period 5: industrialization and global integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900
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Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration,c. 1750 to c. 1900
Industrial Revolution 1700’s
First inventions (steam engine, textiles) Movement of people to cities Small scale machines; more goods made with machines
1800’s Industrialization spreads to US Factories Rapid urbanization; population growth Rise of slavery Growth of middle class Developments in transportation and communication Organization of workers
1900’sReform movementsDecline of child laborLimits on big business Industrialization spreads to Japan, Russia
I. Factors leading to the rise of Industrialism
• Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
• The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
• European demographic changes
• Urbanization
• Improved agricultural productivity
• Legal protection of private property
• An abundance of rivers and canals
• Access to foreign resources
• The accumulation of capital
II. Industrialization Developments
Machines Use of coal and oil as fuelFactory systemExpansion of financial systemsMajor developments in transportation and
communication RailroadsSteamshipsTelegraphsCanals
III. Long Term Industrialization
Capitalism
Formation of labor unions
Reform movements
Spread to other areas in the world
Changes in society Demographic changesFamily changes
Political Revolutions A. American Revolution
Mid-1700’s British colonies were economically prosperous
A series of wars and taxes caused boycotts and protests in the colonies
“No taxation without representation”- influenced by Enlightenment ideas
1776 Declaration of Independence Author Thomas Jefferson Influenced by John Locke Consent of the governed and individual freedom
EffectsIntroduced modern democracy
US Constitution US Bill of RightsDeclaration of Independence
Encouraged other revolutionsFrench Haiti Latin AmericaVietnam
B. French Revolution Inspired by the American
Revolution More radical in scope, and idealsGoal: Replace “old order” and
absolute monarch with new cultural, social and political structures
Immediate causes: Financial crisis, inequalities between social classes (estates)
EventsMany “paper victories”
Declaration of the Rights of Man (equality of all men)
Abolished privileges of 1st and 2nd estatesLimited constitutional monarchy
Reign of Terror-use of Guillotine to kill traitors, royal family
Reign of Napoleon Brought war to Europe
Effects of Napoleon Unseated monarchs in Spain and Portugal Led to uprisings in their Latin American coloniesCongress of Vienna/Concert of Europe
Alliance of European monarchsKept peace for 100 yearsUnited front against uprisings inspired by
Enlightenment
Changes-1750’s-1800’s Social and economic
Creation of a middle class Education Feminist movements Capitalism Alternatives to capitalism-Karl Marx and socialism Growth of cities
Political Creation of US US Constitution Upheavals in Europe Unifications of Germany and Italy
Key Concept 5.2Imperialism and nation state
formation Imperialism Quest for overseas empiresPartially a result of the Industrial Revolution Improvements in transportation and use of
machines caused increased demands for raw materials
ReasonsEconomic benefitsShow of power and wealth Gaining raw materials (rubber, cotton, tin) to be
sent back to factories
Colonialism Sending colonists to new lands
Dominating the social, political, economic and social structure North and South America: settler colonies
established by Europe Economic Colonies: India and southeast Asia
(much smaller amounts of colonists) Instead, businessmen and government officials developed polices to benefit the mother country
I. Creation of transoceanic empires and colonies I. British Empire
a. Britain in India
b. Belgium in Congo
c. British Empire Africa, Australia
d. South America
Societies at Crossroads A. Ottoman Empire
Territory declined in the 17th and 18th centuries Nationalist movements in Greece and Serbia (1840) Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt after reign of Napoleon
(began process of Industrialization, cotton as an export) Increase in European trade in the Mediterranean world caused
Ottoman trade to decline 1882- Grew dependent on European loans 1900 Difficulty controlling government; forced to decrease wages
for government officials while raising taxes on the peasants Reforms:
Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms Sultan Hamid II Young Turks
B. Qing China
C. Russia
Russian tsars ruled as autocrats (absolute monarchs); supported by the church and nobility (who were exempt from taxes and military service)
Peasants were the bulk of the population-most were serfs
1861 Alexander II: abolished serfdom. Serfs were given no political rights and were taxed on the land
Economic reform to modernize military Attempts at industrialization brought factories but
poor working conditions
5.3 Nationalism, Revolution and Reform
Growing Nationalism and Anti-Colonial MovementsBoxer Rebellion Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthing Movement
Nationalism, Revolution and Reform
Colonial Resistance to ImperialismTaiping RebellionGhost DanceXhosa Cattle Kiling
Revolution and Reform Revolution in Haiti
1790; slave plantation
Latin American Independence Movements Simon Bolivar Defeated Spanish forces in Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador then Peru
Global Migration 1750-1900
Middle of 18th Century, population of Europe increased dramatically End of epidemic diseases Improved diets Decline in infant mortalityHigher birth rate
Migration pattern- WestMigration from country to city (industrialism)Middle class away from city to emerging suburbs
Non-Western World Latin American population doubled in the 19th
century
Japan-improvements in nutrition and medical care
China, Japan and Latin America-strain on natural resources
Environmental concerns: pollution, industrial waste
Patterns of migration and immigration
Settler colonies- brought Europeans and indigenous peoples in America’s, Africa, Pacific, SE Asia
Maoris of New Zealand and native Hawaiians lost over half of their population to diseases
Decrease in population led to a need for workers, caused migration from China and Japan to Hawaii
From To REASON
Portugal, Italy Brazil, Argentina Need for agricultural labor, coffee plantations in Brazil Some Italians were seasonal
Russian Jews Latin America Escaping religious persecution in Russia
Eastern Europe, Italy)And Ireland
US Looking for industrial jobs, better life
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