carry out the works.
• Purchase the construction materials from the local market on competitive within
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limits approved by the District Rates Assessment committee (DARC).
• Chairman Water Users Association will act as Chairman Purchase committee.
• Utilize the allocated/sanctioned funds (Govt. + Farmer Share) properly, and
Use/consume the construction materials according to the departmental standards
and specifications. The WUA will be maintained the record of all receipts and
consumptions in the specified register.
• Follow the guidelines and instructions of the Consultants and OFWM field staff.
• Provide the access to the First Party or its representatives during the improvement
of watercourse regarding its routes /command area.
• Provide the purchase record / vouched accounts to the First Party or its
representative on its demand.
• Make the alternative route/passage arrangement during watercourse
improvement process.
8. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE
During the execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any
aspect of this Agreement, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue
through mutual and amicable consultation. If the same is not resolved
through such consultation, the matter will be referred for arbitration to the
Executive District Officer, Agriculture, whose decision will be final and
binding for the parties to such dispute, and will not be liable to be
challenged in any court of law.
9. LIABILITYS OF THE FIRST PARTY
9.1 The First Party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred
during or after completion of work, due to mismanagement or negligence of the
Water User Association or due to natural calamites like rain, floods etc.
9.2 The First Party shall not be responsible for any change in the flow or
discharge of the water in the watercourse, which occur due to change in full
supply level of the canal, minor etc. The First Party shall also not be responsible
for over-topping etc. due to increase in discharge over and above discharge of
the watercourse or any sort of hindrance/ obstacle created by human or animals
in the flow of water.
Signature ______________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________
(On behalf of second party i.e. Water User’s
Association)
Name of Chairman _____________________ Office Stamp _______________
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Watercourse No. __________________ Village /Chak No. _____________
Signature _____________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________
(On behalf of first party i.e. Project Authority)
DDO, Tehsil _________________ Office Stamp _______________
W I T N E S S E S
1. Signature ___________ ____Place _________________ Dated __________
Name ______________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________
2. Signature _______________ Place ________________ Dated __________
Name _____________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT
PROJECT (PIPIP)
PARTICIPATION AGREEMENT
This deed of agreement for installation of Irrigation Scheme made on
_____________ between the (District Authority) namely District Officer (DO),
(On Farm Water Management) or his authorized representative (hereinafter
referred to as the First Party) and the Water Users Association (WUA) registered
under WUA Ordinance 1981 revised on 2001 of Irrigation Scheme No.
___________ Village/Chak No._______________________, Union Council
_____________ Tehsil __________, District ____________ (hereinafter referred
to as Second Party) on the following terms and conditions
2. ESTIMATED COST OF WORKS
The agreed total estimated cost of Irrigation Scheme construction material
(hereinafter referred to as the "total estimated cost") is Rs. ________ as reflected
in Annexure-1. Out of total estimated cost, 20 percent (cost of masons/labour and
that of earthen improvement) would be shared by the second party and/or
beneficiaries, while the remaining 80 percent (material cost) will be born by the
first party to be paid in installments (Clause 3.3) to the second party against the
works completed by the second party at the rate on volumetric basis as decided by
the purchase committee in its meeting held on _________ i.e. Rs. ______ per M3
(Annexure-II).
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3. DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS
3.1 The second party shall have a joint account opened in the name of Chairman and
Treasurer with the branch of any Scheduled Bank as soon as this Agreement has been
signed and shall provide its Bank Account Number to the first party.
3.2 The second party shall notify the first party in writing the names, addresses and
signatures of at least two office bearers (preferably Chairman and Treasurer of Water
Users Association) who will jointly operate the bank account mentioned in Clause3.1.
Such signatures shall not be changed without prior consent of the first party.
3.3 Payment to the second party for the construction works will be released by the
first party in stages as mutually agreed by both the parties in the following manner.
MODE OF PAYMENT TO WUAs
lst installment = 70 percent of the material cost will be released on:
i. deposit of 70 percent of their contribution for
masons/labour in the joint account by the second party;
2nd installment = 20 percent of the material cost will be released when:
i. at least 70 percent of the planned civil works are
executed by the second party; and
ii. the second party also deposit the remaining 30
percent of their share for masons/labour in the joint account.
3rd installment = 10 percent of the material cost will be released after:
i. completion of entire works according to the
prescribed OFWM standards and specifications by the second
party; and
ii. physical verification and certification of completed works by the OFWM
Field Engineers/District Monitoring Committee and or consultants.
3.4 Payment at each stage will be made by the first party on submission of a bill for
completed portion of works at the stages agreed under clause 3.3 to the second party
on its certification by the Deputy District Officer. Thereafter, site verification will
also be carried out by the DO/AAE and a contingent bill will be prepared and
submitted by the DO (OFWM), to the District Accounts Officer, for making payment
to the second party. The first party will arrange to release all payments to the account
of second party through crossed cheque. The second party will maintain a register for
all transactions and purchases made for improvement of watercourses.
4. MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNT
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The Purchase Committee comprising of representatives of first and second party
will decide rate on volumetric basis in the manner given in Annexure-IV. The
Committee constituted for the purpose (Annexure-111), following local shopping
procedure, will survey the area and review the rates from at least three different
firms/suppliers for construction material i.e. cement, bricks, sand, pipes and
nakkas etc. The quotations so offered will be in the name of Purchase Committee
and other relevant record thereof will be maintained in a proper manner by the
second party to enable its verification by the representatives of first party. The
second party shall procure material from the local market at the lowest
competitive rates finalized by the committee constituted for the purpose, execute
the works itself and will get reimbursement from the first party for the completed
works as laid down in clause 3 above. There will be no financial implication on
the part of first party, if the actual expenditure exceeds the initially agreed
estimated cost.
4.1 In the event of any misuse of funds by the second party, the first party shall have
the right to freeze the bank account of the second party for the works after such
inquiry as may be deemed necessary.
4.2 In case of non-utilization of funds due to some dispute regarding non-
provision of skilled, semi-skilled labour on the part of second party, the
second party will be liable to refund the unspent balance of their account,
after making payment of the completed works at that stage, to the first
party.
5. COMPLETION TIME
The works shall be completed by the second party during the fiscal year. In
exceptional circumstances, the time period stated in this clause may be extended
in writing by mutual consent of both the parties and approval of the Executive
District Officer, Agriculture.
6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST PARTY
The first party shall be responsible for providing regular and frequent supervision
and guidance according to the standards and specifications of the on farm water
management to the second party for carrying out the works.
7. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECOND PARTY
The second party shall:
(a) take up the works and arrange for their completion within the time period
stipulated in Clause 5;
(b) arrange suitable skilled and unskilled labour to carry out the works;
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(c) ensure that only good quality material is procured and utilized;
(d) resolve the disputes amongst shareholders;
(e) abide by the technical guidance/directions of OFWM personnel/supervisory
consultants regarding watercourse construction; and
(f) ensure that there is no mis-utilization of the money/material during construction.
8. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE
During the execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any
aspect of this Agreement, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue
through mutual and amicable consultation. If the same is not resolved
through such consultation, the matter will be referred for arbitration to the
Executive District Officer, Agriculture, whose decision will be final and
binding for the parties to such dispute, and will not be liable to be
challenged in any court of law.
9. The First party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred during or
after completion of the work, due to mismanagement or negligence of the Water
Users Association of due to natural calamities like rain, floods etc.
10. The First Party shall not be responsible for any change in the flow or discharge of
the water in the watercourse, which occurs due to change in full supply level of
the canal, minor etc. The First Party shall also not be responsible for over-topping
etc. due to increase in discharge over and above discharge of the watercourse or
any sort of hindrance/obstacle created by human or animal in the flowing water.
Signature ______________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________
(On behalf of second party i.e. Water User’s
Association)
Name of Chairman _____________________ Office Stamp _______________
Irrigation Scheme No. __________________ Village /Chak No. _____________
Signature _____________________ Place ______________ Dated _____________
(On behalf of first party i.e. Project Authority)
DDO, Tehsil _________________ Office Stamp _______________
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W I T N E S S E S
3. Signature ___________ ____Place _________________ Dated __________
Name ______________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________
4. Signature _______________ Place ________________ Dated __________
Name _____________________ Village ______________ Tehsil _________
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November 2011
Annexure-1
COST ESTIMATES OF WATERCOURSE CONSTRUCTION
Watercourse No. _____________ Village/Chak No. ______________ Tehsil
________________
Dimensions of Lining:
Depth (D) _____________ m, Thickness of wall (Tw) 0.23 m
Bed width (W) _________ m, Width of floor (b) _____________ m
Thickness of Floor (Tf) 0.07 m
Unit volume of masonry works ________________ m3
Description of Works:
S.No. Particulars Quantity Unit Volume Total Volume
1 Lining ---------------------- m --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
2 Nakkas (“…….”
Dia)
---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
3 Culverts ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
4 B. Wallows ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
5 Other structure,
Drop, Syphon etc. ---------------------- No --------------------- m
3 -------------------- m
3
Total Volume -------------------- m3
Material quantities: Bricks ______________No. Cement _____________Bags Sand _____________ (m
3) Nakkas __________(No.)
Rate per m3 masonry volume as decided by the purchase/committee =Rs. ___________
Cost of Total Masonry volume (Rate / m3 x Total Volume) =Rs. ___________
Cost of __________ No. Nakkas of “________” dia @ Rs. ____________ =Rs.
____________
Others, (if any), (item _________, quantity ________ Rate ___________ =Rs.
____________
Total Estimated Cost (Civil Works): (A) =Rs.
____________
Cost of Masons /labour (a) =Rs.
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____________
Cost of Earthen Improvement (b) =Rs.
____________
Total cost of masons & labour Farmer’s Share (a+b): (B) =Rs.
____________
Grand Total (A + B) =Rs.
____________
Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________
Name of Chairman __________________________________________
Official Stamp ___________________________________
Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________
DDO/AAE ___________________________________________
Official Stamp ___________________________________
Signature _______________________ Dated _____________________
Consultants Representative / AAE ______________________________
Official Stamp ___________________________________
Bill No. _______________ Dated _____________ Annexure-II
CERTIFICATE OF WORKS EXECUTION
Certified that the following works on Watercourse No. _________________
Village/Chak No. ______________ have been executed in accordance with the approved
design and technical specifications.
Dimensions of Watercourse Lining:
Depth (D) _____________ m, Thickness of wall (Tw) 0.23 m
Bed width (W) _________ m, Width of floor (b) _____________ m
Thickness of Floor (Tf) 0.07 m
Unit volume of masonry works ________________ m3
Description of Works:
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S.No. Particulars Quantity Unit Volume Total Volume
1 Lining ---------------------- m --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
2 Nakkas (…….” Dia) ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
3 Culverts ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
4 B. Wallows ---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
5 Other structure,
Drop, Syphon etc.
---------------------- No --------------------- m3 -------------------- m
3
Total Volume -------------------- m3
Material quantities: Bricks _______________No. Cement _____________Bags Sand _____________ (m
3) Nakkas __________(No.)
Rate per m3 masonry volume as decided by the purchase/committee =Rs. __________
Cost of Total Masonry volume (Rate / m3 x Total Volume) =Rs. ____________
Cost of _________ No. Nakkas of ________’ dia @ Rs. _____________ =Rs. _______
Others, (if any), (item _________, quantity ________ Rate ___________ =Rs. _______
Total Cost of executed Civil Works =Rs. ____________
Amount in words ( Rupees _______________________________________)
It is certified that:-
1. ‘A’ class bricks, Portland good quality fresh cement, good quality sand and
RCC nakkas have been used in the above work;
2. The mortar in 1:4 cement sand ratio has been used in masonry as well as
plaster works;
3. The executed works meet the prescribed project standards and
specifications;
4. The bill is being submitted for the first time and no payment has been
claimed previously for the works claimed in this bill.
Signature _________________ Signature _________________ Name of
Chairman _________________ Name of WMO/Sup _____________
Official Stamp _________________ Tehsil/Field Team ____________
Official Stamp ____________
Verified by:
Signature __________________ Signature ____________
Name of AAE/DDO __________________ Name ____________
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Tehsil/Field Team __________________ Consultants Representative/AAE ___
Official Stamp __________________ Official Stamp ____________
Annexure-III
DIRECTORATE GENERAL AGRICULTURE (WATER MANAGEMENT), PUNJAB,
LAHORE
O R D E R
In order to effect purchase of cement, bricks, nakkas and sand etc. for
construction of watercourses under District Government, Accelerated Program,
OFWM-IV and National Program, the purchase committee would comprise of
the following.
Sr. No. Name Designation
1 Chairman, Khal Committee (WUA) Chairman
2 Secretary, Khal Committee (WUA) Member
3 Member, Khal Committee (WUA) Member
4 DDO concerned Member (Tech.)
5 WMO/Supervisor Member
The committee would affect purchase of watercourse construction material
observing specified terms and conditions as mentioned in the agreement.
Sd/-
Director General Agriculture
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-15
November 2011
(Water Management), Punjab
Lahore
No. __________________/DO/OFWM/ Dated
A copy is forwarded for information and immediate necessary action to:
1. All the Executive District Officers (Agriculture) in Punjab
2. All the District Officers (OFWM), in Punjab.
Director General Agriculture
(Water Management), Punjab
Lahore
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Annexure-IV
MINUTES OF PURCHASE COMMITTEE MEETING
A purchase committee meeting was held in the office of the Chairman, WUA on
______________ for the finalization of the rates of watercourse construction material i.e.
bricks, cement, sand, nakkas and others etc. for Watercourse No. __________,
Village/Chak No. _________. The purchase committee surveyed the area and reviewed
the rates from more than three different suppliers/firms. The quotations offered by the
firms alongwith comparative statement are enclosed. The committee found the following
rates as lowest and reasonable on competitive basis.
Sr.
No.
Name of Item Rate
1 Cement (local Portland, 50
Kg per bag and fresh)
Rs. ________________ per bag
2 Sand (Good Quality) Rs. _________________ M3
3 Bricks (A-Class) Rs. _________________ pre 1000
4 Nakkas (as per OFWM approved specifications of Rs. ________ per Nakka
(“…….” Dia)
Estimated Cost:
S.No
.
Name of Item Quantity Rate Amount
1 Cement (1.873
bag/M3)
____________
(Bags.)
Rs._________/bag Rs.
______________
2 Sand (0.26 M3 per
M3)
_____________
(M3)
Rs. _________/ M3 Rs.
______________
3 Bricks (500 per M3) _____________
(No.)
Rs.
_______/thousand
Rs.
______________
4 Nakkas (_____ size) _____________
(No.)
Rs.
_________/nakka
Rs.
______________
Total Amount:- Rs.
______________
Conversion of above rates into volumetric basis works out as following with 1:4 cement
sand ratio
Total Estimated Cost of Civil Works (A) = Rs. ________
Total Masonry volume of works involved as per Annex-I (B) = Rs. _____ M3
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Rate per cubic meter masonry volume (A/B) = Rs. ________
The purchase committee hereby approved the above rate on volumetric basis for
construction of above said watercourse.
Name and Signature of Purchase Committee:
S.No. Name Designation Signature
1 Chairman, Khal Committee
(WUA)
Chairman
2 Secretary, Khal Committee
(WUA)
Member
3 Member, Khal Committee
(WUA)
Member
4 DDO/WMS/AAE Member (Tech.)
5 WMO/Supervisor Member
CC:
1. The District Officer, On Farm Water Management _____________.
2. All the committee members
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PIPIP)
AGREEMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF HEIS
This agreement is made at _______ this _______day of ____(month)_______(year)
BETWEEN
Project Director/Regional Project Director “Punjab Irrigated – Agriculture
Productivity Improvement Project – PIPIP”/ District Officer (OFWM) _____its office
at_____ (hereinafter referred as the “First Party” which expression shall include the
successors, legal representatives & permitted assigns)
AND
M/s __________________________, “Supply & Services Company (SSC) with its
registered office at ________________________________which has been awarded a
contract for the installation of high efficiency irrigation systems on turnkey basis
type/crop__________________on ________________ Acres (hereinafter called the
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“SSC” which expression shall include the successors, legal representatives & permitted
assigns and referred as “Second Party”),
AND
Mr.______________________S/o__________________ who has requested the
government in writing to install HEIS on _______acres at his farm/land (lot/murraba
Number ____________) situated at
Village_________Tehsil_______District________(hereinafter called the “Beneficiary
Farmer” which expression shall include the successors, legal representatives &
permitted assigns and referred as “Third Party”).
WITNESSETH THAT
1. AGREEMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND DURATION
Both the second and third parties have decided to enter into this agreement with the first
party for installation of HEIS, under the provisions of the project titled “Punjab Irrigated
– Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project – PIPIP”. This agreement shall come
into force immediately after signing of all parties and shall remain enforced up to two
(02) calendar years after handing over the system to the third party (farmer).
2. ESTIMATED COST OF WORKS
The agreed/approved total estimated cost of HEIS to be installed on turnkey basis along
with excavation/ civil works and material (hereinafter referred to as the “Total approved
estimated cost”) is Rs.___________ as reflected in Annexure-I. out of Total estimated
Cost, 40% would be shared by the applicant/beneficiary (Third Party), while the
remaining 60% of total scheme cost will be provided by the First Party to be paid in
installments (Clause- 3) to the Second Party against the HEIS works installed/completed
and verified by the Consultants.
3. MODE OF PAYMENT
3.1 Payment to the Second Party (SSC) for the installation of HEIS shall be released by the
First Party in three installments in the following manner:
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-19
November 2011
First Installment
Release of 50 percent of the estimated cost or total farmers’ share whichever is higher on
receipt of satisfactory report from the PIS Consultants confirming that the HEIS material
(as per approved BOQs and agreed standards and specifications has been shifted to the
site.
Second Installment Release of 40 percent of the total estimated cost on receipt of satisfactory report from the
PIS Consultants confirming the followings:
• HEIS has successfully been installed as per approved design and layout and
commissioned satisfactorily.
• the farmer has been trained about the system operation and maintenance.
• Irrigation and fertigation schedules and log book have been provided to the
farmer.
Third Installment
Release of remaining 10 percent of the estimated material cost retained as performance
guarantee after assuring that free service during warranty period of two years has
satisfactorily been provided to the farmer.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-20
November 2011
4. Completion Time
The Second Party shall shift material to the site of the Third Party within 35 days of
issuance of the work order. While, installation of the scheme shall be completed within
60 days thereafter. The system will be completed in all respect by Third Party and got
verified by the consultants within maximum period of 90 days.
5. Duties and Responsibilities of First Party
• Mediate between Second and Third Party in case of any dispute, the decision of
First Party would be the final and will not be challengeable in any court of
law/forum.
• Issue technical sanction / work order for the assignment or to change/substitute/
cancel the same, if required due to any cogent reason.
• Arrange and deploy project staff/concerned District Officer/WM staff for checking
and verification of works at different stages under contract.
• The First Party reserves the right to increase or decrease the quantum of
work/material even after award of the contract and before the completion of work,
if found necessary.
• The First Party reserves the right to stop the work at any time at any stage if it is
found necessary to do so.
• In case, second party failed to complete any HEIS scheme, the first party will
have the right to get the work completed on the risk and cost of the second party.
6. Duties and Responsibities of the Second Party
• Motivation of the Third Party through mass awareness.
• After feasibility to conduct Survey of Third Party land, soil, topography,
assessment of water source and water quality, source of power, farm operations,
predominant cropping pattern and other relevant data, provide soil and water
analysis.
• Before submission of proposal of design, assess the availability of water and
availability of energy for pumping. Design the water supply system from source of
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-21
November 2011
water (canal, well or other) to high efficiency irrigation system which should not
be more than 100 meters from the system. Exceeding this limit, Third Party
would be responsible to bear expenditure for the extra supply to be
arranged.Detremine the need for storage, assist the Third Party in constructing
the tube well, storage, pump set, power source for High Efficiency Irrigation
System.
• Designing of high efficiency irrigation system in accordance with accepted
standards keeping in mind the necessity to keep the cost down while insuring the
trouble free operation.
• Submit hard and soft copies of design and cost estimates to the First Party (PD/
RPD/ DO (OFWM) and consultants for approval of design and issuance of
Technical Sanction /Work Order.
• On receipt of work order supply the material and get it verified from Consultants
within fixed period of 35 days. Afterwards, install the system within 60 days as
per approved standards and specification of the project and get its
commissioning certified from the PISCs.
• Hand over the system to the Third Party in presence of First Party and submit
farmer’s satisfaction certificate (Annex-A).
• Provide warranty of parts/ after- sale –service for a period of two years by paying
regular visits and providing follow up services on the complaints of farmer.
• Warranty to undertake repair/ replace any portion or the entire system
components for a period of two years, if found defective in material or
workmanship. Such repairs/ replacements will be done at the cost of Second
Party. However, in case of any fault/damage caused to the material/system due
to negligence/overlooking of Third Party, the farmer will make upfront payment to
the Second Party for the material.
• Training to the Third Party on:
� Operations of the system.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-22
November 2011
� Maintenance of the system including filtration & flushing system, flow
monitoring etc.
� Acid treatment and chlorination.
� Irrigation and fertigation charts.
� Other agronomic practices for the crop(s) grown.
� Handling of the system after harvest, storage.
• Provision of an operation and maintenances manual to the farmer in local
language at the time of installation along with warranty.
• Assist the Project Staff for validation at different stages and Project Staff in
performing their duties.
• The Second Party will abide by the procedure for imposing the penalties
approved under the project (Annexure-B).
• After handling over the scheme to Third Party under certification of consultants,
the Second Party, however, will not be responsible for any theft, fire, natural
disaster, misuse animal damage, and failure of pumps & engine motor not
supplied by it, modification in the installed system by the Third Party without
consultation, mishandling or any other unauthorized practice/action by the
Second Party.
• The Second Party will establish service centre to provide after sale service in
areas of operations where-ever an area of about 500 ha, is covered by its
equipment/system.
• After final verification of unit, the Second Party will be responsible to provide two
years free of charge after sale-service warranty to Third Party. During the initial
period the Second Party will visit the farm at regular intervals (minimum every
second months) to check the installation, advice the farmer on operation and
maintenances issues.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-23
November 2011
• The material equipment and workmanship under the projects will be according to
the acceptable industrials standards and appropriate to the sites’ conditions;
environment and operating practices prevailing on each site of work. All material;
equipments method of the installation; flushing testing; commissioning and
training procedure shall be in accordance with the current issues of the
appropriate/ prescribed standards published by the American; British, National;
European or Japanese institutes
7. Duties and Responsibities of the Third Party (the Farmer)
• Third Party will submit a bank draft in the name of the Second Party equal to
40% of the total estimated scheme cost.
• Third Party will be responsible to provide / arrange the reliable and
dependable water source
• Maintain and operate the system for a period of five years and acquire necessary training, instructions, literature etc, from the First and Second Parties
• Provide assistance and unrestricted accessibility to the representative of first and second parties and PISCs consultants at any stage during project period
• Settle all disputes with the other farmers/land users regarding any nature. The First and Second Parties would not be a party in such disputes.
• Inform the First Party in writing immediately about issues and disputes, if arise between Third Party and Second Party.
• Provide in writing his satisfaction on the performance of installed HEIS (Annexure-A).
• The Third Party will ensure to secure supplied material in his safe custody and in case of theft or damage, the Third Party will be held responsible for payment up to the extent of loss if occurred due to his negligence. The Third party will also be held responsible for any delay/undue resistance during installation of scheme.
• In case of non functioning of unit after handling over the same under certification of consultants and satisfactory certificate dully issued (by Third Party), the entire amount incurred on system will be recovered from Third Party as Arrears of Land Revenue (if farmer declines to refund the same).
8. Settlement of Dispute
• During execution of the scheme, if any dispute arises, relating to any
aspect of this assignment, the parties shall first attempt to settle the issue
through mutual and amicable consultation. However on request by
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Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-24
November 2011
Second and Third parties the RPD/ DO (OFWM) will help out both the
parties. If the same is not resolved through such consultations, the matter
will be referred for arbitration to the Provincial Project Director whose
decision will be final and binding for the parties to such dispute, and will
not be challengeable in any court of law.
• The First Party will not be responsible for any damage, if so occurred
during or after completion of the work, due to natural clematis and
mismanagement or negligence/any other reason on the part of Second
and Third Parties.
• The First Party will be not responsible for non functioning of HEIS unit,
due to insufficient water reservoir/power resources (electricity connection
+ diesel engine etc.) as the Second and Third Parties are fully responsible
to ensure feasibility of the scheme before entering into this contract
agreement.
First Party (PD/ RPD/ DO (OFWM):__________________________________
Second Party (SSC): _____________________________________________
Third Party (Farmer): _____________________________________________
WITNESSES
1. Signature: _________________ 2. Signature: _________________
Name: ____________________ Name: ____________________
Place:_____________________
Place:_____________________
Date: _____________________
Date: _____________________
Village: ___________________
Village: ___________________
Tehsil: ____________________
Tehsil: ____________________
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-25
November 2011
(Annexure-A)
SATISFACTION CERTIFICATE
I the undersigned Mr.____________________________________________with
permanent address___________________________________________________
Declare and verify, then the High Efficiency Irrigation(Drip) system awarded by
Government of Punjab under Project “Punjab Irrigated – Agriculture Productivity
Improvement Project – PIPIP (Pilot Phase)” installed by
M/S_____________________________ on an area of ___________________ acres at
my land is complete in all respects and I am satisfied with the current performance of the
system as per design approved by the Project Staff. I will strictly abide all terms and
conditions imposed by the Government time to time.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-26
November 2011
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-27
November 2011
(Annexure-B)
PROCEDURE REGARDING IMPOSING PENALTIES
Sr.
No
Violation Committed
Penalty
1 Irrigation System Design,
installation & bill of quantities of
each installation project.
Improper installation
Fresh installation of micro irrigation
system properly as per correct design at
SSC cost and a penalty of Rs. 5000/- per
installation.
2 Improper design leading to over
estimation or under estimation of
bill of quantities.
Correction of design and installation of
HEIS at SSC cost and penalty of Rs.
5000/- per installation.
3 Quality control & quality assurance
i) Use of spurious/recycled raw
material (deviation from
specified technical
specifications)
a) Once-Replacement of all non-standard
material of the batch and fine of Rs.
10000/- for each unit
ii) Deviations from prescribed
standards in the agreement.
b) Twice-Replacement of all non-
standard material of the batch no. and
fine of Rs. 15000/- for each unit +
cancellation of work order for the
district.
iii) Use of low grade/class products
in comparison to specified
standards.
c) Three times- black listing from the
Project and State, forfeiture of security
deposit and recollection of the area to
other bet performing companies.
4 Failure to attend farmer’s
complaints within stipulated time.
Environmental and Social Assessment
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab D-28
November 2011
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