pediatric temporal bone fractures: evaluation and management
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Pediatric Temporal Bone Fractures: Evaluation and
ManagementDennis J Kitsko, DO, FACS, FAOCO
Assistant Professor of OtolaryngologyChildren’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Clinical Findings - Overview Bleeding from ear canal Tympanic membrane perforation Hemotympanum Hearing loss
– Conductive (43%)– Sensorineural (52%)
CSF leak (28%) Facial paralysis (6%) Vestibular symptoms
McGuirt 1992
Imaging CT temporal bones is the preferred study
– Contrast not necessary– Coronal sections if possible– Classified as longitudinal and transverse– Indications:
• Fracture on initial head CT• CSF otorrhea, CSF rhinorrhea, facial paralysis, hearing loss,
severe vertigo MRA/MRV, CTA/CTV
– May be indicated if suspicion of injury to dural sinus, jugular bulb, or ICA
Longitudinal Fracture Parallel to long axis of t-
bone More common (70-90%) Lateral blow EAC fracture TM rupture Ossicular disruption Around otic capsule Foramen lacerum Facial nerve injury
uncommon (often delayed sec. to edema)
Longitudinal Fracture Injury to the roof of
the middle ear (tegmen tympani)
CSF otorrhea
Transverse Fracture Perpendicular to long axis
of t-bone Less common (10-30%) Frontoocciptal blow Otic
capsule/vestibule/lateral IAC
Sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo
Facial paralysis TM often intact CSF rhinorrhea
Longitudinal Fracture
Transverse Fracture
External Auditory Canal Injury Identify source of
bleeding Assess extent of TM
injury Clean cerumen and
blood clots Check TMJ If significant
displacement, may need ear packing
CSF Leak 20-25% of pediatric temporal bone
fractures (McGuirt 1992) Skull fracture + meningeal tear Permanent pathway for bacterial
contamination and meningitis
CSF Leak If TM rupture, will have otorrhea If TM intact, will appear as serous effusion
– Lean the patient forward – if CSF, may drain down eustachian tube and out the nose (CSF rhinorrhea)
Collect fluid– Beta-2-transferrin – protein found in CSF, perilymph
• High sensitivity and specificity• Contamination with blood does not affect interpretation
CSF Leak Initial management
– Bed rest, head of bed elevation, avoid straining– Usually will stop spontaneously in 4-5 days– Prophylactic abx controversial
Lumbar drain if persists >4-5 days Surgery when:
– Leak persists >1-2 wks– Large bony defect– Brain herniation– Recurrent meningitis
Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss MUST get audiogram
on all t-bone fractures More common (50%) May be due to direct
cochlear trauma (transverse fx)
May also be concussive
Treat expectantly (serial audiograms)
Conductive Hearing Loss 20-65% of T-bone
fractures Hemotympanum
– Intact TM– Resolves spontaneously– Follow up 4-6 wks
TM rupture– May heal spontaneously
Ossicular disruption– Surgical intervention– Wait at least 6 wks
Ossicular Disruption Incudostapedial
joint separation (#1)
Incudomalleolar dislocation
Stapes crural fracture
Vertigo
Vertigo Labyrinthine concussion Fracture through the labyrinth
(transverse fx) Perilymphatic fistula Shearing of 8th nerve (IAC)
Vertigo Treat expectantly
– CNS compensates and usually resolves within 6 wks
– Exception – if strongly suspect perilymph fistula, consider exploration and round/oval window graft
If persistent:– Consider electronystagmography– Rarely, surgical vestibular neurectomy or
labyrinthectomy
Facial Paralysis 50% of transverse
fractures– Nerve transection
5-25% of longitudinal fractures– Often delayed secondary to
edema and may spontaneously resolve
Usually occurs in horizontal portion, between geniculate ganglion and second genu
Facial Paralysis – Physical Exam Evaluate upper and
lower face– Lower 2/3 only, consider
CNS injury Difficulties:
– Lacerations, ecchymosis, swelling, LOC
If unconscious, attempt to elicit grimace and assess facial tone
Facial Paralysis If immediate and
complete:– CT T-bone
• Localize site of injury– Audiogram
• Helps determine surgical approach
– Electrical testing• Inaccurate for 48-72
hrs
Facial Paralysis Delayed onset:
– Usually secondary to edema rather than direct injury
– Spontaneous recovery may occur
Facial Paralysis - Testing Nerve Excitability Test and Maximum
Stimulability Test– Subjective– Can be performed after 48-72 hrs
ENoG – evoked EMG– Objective– Can be performed after 6 days– >90% degeneration suggests poor outcome and may
be used to determine if surgical intervention is necessary
Facial Paralysis - Surgery 3 approaches:
– Transmastoid – perigeniculate to stylomastoid foramen– Translabyrinthine – no cochlear function, allows exposure to
labyrinthine segment and lateral IAC– Middle fossa – intact cochlear function, labyrinthine segment
and IAC Decompress the nerve sheath If lacerated:
– Direct reanastomosis if tension free– Greater auricular n graft
• No return of function for at least 6 months• Incomplete return of function
Summary Clinical examination:
– Bleeding from ear canal– Tympanic membrane perforation– Hemotympanum– CSF leak– Vestibular signs and symptoms– Facial paralysis
Studies:– Temporal bone CT scan– Audiogram
Questions?
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