particulate sampling 1
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Particulate, Gas & Vapor
(Sampling Equipment)
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PARTICULATE
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Definitions
Aerosols the dispersion of solid or liquidparticles in the gaseous medium
Dust dispersion of solid particles in the
gaseous mediumFumes solid particles in a gaseous
medium formed by condensation of solid
materials (vapor)Smokeusually but not necessarily consist
of solid particles
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Shape, Size and Distribution
Various shape, size and density of
particulate
AED is the diameter of a unit density
sphere having the same settling velocity as
the particle concern
Polydisperse dust cloud (geometric mean
and geometric standard deviation)
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Aerodynamic Behavior In
Airstream Impaction proportional to the momentum
i.e. mass and velocity
Sedimentationproportional to its diameter
Diffusionfor particles < 0.1um
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Size Selective and Selected Area
of DepositionNasopharyngeal deposition (upper
respiratory tract)7 to 20um
Tracheobronchial (conducting airways) 5
to 7um
Alveolar region (gas exchange area) 0.5
5um
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Inhaled Dust Fractions (Sampling
Instrument)Respirable dust the dust fraction that will
penetrate to the unciliated portion of the
lungs
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Purpose of Sampling
Compliance with the requirement of the law
Health risk assessment
Epidemiological studyAssessment of control measures
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Type of Sampling
Area sampling
Personal sampling
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Type of Sample & Equipment
Total dust
Inspirable dust 7 hole sampler, IOM
sampler, close face sampler
Respirable dust BMRC horizontal
elutriator, AEC cyclone
Thoracic dust
vertical elutriatorFibersopen face sampler with cowl
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Sampling Equipment
Real timepiezobalance, dust counter etc
Non real timefiltration, impaction
(cascade impactor)
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GAS & VAPOR
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Definitions
Gasa state of matter in which a substance
completely fills the region in which it is
contained; has very low density and
viscosity; can expand and contract greatly
in response to changes in temperature and
pressure; and easily diffuses into other
gases e.g., CO, CO2, HCN, NH4, SO2,H2S, N2O, O3, Formaldehyde, phosgene,
arsine, vinyl chloride etc
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Vapour the gaseous state or form of a
substance which is normally in the liquid or
solid state at room temperature and
pressure. The liquid or solid may be
reduced to the vapor by the action of heat.
A vapor can be liquefied by a suitable
increase in pressure e.g., toluene, xylene,alcohol, C2S, benzene, carbon tetrachloride
etc
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Physiological Effects
Carcinogens vinyl chloride, benzene,
benzidine, B-napthylamine, formaldehyde
Systemic poisons C2S, parathion, hexane,
chlorinated hydrocarbon
AsphyxiationCO, CH4, HS, Na Nitrite
Irritation
acid, alkali, O3, N2O, phosgeneAnesthetic/narcosisalcohol, ketones
SensitizerTDI, formaldehyde
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Physicochemical Properties
Solubility
Melting and boiling points
Vapor pressureVapor density or relative density
Flash point
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CSDS
Physicochemical properties
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Purpose of Sampling
Compliance with the requirement of the law
Health risk assessment
Epidemiological studyAssessment of control measures
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Type of Sampling
Area sampling
Personal sampling
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Sampling Equipment
Real time
Non real time
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Sampling Equipment (examples)
Charcoal tubes with pump
Passive sampler (diffusion membrane)
Bubbler (midget impinger)MIRAN
Portable gas chromatography
Detector tubes
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