peripheral vascular disease - diagnosis & treatment presented by:- arpana tewari ( aafp, june 1)

Peripheral Vascular Disease - Diagnosis & Treatment

Presented By:- Arpana Tewari ( AAFP, June 1)

Symptoms:-

1) Intermittent Claudication - common symptom, manifests as pain in the muscles of the legs with exercise. Experienced by 2 percent of persons older than 65 years.

2) Ischemic pain at rest OR Acute/ critical limb ischemia - sometimes can present with this.

Higher prevalence was noted in the PARTNERS program of primary care practices across the United States in which almost 7000 patients, age 70 years or 50 to 69 years with a history of cigarette smoking (more than 10 pack-years) or diabetes were evaluated by history and by ABI

Framingham Heart Study of 381 men and women who were f/u for 38 years revealed the odds ratio for developing intermittent claudication- 2.6 for diabetes mellitus, 1.2 for each 40 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) elevation in the serum cholesterol concentration, 1.4 for each 10 cigarettes smoked per day, and 1.5 for mild and 2.2 for moderate hypertension.

NHANES analysis cited above of 2174 patients aged 40 and older. The risk of PAD was significantly increased in current smokers (odds ratio [OR] 4.46) and for patients with diabetes (OR 2.71), hypertension (OR 1.75), or hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.68). Other significant risk factors were black race (OR 2.83) and decreased renal function (OR 2.00).

Cigarette smoking increases the odds for PVD by 1.4 for every 10 cigarettes smoked per day.

Is the greatest modifiable risk factor.Primary prevention of PVD consists of

encouraging smoking cessationU.S.P.S.T.F. has recommended against

routine screening for PVD.

Differential Diagnosis

Includes musculoskeletal and neurologic causes.

The most common entity that mimics PVD is spinal stenosis.

Spinal stenosis

Hip, thigh, and gluteal regionSome pain, but weakness predominatesExercise -Yes, after some time, includes standingWith rest, subsides after some time, accompanied

by position changeRelieved by lumbar spine flexionHistory of back problems

Spinal stenosis can cause compression of the cauda equina, which results in pain that radiates down both legs.

The pain occurs with walking (i.e., pseudoclaudication) or prolonged standing and does not subside rapidly with rest.

Additional conditions to consider are :- Acute embolism Deep or superficial venous thrombosisRestless legs syndrome, nocturnal leg

cramps Systemic vasculitides Muscle or tendon strains Peripheral neuropathy Arthritides

However, PVD is asymptomatic in almost 90 percent of patients.

The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire has been shown to be 91 percent specific and 99 percent sensitive for diagnosing intermittent claudication in symptomatic patients.

It is composed of a series of six questions and a pain diagram that are self-administered by the patient.

Physical Findings

Abnormal pedal pulses/PulselessFemoral artery bruitDelayed venous filling time/Cool skin/ PoikilothermiaAbnormal skin color/ Pallor

Risk Factors

Diabetes mellitus Hyperlipidemia Cigarette smoking Hypertension

The presence of an ABI less than 0.9 is consistent with PVD. The ABI will not exclude proximal aneurysms or arterial disease distal to the ankle.

ABI testing, which requires a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler device with a probe for detecting arterial pulses, may be performed in the office or hospital setting

Laboratory Findings

CBC with platelet count

Fasting glucose or A1C

Fasting lipid profileSerum creatinine,

urinalysis for glucosuria/proteinuria

Coagulopathies are reserved for atypical situations:-

Elevated homocysteine

C-reactive proteinLipoprotein A

levels

Duplex ultrasonographyMagnetic resonance arteriographyAngiography are indicated for

determining lesion localization and are best used when invasive or surgical intervention is a possibility.

Ankle-brachial index — The ankle-brachial index (or ankle-arm index) is a simple test.

ABI is the ratio of the ankle systolic blood pressure divided by the brachial systolic pressure detected with a Doppler probe.

The normal value is 1.1 to 1.2. In general, patients with claudication have an ABI between 0.4 and 0.90, while those with rest pain or tissue loss have an ABI in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 and 0 to 0.4, respectively.

Acute limb ischemia - abrupt onset of pain, pulselessness, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis in the affected limb, requires acute intervention.

Critical limb ischemia- progression of symptoms to the point that rest and night pains are present, mark ongoing ischemia, necessitate intervention.

CHF, superimposed on chronic arterial disease, may have classic findings of pain, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis but angiography does not show occlusion.

DVT, acute, incipient venous infarction, pallor is not present, is from extensive thrombotic occlusion of the iliofemoral veins; pulses may be absent.

Acute spinal cord compression

Pain, paresthesia, and paralysis present; normal skin color and pulse

PVD can be managed by monitoring degree of pain, pain-free walking distance, and other areas in which PVD affects patients' lives.

Treatment

Antiplatelet therapy was evaluated for risk reduction in serious vascular events including stroke, nonfatal MI or death from a vascular cause.

Antiplatelet therapy was associated with an absolute risk reduction of 22 events per 1,000 patients treated for two years

The Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk for Ischemic Events (CAPRIE) trial18 showed that clopidogrel (Plavix) is equally effective compared with aspirin and possibly more so when patients with PVD are subgrouped.

This finding must be taken with caution, however, because the CAPRIE trial was not designed for subgroup analysis.

Aspirin first , then clopidogrel for patients who are intolerant of aspirin or who continue to have events while taking aspirin.

Cilostazol (Pletal) is a vasodilator with antiplatelet properties.

Shown to increase walking distance by 35 to 109 percent in several randomized, blinded trials,but it has never been compared with exercise in a trial. Pentoxifylline (Trental) is a rheologic modulator that also has antiplatelet effects.

Addressing any comorbidity that affects the course of PVD is essential to its treatment. Hypercholesterolemia clearly is related to atherosclerotic disease.

Lipid lowering has proven to be beneficial for patients with PVD.

Aggressive blood pressure reduction. (HOPE) trial demonstrated that ramipril

(Altace), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with PVD by 25 percent.26

Anticoagulants (i.e., heparin, warfarin [Coumadin], low-molecular-weight heparin) have not shown any benefit in treating patients with intermittent claudication.

Heparin has been shown to be beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with acute limb ischemia while they are being evaluated for further treatment.

Endovascular stenting.Intra-arterial thrombolytic drugs

(urokinase [Abbokinase])Angioplasty, angioplasty combined

with brachytherapy (i.e., delivery of radiation to peripheral arteries through local catheters intended to reduce restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty)

Bypass grafting.

Antiplatelet therapy is recommended for patients who have undergone bypass grafting.

Ticlopidine (Ticlid), demonstrated increased saphenous graft patency in patients who were followed for two years after surgery.

Thank you

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