pavement distresses 1
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1.Fati ue
Alli atorCrackin1.Fati ue
Alli ator
Crackin
Fatiguecrackingfromfrostaction
Badfatiguecracking
Fatiguecracking
from
edge
failure
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Fati ue
Alli atorCrackinFati ue
Alli ator
Crackin
Alligatorcracking
near
aparking
lot
drain. Thecrackingislikelyduetowaterinfiltratin avementcracksandrunningdowntothelowpointdrainunderneaththepavement,weakening
andremoving
material
from
under
the
a rea y n ayer. eremainingsupport,theHMAwillfailevenunderlightloading.
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Fati ue
Alli atorCrackinFati ue
Alli ator
Crackin
Alligatorcracking
on
apoorly
supportedroadwidening. Theroad
thesubgradeunderthewidened
portionwasnotadequately
compacted. Therefore,as
it
settled
over me, e ayerse e w
itandcracked.
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Fati ue
Alli atorCrackinFati ue
Alli ator
Crackin
AseriesofinterconnectedcrackscausedbyfatiguefailureoftheHMAsurfaceunderrepeatedtrafficloading. Asthenumberandmagnitudeofloadsbecomestoogreat,longitudinalcracks begintoform(usuallyinthewheelpaths). After
repeatedloading,
these
longitudinal
cracks
connect
forming
many
sided
sharp
angledpiecesthatdevelopintoapatternresemblingthebackofanalligatororcrocodile.
Inthinpavements,crackinginitiatesatthebottomoftheHMAlayerwherethetensilestressisthehighestthenpropagatestothesurfaceasoneormore
longitudinalcracks.
Thisiscommonlyreferredtoas"bottomup"or"classical"fatiguecracking.
Inthickpavements,thecracksmostlikelyinitiatefromthetopinareasofhigh
binderaging
(top
down
cracking).
Afterrepeatedloading,thelongitudinalcracksconnectformingmanysidedshar an led iecesthatdevelo intoa atternresemblin thebackofanalligatororcrocodile.
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ProblemProblem
Indicatorofstructuralfailure,cracksallowmoistureinfiltration,,
Roughness,indicator
of
structural
failure,
cracks
allow
moisture
infiltrationintothebase andsubgrade,eventuallyresultsinpotholes .
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PossiblecausesPossible
causes
Decreaseinpavementloadsupportingcharacteristics
osso ase,su aseorsu gra esuppor e.g.,poor ra nageor
springthaw
resulting
in
aless
stiff
base).
Stripping onthebottomoftheHMAlayer(thestrippedportion
con r u es e opavemen s reng so ee e c v ethicknessdecreases)
Increasein
loading
(e.g.,
more
or
heavier
loads
than
anticipated
in
es gn
Inadequatestructuralsupportforthegivenloading,whichcanbecausedbyamyriadofthings. Afewofthemorecommononesare:
Inadequatestructural
design
(i.e.,
the
pavement
was
designed
too
thinfortheanticipatedloads)
Poorconstruction i.e. inade uatecom action)
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Re air
Re air
Afatiguecrackedpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminethe.
orcoring
the
pavement
to
determine
the
pavement's
structural
makeupaswellasdeterminingwhetherornotsubsurfacemoistureisacontributin factor.
Oncethecharacteristicalligatorpatternisapparent,repairbycrack
sealingis
generally
ineffective.
Indicatorofstructuralfailure,cracksallowmoistureinfiltration,roughness,mayfurtherdeterioratetoapothole
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Re air
Re air
Fatiguecrackrepairgenerallyfallsintooneoftwocategories:
Small,localized
fatigue
cracking
indicative
of
a
loss
of
subgrade
support.
emovet ecrac e pavementareat en goutan rep acet eareaofpoorsubgradeandimprovethedrainageofthatareaif
necessary. Patch overthe
repaired
subgrade.
Largefatiguecrackedareasindicativeofgeneralstructuralfailure. PlaceanHMAoverlay overtheentirepavementsurface. This
over aymust
estrong
enoug
structura y
to
carry
t e
anticipatedloadingbecausetheunderlyingfatiguecracked
pavementmostlikelycontributeslittleornostrength(Roberts
. ., .
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2.Bleedin
2.Bleedin
BSTbleedinginwheelpaths
BSTbleedinginwheelpaths
HMAbleeding
from
over
asphalting
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Bleedin
Bleedin
showsup
as
ashiny
reflecting
surface
especiallyinthewheelpathswheretheaggregatevoidsareless.
,likely
the
result
of
mix
design
or
productionproblems.
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Definition
Definition
Afilmofasphaltbinderonthepavementsurface.
It
usually
creates
a
shiny,
glass
like
reflecting
surface
that
can
becomestickywhendryandslipperywhenwet.
thethirdphotoshowssurfacebecomequitesticky.
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ProblemProblem
Lossofskidresistance whenwet
Unsightly
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Possible
causes
Possible
causes
Bleedingoccurswhenasphaltbinderfillstheaggregatevoidsduring.
Sincebleedingisnotreversibleduringcoldweatherorperiodsoflowloading,asphaltbinderwillaccumulateonthepavementsurfaceovertime. Likelycausesare:
ExcessiveasphaltbinderintheHMA(eitherdueto apoormix
designor
manufacturing
problems)
ExcessiveapplicationofasphaltbinderduringBST application
LowHMAairvoid content(e.g.,notenoughvoidspacefortheas halttooccu likel amixdesi n roblem
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Re air
Re air
Thefollowingrepairmeasuresmayeliminateorreducetheasphaltbinderfilmonthe avement'ssurfacebutma notcorrecttheunderl in roblemthatcausedthebleeding:
Minorbleedin canoftenbecorrectedbyapplyin coarsesandtoblotuptheexcessasphaltbinder.
Majorbleeding
can
be
corrected
by
cutting
off
excess
asphalt
with
a
motorgraderorremovingitwithaheaterplaner. Iftheresultingsurfaceisexcessivelyrough,resurfacingmaybenecessary(APAI,nodategiven).
manufacturing)
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.Block
Crackin.
Block
Crackin
Interconnectedcracksthatdividethe
pavementup
into
rectangular
pieces.
Blocksrangeinsizefromapproximately
0.1m2 (1ft2)to9m2 (100ft2). Larger
blocksaregenerallyclassifiedas
.
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BlockCrackinBlockCrackin
Blockcrackinginparkinglotsis
commonbecausemanyparkinglot
pavementsexperienceonlylight
traffic(e. . noheav trucks).
Blocksrangeinsizefrom
approximately1ft2 to100ft2. Largerblocksaregenerally
c ass e
as
ong tu na an
transverse cracking.
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Descri tionDescri tionInterconnectedcracksthatdividethepavementupintorectangular
2
2. .
blocks
are
generally
classified
as
longitudinal and
transversecracking. Blockcrackingnormallyoccursoveralargeportionofavementareabutsometimeswilloccuronl innontrafficareas.
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Problem
Problem
Allowsmoistureinfiltration,roughness
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Possible
causesPossible
causesHMAshrinkageanddailytemperaturecycling. Typicallycausedbyan
cycles
because
of:
Asp a t in eraging
Poorchoice
of
as halt
binder
in
the
mix
desi n
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Re airRe airStrategiesdependupontheseverityandextentoftheblockcracking:
Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandcrackswithravelededges). Removeandreplacethecrackedpavementlayerwithanoverlay.
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.
Corru ation
and
Shovin.
Corru ation
and
Shovin
Shovingatabusyintersection. Conditionsarebadenoughherethattheshovingoccursnotonlynear
rigidobjects
but
across
the
pavement
in
general.
Corrugationontheuphillsideofastreet. Corrugationswereprobablycaused
yve c ess ar ngon eup gra e.
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Descri tionDescri tion
ormo p ast cmovementtyp e yr pp es corrugat on oran
abruptwave
(shoving)
across
the
pavement
surface.
The
distortion
is
perpendiculartothetrafficdirection.Usuallyoccursatpointswhere
rigidobject(shoving).
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PProblemroblem
oug ness
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
sua ycause ytra cact on start ngan stopp ng com ne
with:
Anunstable(i.e.lowstiffness)HMAlayer(causedbymixcontamination,poormixdesign,poorHMAmanufacturing,or
lackof
aeration
of
liquid
asphalt
emulsions)
Excessivemoistureinthesubgrade
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Re airesRe aires
determinetherootcauseoffailure. Repairstrategiesgenerallyfallintoone
of
two
categories:
Small,localizedareasofcorrugationorshoving. Removethedistortedpavementandpatch.
LargecorrugatedorshovedareasindicativeofgeneralHMAfailure. Removethedamagedpavementandoverlay.
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.
De ression
.
De ression
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De ression
De ression
De ressioninanaccessroadwa
Depressioninparkinglotprobablycausedbysubgradesettlement. Again,thepavementhas
probablycaused
by
subgrade
settlement. Notethatthepavementhasfatiguecracked significantlyasit
acons era eamoun o a gue
cracking whereit
has
settled.
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assett e .
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Descri tionDescri tion
surroundingpavement.
Depressionsareverynoticeableafterarainwhentheyfillwithwater.
determinetherootcauseoffailure.
Repairstrategiesgenerallyfallintooneoftwocategories:
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ProblemProblem
oug ness, epress ons e w t su stant a watercancause
vehiclehydroplaning
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
compaction
during
construction.
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Re airRe air
, .
A
pavement
depression
should
be
investigated
to
determine
the
root
cause
offailure(i.e.,subgradesettlementorfrostheave).
epress onss ou erepa re yremov ng ea ec e pavemen en
diggingoutandreplacingtheareaofpoorsubgrade.
Patch over
the
repaired
subgrade.
:
rost eave orsu gra esett ementresu t ng rom na equatecompact onduringconstruction.
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6.
Joint
Reflection
Crackin
6.
Joint
Reflection
Crackin
Jointreflectioncrackingonanarterial
Jointreflectioncrackingonanarterial
Jointreflectioncrackingcloseup
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Joint
Reflection
Crackin
Joint
Reflection
Crackin
Jointreflectivecrackingonanurban
arterial. Somejointreflectivecrackson
theseareprobablytooadvancedand
toowide
to
be
crack
sealed.
Jointreflectivecrackin onalowuse
industrialroad. This
pavement
has
beencrackedformanyyearsandwillprobablynotgetmuchworse. Notice
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t egrassgrow ng nt ecrac s.
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Descri tionDescri tion
rac s na ex eover ayo ar g pavement.
Thecracks
occur
directly
over
the
underlying
rigid
pavement
joints.
Jointreflectioncrackin doesnotincludereflectioncracksthatoccur
awayfromanunderlyingjointorfromanyothertypeofbase(e.g.,cementorlimestabilized).
B
definition
de ressionsare
small
localized
areas.
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ProblemProblem
: owsmo sture n trat on,roug ness
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
ovemento t er g pavements a eneat t e sur ace
becauseof
thermal
and
moisture
changes.
Generallynotloadinitiated,howeverloadingcanhastendeterioration.
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Re airRe air
trateg es epen upont esever tyan extento t ecrac ng:
Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Remove
and
replace
the
cracked
pavement
layer
with
an
overlay.
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.
Lon itudinal
Crackin.
Lon itudinal
Crackin
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Lon itudinal
Crackin
Lon itudinal
Crackin
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Lon itudinal
Crackin
Lon itudinal
Crackin
ong tu na
crac ngon
arura
countyroad. Itslocationinthewheelpathindicatesthatisprobablytheonsetoffati uecrackinpossiblycausedbyathinpavement
structure.
Longitudinalcracking
on
acity
arterial. Itslocationinthe
wheelpathindicatesthatisprobably
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theonsetoffatiguecracking.
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Descri tionDescri tion
rac spara e tot epavement scenter neor ay own
direction. Usuallyatype
of
fatigue
cracking.
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ProblemProblem
owsmo sture n trat on,roug ness, n catesposs eonseto
fatigue
cracking and
structural
failure.
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Poor ointconstructionorlocation. Jointsare enerall theleastdense
areasofapavement. Therefore,theyshouldbeconstructedoutsideof
thewheelpath
so
that
they
are
only
infrequently
loaded. Joints
in
the
wheelpathlikethoseshowninthirdthroughfifthfiguresabove,willeneralfail rematurel .
Areflectivecrackfromanunderlyinglayer(notincludingjointreflectioncracking)
HMA
fatigue
(indicates
the
onset
of
future
fatigue
cracking)
topdowncracking
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Re airsRe airs
Strategiesdependupontheseverityandextentofthecracking:
Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Removeandreplacethecrackedpavementlayerwithanover ay.
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8.
Patchin
8.
Patchin
Patchoverlocalizeddistress
Failingpatch
Utilitycutpatch46hra
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Patchin Patchin
Apatchonanurbanarterialusedtorepairaspalledjointreflectivecrack.
Twopatchesonanurbanarterial
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Descri tionDescri tion
Anareaofpavementthathasbeenreplacedwithnewmaterialto.
matterhowwellitperforms.
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ProblemProblem
Roughness
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Previouslocalizedpavementdeteriorationthathasbeenremoved
Utility
cuts
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.Potholes.Potholes
A pothole beginning to form from an area of
A pothole in the surface course of an urbanarterial. This pothole may have come aboutfrom fatigue cracking that started in an
excessively raveled area. Left untreated it
excess ve at gue crac ng. o ce ow us a ew
chunks of pavement are missing forming thegenesis of a pothole. Left untreated, adjacentpavement chunks will be dislodged by trafficmaking the pothole larger. Additionally, the
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may eventually spread to the underlyingpavement layers.
the underlying subgrade, further weakening it,and speeding up the deterioration process.
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Descri tionDescri tion
Small,bowlshapeddepressionsinthepavementsurfacethat
course. Theygenerallyhavesharpedgesandverticalsidesnearthe
topof
the
hole. Potholes
are
most
likely
to
occur
on
roads
with
thin
HMAsurfaces 1to2inches andseldomoccuronroadswith inchordeeperHMAsurfaces(Robertsetal.,1996).
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ProblemProblem
Roughness (seriousvehiculardamagecanresultfromdrivingacross,
moistureinfiltration
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Generally,potholesaretheendresultoffatiguecracking.
s at guecrac ng ecomessevere,t e nterconnecte crac s
create
small
chunks
of
pavement,
which
can
be
dislodged
as
vehicles
driveoverthem.
T eremaining o ea tert epavementc un is is o ge isca e apothole.
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.
.
Thiscloseuppictureofaroadsurfaceshowsa re atewearafterabout ears
of
wear. Washington
generally
has
high
qualityaggregatethatrarelysuffersfromexcessivepolishing. Noticetheaggregate
TestTrack near
Auburn,
AL. The
pavement
ontherightusesriverrock,whichismoresusceptibletoabrasion,asitsaggregateand
.
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polishing.
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Descri tionDescri tion
AreasofHMApavementwheretheportionofaggregateextending
angularaggregateparticles.
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ProblemProblem
:Decreasedskidresistance
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P ibl CP ibl C
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Repeatedtrafficapplications.
Generally,as
apavement
ages
the
protruding
rough,
angular
particlesbecomepolished.
Thiscanoccurquickeriftheaggregateissusceptibletoabrasionor
sub ectto
excessive
studded
tire
wear.
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Re airRe air
Applyaskidresistantslurryseal orBST oroverlay.
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. Ravelingthatislikelytheresultofsegregationand/orconstruction
relatedtem eraturedifferentials.
Ravelingpossiblyresultingfromsegregation,temperaturedifferentialsorinadequatecompaction.
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Descri tionDescri tion
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Descri tionDescri tion
TheprogressivedisintegrationofanHMAlayerfromthesurface.
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ProblemsProblems
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ProblemsProblems
Loosedebrisonthepavement,
roug ness,
watercollecting
in
the
raveled
locations
resulting
in
vehicle
hydroplaning,
lossofskidresistance
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Lossofbondbetweenaggregateparticlesandtheasphaltbinderas
Adustcoatingontheaggregateparticlesthatforcestheasphaltbinder
to
bond
with
the
dust
rather
than
the
aggregate
ggrega esegrega on. nepar c esarem ss ng rom eaggregatematrix,thentheasphaltbinderisonlyabletobindtheremainingcoarseparticlesattheirrelativelyfewcontactpoints.
.
requiredtodevelopsufficientcohesionwithintheHMA.
Mechanicaldislodgingbycertaintypesoftraffic(studdedtires,snowp ow a esor rac e ve c es .
.
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Re airRe air
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Re airRe air
Araveledpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminetheroot.
categories:
ma , oca ze areaso rave ng. emovet erave e pavementandpatch.
LargeraveledareasindicativeofgeneralHMAfailure. Removethedamagedpavementandoverlay.Inaccordancewithpatchingtechniques.
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.
e t:
utt ng
na
usyarter a
nt e
GreenwoodareaofSeattle. Rutscan
evenbeseeninthetwowayleftturnlane
indicatin thattheruttin isnotduetoheavytraffic.
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Ruttingint epar ing ane. Li e y,anoverlayofthemainroadwasextended
beyond
the
original
roadwa outtothecurb. Extra
HMAwasusedtomakeupthedifferenceinheightbutwasnotadequatelycompactedbecausethero er
r ge
over
eru
area
one
sideofthedrumontheoriginal
pavementandtheotheronthenew
mixnearestthecurb). Subsequently,alargeloadortwo
(i.e.,
abus)
drove
over
the
poorlycompactedareaandcauseda
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ProblemProblem
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ProblemProblem
Rutsfilledwithwatercancausevehiclehydroplaning,canbe
itissteeredacrosstherut.
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Permanentdeformationinanyofapavement'slayersorsubgradeusually
causedb consolidationorlateralmovementofthematerialsduetotraffic
loading. Specificcausesofruttingcanbe:
Insufficientcompaction
of
HMA
layers
during
construction. If
it
is
not
compactedenoughinitially,HMApavementmaycontinuetodensifyunder
trafficloads.
Subgraderutting(e.g.,asaresultofinadequatepavementstructure)
Improper
mix
design
or
manufacture
(e.g.,
excessively
high
asphalt
content,
excessivemineralfiller,insufficientamountofangularaggregateparticles)
Rutscausedbystuddedtirewearpresentthesameproblemastherutsdescribedhere,buttheyareactuallyaresultofmechanicaldislodgingdue
towearandnotpavementdeformation.
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Re airRe air
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Re airRe air
Aheavilyruttedpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminethe. . , ,
poormixdesignorstuddedtirewear). Slightruts(
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S ippagecrac atanintersection uetostopping. Thedirectionoftraffic
isfrom
top
to
bottom. Most
likely
causedb oorbondin withthe
underlyingpavement possiblyfromapoortackcoat.
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Descri tionDescri tion
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Thelossofbondbetweenaggregatesandasphaltbinderthat
upward. Whenstrippingbeginsatthesurfaceandprogresses
downwardit
is
usually
called
raveling.
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ProblemProblem
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Decreasedstructuralsupport,rutting,shoving/corrugations,,
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.
Another
transverse
crack
caused
by
thermalcontractionduringcoldweather. Thiscrackhasbeen
Left:A
large
transverse
crack
caused
bythepavement'scontractionincold
81hra
sealed..
beenpatchedasatemporaryfix.
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Small
thermal
crack.
82hra
Descri tionDescri tion
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Cracksperpendiculartothepavement'scenterlineorlaydown.
Usuallyatypeofthermalcracking.
83hra
ProblemProblem
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Allowsmoistureinfiltration,roughness
84hra
PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
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ShrinkageoftheHMAsurfaceduetolowtemperaturesorasphalt.
ReflectivecrackcausedbycracksbeneaththesurfaceHMAlayer
topdowncracking
85hra
Re airRe air
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Strategiesdependupontheseverityandextentofthecracking:
owsever tycrac s 1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Remove.
86hra
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.
Left:Waterbleedin throu ha
pavementsurfaceonaruralmountain
highway. Thesubgrade
around
the
pavementisstillwetfromarecent
87hra
ra n n ca ng a ewa er as
comeupthroughaporouspavement.
Descri tionDescri tion
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Waterbleeding(lefttwophotos)occurswhenwaterseepsoutof
layer. Pumping(rightmostphoto)occurswhenwaterandfine
materialis
ejected
from
underlying
layers
through
cracks
in
the
HMA
la eroroutthesidesoftheHMAla erundermovin loads.
88hra
ProblemProblem
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Decreasedskidresistance, anindicationofhighpavementporosity,
89hra
PossibleCausesPossibleCauses
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Porouspavementasaresultofinadequatecompaction during
Highwatertable
Poordrainage
90hra
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.
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SlippagecracknearabusstopontheUniversityofWashingtonSeattle
ppagecrac a an n ersec on ue
to
stopping. The
direction
of
traffic
is
fromtoptobottom. Mostlikely
causedbypoorbondingwiththe
. flow,itappearstobecausedbytraffic
acceleratingfrom
astop. Since
this
area
of
campussuffersfromanumberofpoor
92hra
underlyingpavement possiblyfromapoortackcoat.
,likelycausedbypooroverlaybondingto
theunderlyingpavement.
Sli a eCrackinSli a eCrackin
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Description:Crescentorhalfmoonshapedcracksgenerallyhaving.
Problem:Allows
moisture
infiltration,
roughness
surfacetoslideanddeform. Theresultingslidinganddeformationiscausedbyalowstrengthsurfacemixorpoorbondingbetweenthe
structure.
Repair:Removalandreplacementofaffectedarea.
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1. Allmaterialsgiveninthisslideswastakenfromseveralsources,
books,journal,andrelatedwebsite.
2. Tohaveabetterknowledgeandunderstandingitissuggestedtoobserveddirectlyfromthefield.
3. Literaturereviewwouldnotbeenoughtorealizetheproblems
encounteredinthefieldssince
therearesomeuncertainties
andvaries
depend
on
the
sites,
localcondition,trafficcondition.
94hra
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95hra
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