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Pathology of the Respiratory Pathology of the Respiratory System: General Responses to System: General Responses to
InjuryInjury
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Respiratory PathologyRespiratory Pathology
Respiratory disease important in all speciesRespiratory disease important in all speciesEconomic importanceEconomic importanceClinical importanceClinical importance
Diagnosis is a challenge, both clinical and Diagnosis is a challenge, both clinical and morphologicmorphologic
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Pathology of Respiratory SystemPathology of Respiratory System
Respiratory injury and response Respiratory injury and response -- OutlineOutlineGeneral General Upper respiratory tractUpper respiratory tractLower respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Pleura and thoracic cavityPleura and thoracic cavity
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InjuryInjury
Types of injuryTypes of injuryPrimary or secondaryPrimary or secondaryCell specific or nonCell specific or non--specificspecific
Importance in repair processImportance in repair processAre stem cells injured?Are stem cells injured?
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Causes of Injury: Cell SpecificCauses of Injury: Cell Specific
Ciliated cell injury Ciliated cell injury Bacteria e.g. Bacteria e.g. BordetellaBordetella, , MycoplasmaMycoplasma sppsppViruses e.g. influenza, paramyxovirusViruses e.g. influenza, paramyxovirusAir pollutants (NOAir pollutants (NO22 , SO, SO22 , O, O33 , O, O22))
Clara cell injury Clara cell injury Metabolically activated Metabolically activated xenobioticsxenobiotics (3 methylindole)(3 methylindole)
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Clara Cell NecrosisClara Cell Necrosis
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Clara Cell NecrosisClara Cell Necrosis
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Causes of Injury: NonCauses of Injury: Non--specificspecific
Some viruses Some viruses Chemicals (caustic agents)Chemicals (caustic agents)Foreign bodiesForeign bodies
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Response to Injury is Limited Response to Injury is Limited
But can vary somewhat depending onBut can vary somewhat depending onCausative agentCausative agentRoute of exposureRoute of exposureSeverity of exposureSeverity of exposureHost defenseHost defense
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Diagnostic AidsDiagnostic Aids
Type of inflammatory responseType of inflammatory responsePresence of causative agent Presence of causative agent Presence of a specific agentPresence of a specific agent--induced change induced change e.ge.ginclusion bodiesinclusion bodiesSpecial stainsSpecial stainsImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry (IHC)(IHC)Electron microscopyElectron microscopy
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Response to InjuryResponse to Injury
EdemaEdemaNecrosisNecrosisInflammationInflammationCell proliferationCell proliferationFibrosisFibrosisGranuloma formationGranuloma formation
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Consequences of Airway InjuryConsequences of Airway Injury
Early Morphologic ChangesEarly Morphologic ChangesInflammationInflammationEpithelial hyperplasia Epithelial hyperplasia –– regenerative or due to irritant regenerative or due to irritant effects e.g. mucous cellseffects e.g. mucous cellsEpithelium Epithelium metaplasiametaplasia –– effect on effect on mucociliarymucociliary escalator escalator e.g.e.g.
MucousMucousSquamousSquamous
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Response to Injury Response to Injury -- ProliferationProliferation
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Mucous HyperplasiaMucous Hyperplasia
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Consequences of Airway InjuryConsequences of Airway Injury
Adverse EffectsAdverse EffectsAirway hyperAirway hyper--reactivity and reactivity and bronchoconstrictionbronchoconstrictionModified mucus productionModified mucus productionDecreased Decreased mucociliarymucociliary clearanceclearanceInflammationInflammationEpithelial proliferationEpithelial proliferationObstruction Obstruction –– complete or incompletecomplete or incompletePredisposition to infectionPredisposition to infectionFibrosisFibrosis
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Chronic Effects of Airway Chronic Effects of Airway InjuryInjury
FibrosisFibrosisMural Mural -- fibrosingfibrosing bronchiolitisbronchiolitisIntralumenalIntralumenal –– bronchiolitisbronchiolitis obliteransobliteransCan lead to Can lead to atelectasisatelectasis (complete obstruction) or (complete obstruction) or emphysemaemphysema
Destruction of surrounding tissueDestruction of surrounding tissueBronchiectasisBronchiectasisAbscess formation/Abscess formation/empyemaempyema if infectedif infected
Extension of infection e.g. pneumoniaExtension of infection e.g. pneumoniaNeoplasiaNeoplasia
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Chronic Effects of Airway InjuryChronic Effects of Airway Injury
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Chronic Effects of Airway InjuryChronic Effects of Airway Injury
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Consequences of Lung Consequences of Lung Parenchymal InjuryParenchymal Injury
EdemaEdemaDecreased surfactant (Decreased surfactant (→→ atelectasis)atelectasis)Decreased defense mechanismsDecreased defense mechanismsEpithelial proliferation/Epithelial proliferation/neoplasianeoplasiaInflammationInflammationFibrosisFibrosisPredisposition to infectionPredisposition to infectionImmune mediated diseaseImmune mediated disease
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Repair of Injury to the LungRepair of Injury to the Lung
Repair can occur if Repair can occur if Stem cells are availableStem cells are availableBasement membrane is intactBasement membrane is intactInflammation is not too severeInflammation is not too severeInciting agent is removedInciting agent is removed
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Consequences of Basement Consequences of Basement Membrane DamageMembrane Damage
Chronic disease: fibrosisChronic disease: fibrosisSevere destruction of tissueSevere destruction of tissue
Emphysema Emphysema AbscessAbscessSequestrationSequestration
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Consequences of Basement Consequences of Basement Membrane Damage Membrane Damage -- LungLung
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Diagnosis of Respiratory DiseaseDiagnosis of Respiratory Disease
Clinical disease, individual and group/herd Clinical disease, individual and group/herd Pulmonary functionPulmonary functionClinical pathologyClinical pathologyAnatomic pathology Anatomic pathology –– gross, microscopic, electron gross, microscopic, electron microscopy, IHCmicroscopy, IHCBacteriology Bacteriology -- culture, PCR, serologyculture, PCR, serologyVirology Virology –– as bacteriology, virus isolation as bacteriology, virus isolation ParasitologyParasitologyToxicology Toxicology –– analytical, feed microscopyanalytical, feed microscopy
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Pathology of Respiratory SystemPathology of Respiratory System
Respiratory injury and responseRespiratory injury and responseUpper Respiratory TractUpper Respiratory Tract
Developmental AbnormalitiesDevelopmental AbnormalitiesNon infectious DiseaseNon infectious DiseaseInfectious DiseaseInfectious Disease
Lower Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract Pleura and thoracic cavityPleura and thoracic cavity
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Upper Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System Developmental AbnormalitiesDevelopmental Abnormalities
ExamplesExamplesMaxillary sinus cysts Maxillary sinus cysts -- horsehorseCiliary Ciliary dyskinesisdyskinesis -- dogdogTracheal hypoplasia Tracheal hypoplasia -- dogdogEpiglottal Epiglottal hypoplasiahypoplasia -- horsehorse
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Upper Respiratory System: Upper Respiratory System: Noninfectious Disease Noninfectious Disease
Tracheal collapse (dogs, horses)Tracheal collapse (dogs, horses)Laryngeal paralysis (dogs, horses)Laryngeal paralysis (dogs, horses)
Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplasia (roarer)Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplasia (roarer)
Laryngeal edemaLaryngeal edemaSmoke inhalationSmoke inhalation
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Noninfectious Disease:Noninfectious Disease:Differentials for Differentials for EpistaxisEpistaxis
TraumaTraumaInvasive intranasal lesionInvasive intranasal lesion
Fungal infectionFungal infectionNeoplasiaNeoplasia
Bleeding disorder Bleeding disorder –– genetic, infectious, or genetic, infectious, or toxic origintoxic originExercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) (EIPH) -- horseshorses
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Proliferative Lesions Proliferative Lesions of Nasal Cavityof Nasal Cavity
Nasal polyps (cats, horses)Nasal polyps (cats, horses)Ethmoid Ethmoid hematomahematomaNasopharyngeal polyps Nasopharyngeal polyps -- catscatsGranulomatous rhinitisGranulomatous rhinitis
NeoplasiaNeoplasiaCarcinomaCarcinomaSarcomaSarcoma
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ProliferativeProliferative Lesions Lesions of Nasal Cavityof Nasal Cavity
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Neoplasia of the Nasal Cavity:Neoplasia of the Nasal Cavity:
Mainly dogs, also cats and horsesMainly dogs, also cats and horses80% malignant80% malignantClinical Signs Clinical Signs
Unilateral or bilateral mucoid or bloody dischargeUnilateral or bilateral mucoid or bloody dischargeIntermittent sneezingIntermittent sneezingObstruction of nasolacrimal ductObstruction of nasolacrimal ductFacial swellingFacial swellingBony erosionBony erosionNeurologicNeurologic signs occasionallysigns occasionally
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NeoplasiaNeoplasia of the Nasal Cavityof the Nasal Cavity
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Noninfectious Diseases of Upper Noninfectious Diseases of Upper Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Smoke inhalationSmoke inhalationThermal injury Thermal injury
Laryngeal/tracheal necrosis with fibrinLaryngeal/tracheal necrosis with fibrin
Also chemical induced pulmonary edemaAlso chemical induced pulmonary edema
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Infectious Upper Respiratory Infectious Upper Respiratory Disease Disease
Balance of microbial flora upsetBalance of microbial flora upsetOften viral, especially herpes viruses Often viral, especially herpes viruses Bacterial disease secondaryBacterial disease secondaryPossible Possible sequellasequella –– osteomyelitisosteomyelitis, , meningitis, meningitis, otitisotitis
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Infectious Upper Respiratory Infectious Upper Respiratory DiseaseDisease
CattleCattle*Infectious bovine *Infectious bovine rhinotracheitisrhinotracheitis (IBR)(IBR)
HorsesHorses*Equine rhinopneumonitis*Equine rhinopneumonitisStrangles (Strangles (Strep Strep equiequi))
PigsPigs**PseudorabiesPseudorabiesAtrophic rhinitis (Atrophic rhinitis (Past Past multocidamultocida))
*Herpes viruses*Herpes viruses
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Infectious Upper Respiratory Infectious Upper Respiratory DiseaseDisease
DogsDogsCanine distemper virusCanine distemper virusInfectious Infectious tracheobronchitistracheobronchitisAspergillosisAspergillosis
CatsCats*Feline viral rhinotracheitis*Feline viral rhinotracheitisCalicivirusCalicivirusCryptococcosisCryptococcosis
*Herpes viruses*Herpes viruses
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Pathology of Respiratory Pathology of Respiratory SystemSystem
Upper Respiratory TractUpper Respiratory TractLower Respiratory TractLower Respiratory Tract
Lung lesion distribution Lung lesion distribution Developmental AbnormalitiesDevelopmental AbnormalitiesNon Infectious DiseaseNon Infectious DiseasePneumoniasPneumoniasNeoplasiaNeoplasia
Pleura and thoracic cavityPleura and thoracic cavity
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Gross Lung ExamGross Lung Exam
Lesion distributionLesion distributionDiffuseDiffuseLocally extensiveLocally extensiveFocal/Focal/multifocalmultifocal
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Diffuse Pulmonary DiseaseDiffuse Pulmonary Disease
EdemaEdemaAtelectasisAtelectasisInterstitial pneumoniaInterstitial pneumoniaMineralizationMineralizationEmphysemaEmphysema
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Normal and Pulmonary EdemaNormal and Pulmonary Edema
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Locally Extensive Pulmonary Locally Extensive Pulmonary DiseaseDisease
CranioventralCranioventralbronchopneumoniabronchopneumonia
BacterialBacterialAspirationAspiration
Granulomatous pneumoniaGranulomatous pneumoniaOther: lobe torsionOther: lobe torsion
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Locally Extensive Pulmonary Locally Extensive Pulmonary Disease Disease –– Lobe Torsion Lobe Torsion -- DogDog
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Focal/Multifocal Pulmonary Focal/Multifocal Pulmonary DiseaseDisease
AbscessAbscessGranulomaGranuloma
BacterialBacterialMycoticMycoticParasiticParasiticParticulatesParticulates
InfarctInfarctNeoplasiaNeoplasia
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Developmental Lung AnomaliesDevelopmental Lung Anomalies
RARERAREAccessory lungsAccessory lungsPulmonary Pulmonary hypoplasiahypoplasia –– cattlecattlePulmonary cystPulmonary cystSurfactant deficiency Surfactant deficiency –– horses horses MelanosisMelanosis –– pigs, cattle, sheeppigs, cattle, sheepBronchial hypoplasia with lobar emphysemaBronchial hypoplasia with lobar emphysema–– dogsdogs
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Developmental Lung AnomaliesDevelopmental Lung Anomalies
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Developmental AbnormalitiesDevelopmental Abnormalities
Pulmonary Pulmonary hypoplasiahypoplasiaGeneticGeneticPrimary, e.g., viral: border disease, swine influenza, Primary, e.g., viral: border disease, swine influenza, MenangleMenangle virus.virus.Secondary, e.g., to diaphragmatic hernia.Secondary, e.g., to diaphragmatic hernia.
Surfactant deficiency Surfactant deficiency -- diffuse diffuse atelectasisatelectasis..PrematurityPrematurity, e.g., lambs., e.g., lambs.Hyaline membrane disease ("barkers") in foals, pigs Hyaline membrane disease ("barkers") in foals, pigs
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Pulmonary MineralizationPulmonary Mineralization
Diffuse lesion (pumice lung)Diffuse lesion (pumice lung)Etiology Etiology
UremiaUremiaPrimary hyperparathyroidismPrimary hyperparathyroidismHypercalcemia of malignancyHypercalcemia of malignancyVitamin D toxicosisVitamin D toxicosisGross and microscopic Gross and microscopic –– interstitial pneumoniainterstitial pneumoniaOther organs affectedOther organs affected
Focal Focal microlithiasismicrolithiasis –– old dogsold dogs
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Pulmonary Mineralization Pulmonary Mineralization --DogDog
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Air in tissuesAir in tissues
Alveolar emphysemaAlveolar emphysema
Rupture of alveolar septa Rupture of alveolar septa -- humanhuman
Equine pulmonary emphysema (COPD, heaves)Equine pulmonary emphysema (COPD, heaves)
Interstitial emphysema (cattle)Interstitial emphysema (cattle)
Air in the interlobular septae and Air in the interlobular septae and subpleurallysubpleurallyFocal: secondary to Focal: secondary to atelectasisatelectasis, scarring, incomplete , scarring, incomplete obstruction of airways, or pneumonia.obstruction of airways, or pneumonia.
Senile "emphysemaSenile "emphysema““-- aged dogs, cats, horsesaged dogs, cats, horses
Abnormalities of Inflation Abnormalities of Inflation ––EmphysemaEmphysema
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Alveolar EmphysemaAlveolar Emphysema
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Abnormalities of Inflation Abnormalities of Inflation –– Alveolar Alveolar Emphysema Emphysema -- HorseHorse
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Abnormalities of Inflation Abnormalities of Inflation ––Interstitial Emphysema Interstitial Emphysema -- CowCow
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AtelectasisAtelectasis
Diffuse or multifocalDiffuse or multifocalCongenital atelectasisCongenital atelectasisAcquired atelectasisAcquired atelectasis
Compression collapseCompression collapseObstructive (focal)Obstructive (focal)Congestive or hypostatic atelectasisCongestive or hypostatic atelectasis
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AquiredAquired AtelectasisAtelectasis -- DogDog
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Circulatory DisturbancesCirculatory Disturbances
Diffuse pulmonary edemaDiffuse pulmonary edema
HemorrhageHemorrhage
Petechia, ecchymosisPetechia, ecchymosis
EIPHEIPH
Embolism, thrombosis, infarctionEmbolism, thrombosis, infarction
Pulmonary hypertensionPulmonary hypertension
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Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema –– CowCow
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CardiogenicCardiogenic EdemaEdema——DogDog
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CardiogenicCardiogenic EdemaEdema——DogDog
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Mechanisms ofMechanisms ofPulmonary EdemaPulmonary Edema
Altered hemodynamicsAltered hemodynamicsIncreased capillary hydrostatic pressureIncreased capillary hydrostatic pressureDecreased plasma oncotic pressureDecreased plasma oncotic pressure
Increased permeability of airIncreased permeability of air--blood barrier blood barrier (noncardiogenic)(noncardiogenic)Lymphatic obstructionLymphatic obstruction
Note normal location of Note normal location of lymphaticslymphaticsAirway obstructionAirway obstruction
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Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema -- Increased Increased Capillary Hydrostatic PressureCapillary Hydrostatic Pressure
CardiogenicCardiogenic –– most commonmost commonHypervolemicHypervolemic -- iatrogeniciatrogenicAcute CNS injury Acute CNS injury -- epinephrine release epinephrine release -- direct or via cardiac injury (braindirect or via cardiac injury (brain--heart heart syndrome)syndrome)
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Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema -- Increased Increased Capillary Hydrostatic PressureCapillary Hydrostatic Pressure
CardiogenicCardiogenicToxic Toxic –– e.g. e.g. fumonisinsfumonisins, gossypol, gossypolNutritional Nutritional –– e.g. vitamin E/selenium e.g. vitamin E/selenium deficiencydeficiencyDegenerativeDegenerativeCardiomyopathyCardiomyopathyCongenital heart defectsCongenital heart defects
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Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema –– PigPig
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Increased Permeability Increased Permeability of Airof Air--Blood BarrierBlood Barrier
Endothelial/epithelial injury Endothelial/epithelial injury ––inhalation/inhalation/boodborneboodborne exposureexposure
Toxic e.g. smoke, Toxic e.g. smoke, paraquatparaquat, oxygen, oxygenViralViralBacterialBacterial
InflammationInflammationAnaphylaxisAnaphylaxisHypoxemiaHypoxemia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Embolism, Thrombosis, Embolism, Thrombosis, InfarctionInfarction
Embolism/ThromboembolismEmbolism/ThromboembolismInfectiousInfectiousNeoplasticNeoplasticAsepticAseptic
ThrombosisThrombosisInfarction rare due to dual blood supplyInfarction rare due to dual blood supply
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Embolism, Thrombosis Embolism, Thrombosis -- CowCow
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
HemorrhageHemorrhage
PetechialPetechial hemorrhagehemorrhageSepticemiaSepticemia
EcchymoticEcchymotic hemorrhagehemorrhageCoagulation defectsCoagulation defects
Other Other TraumaTrauma
Method of euthanasia Method of euthanasia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Limited types of responseLimited types of responseDiagnosis/EtiologyDiagnosis/Etiology
PalpationPalpationDistribution of lesionsDistribution of lesionsPathologyPathologyAncillary information (clinical, laboratory)Ancillary information (clinical, laboratory)
Inflammation of the Lung: Inflammation of the Lung: PneumoniaPneumonia
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Types of PneumoniaTypes of Pneumonia
BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumoniaInterstitial pneumoniaInterstitial pneumoniaEmbolic pneumoniaEmbolic pneumoniaGranulomatous pneumoniaGranulomatous pneumonia
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BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumonia
Inflammation of airways and adjacent parenchymaInflammation of airways and adjacent parenchymaInhaled agentsInhaled agents
BacteriaBacteriaGenerally suppurativeGenerally suppurativeAnteroventralAnteroventralAspirationAspiration
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
BronchoBroncho--pneumonia pneumonia --
PigPig
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Bronchopneumonia: BacterialBronchopneumonia: Bacterial
Generally young, stressed animalsGenerally young, stressed animalsPredispositionPredisposition
StressStressViral infectionViral infectionImmune deficiency/suppressionImmune deficiency/suppression
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumonia
Classical stagesClassical stagesHyperemia plus edema (minsHyperemia plus edema (mins--hrs)hrs)Red hepatization (2Red hepatization (2--3 days)3 days)Gray hepatization (5Gray hepatization (5--7 days)7 days)Resolution (7 days to 4 weeks)Resolution (7 days to 4 weeks)
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumonia
Common sequelaeCommon sequelaeDeath (hypoxemia, toxemia)Death (hypoxemia, toxemia)SepticemiaSepticemiaPleuritisPleuritisChronic bronchopneumoniaChronic bronchopneumoniaAbscessesAbscessesBronchiectasisBronchiectasisAtelectasisAtelectasis
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Interstitial PneumoniaInterstitial Pneumonia
Inflammation of interstitiumInflammation of interstitium--generally without generally without airway involvementairway involvementDiffuse distributionDiffuse distributionNonNon--suppurativesuppurativeExposure via blood or inhalationExposure via blood or inhalation
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Interstitial Interstitial Pneumonia Pneumonia --
HorseHorse
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Interstitial Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia -- FoalFoal
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Etiology ofEtiology ofInterstitial PneumoniasInterstitial Pneumonias
ViralViralBacterial Bacterial MycoticMycoticProtozoalProtozoalOther parasiticOther parasitic
ToxicToxicHypersensitivityHypersensitivity
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Interstitial PneumoniaInterstitial Pneumonia
Lesion lacks etiologic specificityLesion lacks etiologic specificityAcute exudative phase (ARDS)Acute exudative phase (ARDS)Subacute proliferative phase (3 days)Subacute proliferative phase (3 days)Chronic phase (7Chronic phase (7--14 days)14 days)
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
SubacuteSubacute Interstitial Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia --CowCow
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Interstitial PneumoniaInterstitial Pneumonia
Possible sequelaPossible sequelaResolutionResolutionFibrosisFibrosisPersistencePersistenceBacterial bronchopneumoniaBacterial bronchopneumonia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Bronchointerstitial PneumoniaBronchointerstitial Pneumonia
Microscopic diagnosis onlyMicroscopic diagnosis onlyComponentsComponents
Interstitial pneumonia (nonInterstitial pneumonia (non--suppurative)suppurative)BronchiolitisBronchiolitis
EtiologyEtiologySome viruses e.g. Some viruses e.g. herpesvirusherpesvirus, BRSV, BRSVMycoplasmaMycoplasma
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Multifocal LesionsMultifocal Lesions
AbscessAbscessBronchogenicBronchogenicSeptic emboliSeptic emboliAspirationAspiration
Foreign bodyForeign bodyGranulomaGranulomaNeoplasiaNeoplasia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
MultifocalMultifocalAbscesses Abscesses --
HorseHorse
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Embolic PneumoniaEmbolic Pneumonia
EtiologyEtiologyBacterial (abscesses) Bacterial (abscesses)
Vegetative Vegetative endocarditisendocarditisSepticemiaSepticemiaRuptured liver abscessRuptured liver abscess
Mycotic (granulomas)Mycotic (granulomas)Rumen ulcersRumen ulcersGI ischemiaGI ischemia
Foreign body (e.g. iv injection, hair)Foreign body (e.g. iv injection, hair)
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pulmonary EmboliPulmonary Emboli
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Granulomatous PneumoniaGranulomatous Pneumonia
Inhaled or bloodInhaled or blood--borne agentsborne agentsLarge areas are affected vs. pulmonary Large areas are affected vs. pulmonary granulomasgranulomasMultifocal to locally extensive distribution Multifocal to locally extensive distribution Agent persists and incites Agent persists and incites granulomatousgranulomatousresponseresponseEtiology: mycotic, bacterial, particulatesEtiology: mycotic, bacterial, particulates
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
GranulomatousGranulomatous Pneumonia Pneumonia -- DogDog
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis -- CowCow
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis -- CowCow
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
PneumoconiosisPneumoconiosis
AnthracosisAnthracosisAsbestosisAsbestosisSilicosisSilicosisClay Clay -- bentonitebentonite –– cat litter ?????cat litter ?????
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis -- AnthracosisAnthracosis
Species: dogs, Species: dogs, humans, etc, living humans, etc, living in citiesin citiesDisease: benign Disease: benign accumulation of accumulation of carboncarbon
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis -- AsbestosisAsbestosis
Species: man, dog, cattleSpecies: man, dog, cattleLesionsLesions
Inflammation, fibrosis, asbestos bodiesInflammation, fibrosis, asbestos bodiesMesotheliomaMesothelioma
Pathogenesis: macrophage and epithelial injuryPathogenesis: macrophage and epithelial injury
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis -- SilicosisSilicosis
-- Species: humans, horses, wildlife and zoo Species: humans, horses, wildlife and zoo animalsanimals
-- Origin: mines, sandblasting, sand flouncingOrigin: mines, sandblasting, sand flouncing-- Pathology: progressive Pathology: progressive granulomatousgranulomatous diseasedisease-- Pathogenesis: Pathogenesis: cytotoxicitycytotoxicity to macrophagesto macrophages
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Silicosis Silicosis –– Rat (Exp)Rat (Exp)
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis -- SilicosisSilicosis
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Aspiration PneumoniaAspiration Pneumonia
Etiology/predisposing factorsEtiology/predisposing factorsIatrogenicIatrogenicCleft palateCleft palateAnesthesiaAnesthesiaCNS disorderCNS disorderWhite muscle diseaseWhite muscle diseaseImproper force feedingImproper force feedingPrenatal stressPrenatal stress
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Aspiration Pneumonia cont.Aspiration Pneumonia cont.
Response to aspirated materialResponse to aspirated materialLesionLesion
BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumoniaDistributionDistribution
AnteroventralAnteroventral/locally extensive/locally extensiveMultifocalMultifocal
SeveritySeverityIdentification of foreign materialIdentification of foreign material
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Aspiration Pneumonia Aspiration Pneumonia -- MouseMouse
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Fetal Aspiration PneumoniaFetal Aspiration Pneumonia
Fetal hypoxia and acidosis (fetal distress)Fetal hypoxia and acidosis (fetal distress)Relaxation of anal sphincter with release of Relaxation of anal sphincter with release of meconiummeconium into amniotic fluidinto amniotic fluidLoss of Loss of glossalglossal reflex allows aspiration of reflex allows aspiration of amniotic fluid containing amniotic fluid containing squamessquames and and meconiummeconiumMay also aspirate pathogens if May also aspirate pathogens if placentitisplacentitispresentpresentInflammation results Inflammation results –– easily missedeasily missed
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Lesions Lesions Interstitial pneumoniaInterstitial pneumoniaBronchointerstitial pneumoniaBronchointerstitial pneumonia
Rarely kill without bacterial infectionRarely kill without bacterial infectionDiagnosisDiagnosis
Viral PneumoniasViral Pneumonias
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Can lead to secondary infectionCan lead to secondary infectionDepress macrophage functionDepress macrophage functionImpair mucociliary clearanceImpair mucociliary clearanceAllow bacterial multiplicationAllow bacterial multiplication
Can lead to airway hyperreactivityCan lead to airway hyperreactivity
Viral InfectionViral Infection
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Major Viral DiseasesMajor Viral Diseases
Especially importantEspecially importantHerpesvirusesHerpesviruses
Can remain latent till stress occursCan remain latent till stress occursCan remain carrierCan remain carrier
InfluenzaInfluenzaAvian influenza Avian influenza –– also felids, humans affectedalso felids, humans affectedCanine influenza Canine influenza –– equine mutationequine mutation
ParamyxovirusesParamyxoviruses
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
AirAir--borne (aerogenous)borne (aerogenous)Bronchopneumonia (AV)Bronchopneumonia (AV)
Hematogenous: diffuse, multifocal (interstitial or Hematogenous: diffuse, multifocal (interstitial or embolic pneumonia)embolic pneumonia)Secondary toSecondary to
Infection: virus, mycoplasma, chlamydiaInfection: virus, mycoplasma, chlamydiaStress e.g. shippingStress e.g. shippingOther e.g. environmental conditionsOther e.g. environmental conditions
Bacterial PneumoniaBacterial Pneumonia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Bacterial Pneumonia (cont)Bacterial Pneumonia (cont)
Bacterial injuryBacterial injuryEstablishment by evasion of host defense Establishment by evasion of host defense systemsystemEndotoxinsEndotoxinsExotoxinsExotoxinsetcetc
DiagnosisDiagnosis
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Mycobacterial DiseaseMycobacterial Disease
Zoonotic disease, reportableZoonotic disease, reportableMycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)(tuberculosis)
Man, cattle, dog, primateMan, cattle, dog, primateM. bovisM. bovis
Man, cattle, swine, elephant, lionMan, cattle, swine, elephant, lionM. aviumM. avium
Avian, swine, primate, dogAvian, swine, primate, dogRecent concerns in deer, elk Recent concerns in deer, elk
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
MycobacteriosisMycobacteriosis
Most systems can be affectedMost systems can be affectedRuminants: primary pulmonaryRuminants: primary pulmonaryPigs: ingestion, can disseminate to lungPigs: ingestion, can disseminate to lung
Pathology: granulomasPathology: granulomasPathogenesisPathogenesis
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Etiologic agentsEtiologic agentsCryptococcus Cryptococcus neoformansneoformans, C. , C. gattigattiHistoplasmaHistoplasma capsulatumcapsulatumAspergillus spp.Aspergillus spp.BlastomycosisBlastomycosis dermatiditisdermatiditisCoccidiodesCoccidiodes immitisimmitis
Mycotic PneumoniaMycotic Pneumonia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
AspergillosisAspergillosis
CanineCanineNasal Nasal Disseminated if Disseminated if immunosuppressedimmunosuppressed
Avian Avian –– pulmonary, air sacs pulmonary, air sacs (invasive/noninvasive)(invasive/noninvasive)Equine Equine -- gutteralgutteral pouch infectionpouch infection
Pulmonary Pulmonary granulomasgranulomas (embolic)(embolic)
Bovine Bovine –– secondary to secondary to rumenalrumenal ulcersulcersPulmonary granulomas (embolic)Pulmonary granulomas (embolic)Placental leading to abortionPlacental leading to abortion
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Mycotic/ProtozoalMycotic/Protozoal Pneumonias Pneumonias Secondary to Secondary to ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression
ToxoplasmaToxoplasma gondiigondiiCat, dog, man, etc. (zoonosis)Cat, dog, man, etc. (zoonosis)Frequently associated with distemper, Frequently associated with distemper, AIDSAIDS
PneumocystisPneumocystis sppsppFoals, pigs. man, laboratory animalsFoals, pigs. man, laboratory animals
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Parasitic (Verminous) Parasitic (Verminous) PneumoniaPneumonia
Effect on hostEffect on hostObstruct airwaysObstruct airwaysGranulomas, Granulomas, multifocalmultifocal, , caudocaudo--dorsal dorsal Necrosis leading to loss of functionNecrosis leading to loss of functionSecondary bacterial bronchopneumoniaSecondary bacterial bronchopneumoniaHypersensitivity reactionHypersensitivity reactionOften see eosinophilsOften see eosinophils
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
MuelleriusMuellerius sppspp -- SheepSheep
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Toxic Lung InjuryToxic Lung Injury
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Cell Specific Toxic InjuryCell Specific Toxic Injury
Ciliated cells Ciliated cells -- NONO22 , SO, SO22 , O, O33
Mucous cells Mucous cells -- smoking, SOsmoking, SO22
NonciliatedNonciliated (Clara) cells/olfactory (Clara) cells/olfactory epithelium epithelium -- metabolically activated agents metabolically activated agents e.g. 3 e.g. 3 methylindolemethylindoleEndothelial cells Endothelial cells –– pyrrolizidinepyrrolizidine alkaloids, alkaloids, oxygen, oxygen, endotoxinendotoxinEpithelial type I cells Epithelial type I cells –– paraquatparaquatMacrophages Macrophages -- silicasilica
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Mechanisms of ToxicityMechanisms of Toxicity
Direct acting e.g., oxygen (high Direct acting e.g., oxygen (high concconc))Indirect actingIndirect acting
Metabolic activation e.g., 3 Metabolic activation e.g., 3 methylindolemethylindoleCyclic oxidation of parent compound Cyclic oxidation of parent compound egeg, , paraquatparaquatImmune mediated e.g., asthmaImmune mediated e.g., asthma
XenobioticXenobiotic interaction e.g., with oxygen interaction e.g., with oxygen
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Mechanisms of ToxicityMechanisms of Toxicity
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
EtiologyEtiology33--methylindole: cattle, sheep, goatsmethylindole: cattle, sheep, goats44--ipomeanol: cattleipomeanol: cattlePerilla frutescensPerilla frutescens ketone: cattle, horsesketone: cattle, horsesPyrrolizidine alkaloids: cattle, horses Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: cattle, horses swine, sheep (mainly hepatic)swine, sheep (mainly hepatic)
Paraquat: dogs, cats, manParaquat: dogs, cats, manChemotherapeutic agents e.g. Chemotherapeutic agents e.g. bleomycinbleomycin
Pathology: interstitial pneumoniaPathology: interstitial pneumonia
Chemically Induced (Toxic)Chemically Induced (Toxic)Pulmonary InjuryPulmonary Injury
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Smoke InhalationSmoke Inhalation
Injury due toInjury due toThermal injury (URT)Thermal injury (URT)Chemical injury (LRT)Chemical injury (LRT)
LesionsLesionsLaryngeal/tracheal necrosis with fibrinLaryngeal/tracheal necrosis with fibrinDelayed pulmonary edemaDelayed pulmonary edemaSoot particles often seenSoot particles often seen
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
ImmuneImmune--Mediated DiseasesMediated Diseases
Type I hypersensitivity: IgE mediatedType I hypersensitivity: IgE mediatedAsthma or anaphylaxisAsthma or anaphylaxis
Type III hypersensitivity : IgE mediatedType III hypersensitivity : IgE mediatedHypersensitivity Hypersensitivity ““pneumonitispneumonitis””
Type IV hypersensitivity : cell mediatedType IV hypersensitivity : cell mediatedGranulomatous diseaseGranulomatous disease
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis
Species: cattle, horses, catsSpecies: cattle, horses, catsType I hypersensitivityType I hypersensitivityEtiologyEtiology
Iatrogenic: antibiotic injection, vaccinationIatrogenic: antibiotic injection, vaccinationRuptured liver abscess, etcRuptured liver abscess, etc
PathologyPathologyPulmonary edema with eosinophilsPulmonary edema with eosinophilsAirway constrictionAirway constriction
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Hypersensitivity PneumoniasHypersensitivity Pneumonias
Equine Allergic Equine Allergic PneumonitisPneumonitis/Chronic /Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) –– types types I and III hypersensitivityI and III hypersensitivityType III hypersensitivity to organic antigens e.g. Type III hypersensitivity to organic antigens e.g. humans, cattlehumans, cattleDrug hypersensitivityDrug hypersensitivity
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Parasitic HypersensitivityParasitic Hypersensitivity
Parasitic infection in cattleParasitic infection in cattleDictyocaulusDictyocaulus vivaparousvivaparous
Parasitic infectionParasitic infection in dogsin dogsDirofilariaDirofilaria immitis immitis larvaelarvae
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Primary Lung NeoplasiaPrimary Lung Neoplasia
Rather rare in domestic animalsRather rare in domestic animalsGenerally in old animalsGenerally in old animalsMost epithelialMost epithelialGenerally solitary Generally solitary Clinical signsClinical signsDiagnosisDiagnosis
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Primary neoplasiaPrimary neoplasiaEpithelial Epithelial -- carcinomascarcinomasMesenchymal tumorsMesenchymal tumorsLymphomatoid granulomatosisLymphomatoid granulomatosis
NeoplasiaNeoplasia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
From Lopez (2006)From Lopez (2006)
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
NeoplasiaNeoplasia -- CarcinomaCarcinoma
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
NeoplasiaNeoplasia –– Carcinoma Carcinoma -- DogDog
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Secondary (metastatic) neoplasiaSecondary (metastatic) neoplasiaMore commonMore commonAdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma (mammary, thyroid)(mammary, thyroid)Osteosarcoma /chondrosarcomaOsteosarcoma /chondrosarcomaHemangiosarcomaHemangiosarcomaLymphosarcomaLymphosarcomaHistiocyticHistiocytic sarcomasarcoma
NeoplasiaNeoplasia
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pathology of Respiratory SystemPathology of Respiratory System
Respiratory injury and responseRespiratory injury and responseUpper respiratory tractUpper respiratory tractLower respiratory tract (lung)Lower respiratory tract (lung)Pleura and thoracic cavityPleura and thoracic cavity
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Diseases of the Pleura and Diseases of the Pleura and Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity
Pleuritis/PyothoraxPleuritis/PyothoraxHydroHydro--, Chylo, Chylo--, Hemo, Hemo--thoraxthoraxPneumothoraxPneumothoraxMineralizationMineralizationNeoplasticNeoplastic -- mesotheliomamesothelioma
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
UremicUremic MineralizationMineralization
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
Pleuritis/PyothoraxPleuritis/Pyothorax
PrimaryPrimarySecondarySecondary
Extension of pneumoniaExtension of pneumoniaRuptured lung abscessRuptured lung abscessTraumatic penetrationTraumatic penetration
Bite woundBite woundAwnAwn
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
NocardiosisNocardiosis -- CatCat
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED
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