partner pair up!. bell ringer section ecosystem components review 1. identify abiotic factors in the...
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Bell Ringer SectionBell Ringer SectionEcosystem Components ReviewEcosystem Components Review
1.1. Identify abiotic factors in the ecosystemIdentify abiotic factors in the ecosystem2.2. Is this ecosystem and open or closed system? Explain.Is this ecosystem and open or closed system? Explain.3.3. Identify two autotrophs and two heterotrophsIdentify two autotrophs and two heterotrophs4.4. WhatWhat’’s the difference between a secondary and tertiary s the difference between a secondary and tertiary
consumer?consumer?5.5. Write what a limiting factor might be for two different Write what a limiting factor might be for two different
species in your food web.species in your food web.6.6. Infer the range of tolerance for those two organisms aboveInfer the range of tolerance for those two organisms above7.7. Explain the difference between decomposer and detrivore… Explain the difference between decomposer and detrivore…
and give an example of each in your ecosystem.and give an example of each in your ecosystem.8.8. What type of disturbances can happen to your ecosystem? What type of disturbances can happen to your ecosystem?
[name one natural and one anthropogenic].[name one natural and one anthropogenic].
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMHow does energy flow in an ecosystem?How does energy flow in an ecosystem?
What is an energy pyramid? What is an energy pyramid?
What is a trophic level?What is a trophic level?
FOOD CHAINS/WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDSFOOD CHAINS/WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDS
Food chains/webs can be Food chains/webs can be written as a pyramid:written as a pyramid:
Producers form the base Producers form the base of the pyramidof the pyramid
Consumers form the Consumers form the upper layersupper layers
ENERGY PYRAMIDSENERGY PYRAMIDS
A level of the A level of the energy pyramid is energy pyramid is called a called a TROPHIC TROPHIC LEVELLEVEL
Each Each trophic leveltrophic level represents the represents the energy for those energy for those organismsorganisms
Top Consumer
Energy stored by Secondary Consumers
Energy stored byPrimary Consumers
ENERGY STORED BY PRODUCERS
The energy pyramid shows The energy pyramid shows energy flow in an ecosystem:energy flow in an ecosystem:
TROPHIC LEVELSTROPHIC LEVELS Energy is Energy is lostlost with each trophic with each trophic
~90% is released to the environment as heat~90% is released to the environment as heat ~10% of the energy is used~10% of the energy is used
Only about Only about 10% of the 10% of the
energy from energy from one level is one level is
passed on to passed on to the next levelthe next level
QUICK REVIEWQUICK REVIEW Practice! Practice!
If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic level, what percentages of the energy are available at level, what percentages of the energy are available at the second and third trophic levels?the second and third trophic levels?
100%
10%
1%
QUICK REVIEW!QUICK REVIEW! All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ All organisms in an ecosystem need _______
from food to live. An energy ________ shows from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level. the next level.
energyenergypyramidpyramid
ProducersProducers10%10%
organismorganism
Pyramid of Energy FlowPyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levelslevels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 stepschains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Living OrganismsLiving Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs from their environment to supply their needs for survival, growth, and reproductionfor survival, growth, and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite changes in their external environment through changes in their external environment through homeostasis, if not overstressedhomeostasis, if not overstressed
BiomassBiomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms.in organisms. Biomass is measured in dry weight Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of
all producersall producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies Useable energy transferred as biomass varies
from 5%-20% (10% standard)from 5%-20% (10% standard)
Pyramid of BiomassPyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels Storage of biomass at various trophic levels
of ecosystemof ecosystem
Pyramid of Energy FlowPyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows Loss of usable energy as energy flows
through trophic levels of food chains and through trophic levels of food chains and webs webs
Rarely have more than 4 stepsRarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic levelNumber of organisms at each trophic level
Gross Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)(GPP)
Rate in which Rate in which producers producers
convert solar convert solar energy into energy into chemical chemical energy energy
(biomass) in (biomass) in a given a given
amount of amount of timetime
Net Primary Productivity Net Primary Productivity (NPP)(NPP)
Rate in which energy Rate in which energy for use by for use by consumersconsumers is stored in new biomass of is stored in new biomass of plantsplants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per Measured in kilocalories per square meter per
year or grams in biomassyear or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planet’s NPP is the limit determining the planet’s
carrying capacity for all species.carrying capacity for all species. 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in
oceanocean
Ecological EfficiencyEcological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another.trophic level to another. 10% ecological efficiency 10% ecological efficiency
1,000,000 units of energy from sun1,000,000 units of energy from sun 10,000 units available for green plants 10,000 units available for green plants
(photosynthesis)(photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores10 units for secondary carnivores
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