person-centered therapy carl rogers 1902-1987. 2 biography child guidance clinic- rochester 1939...
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Person-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers
1902-1987
2
Biography
Child Guidance Clinic- Rochester1939 Published The Clinical Treatment of
the Problem Child Ohio State University – Professor 1939
1942 Published Counseling and Psychotherapy
Tapes and transcribes therapy sessions to study more objectively therapy process and outcome
3
Biography U. of Chicago, Professor and Director
Counseling Center 1945 U. Wisconsin-Madison 1957
Research with hospitalized patients Higher levels of accurate empathy leads to more positive
outcomes Client's perception of the relationship is better predictor
of outcome than therapist's perception of the relationship
Center for Studies of the Person in California 1968
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Humanistic Psychology
Each of us has a natural potential that we can actualize and through which we can find meaning in life
Emphasizes the importance of the person's subjective experience Phenomenological approach – exploration
method that uses human experience as main source of data
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Human Nature: Main Concepts
Self-Actualizing TendencyBasic human drive toward growth, completeness,
and fulfillment Internal Locus of Evaluation
Events that enhance the self actualizing tendency are judged positively and vice-versa.
Need for Positive Regard Feeling accepted by others
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Human Nature: Main Concepts
Self-Concept/Self-RegardLearned through the perceptions of regard
and acceptance from others Conditions of Worth
Expectations or demands we perceive from others in order to receive their acceptance
These perceptions are internalized and sometimes are out of our awareness
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Psychopathology INTERNALIZED CONDITIONS OF
WORTH block the natural SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY, creating a state of INCONGRUENCE between what we experience from within (internal locus) and what we believe we should be (conditions of
worth) To resolve the conflict, typically we distort or
block the experiences from within
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Anxiety State of uneasiness or tension that occurs when
the discrepancy between what I feel I need to be or do to be accepted and what I really want to do (internal locus of control) threatens to emerge Defense mechanisms are invoked to distort the
"experiencing" from within, so that the person can conform with internalized external expectations (perceived or real)
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Goal of Therapy Facilitate the client’s exploration of the parts of
themselves that they have denied or distorted, to promote the self actualization process
Given right therapeutic climate, clients willBecome more open to experienceAchieve self-trustDevelop an internal source of evaluationBe willing to continue growing
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Therapy Relationship: Three Conditions
Congruence or genuineness Agreement between the feelings and attitudes a
therapist is experiencing and his or her professional demeanor
(Un)conditional positive regard Nonpossessive caring and acceptance of the client
Accurate empathic understanding ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective
world
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Evolution of the Approach
Non-Directive Therapy
Client Centered Therapy
Person Centered Therapy
12
Person Centered Therapy
Emphasizes:Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible peopleThe person’s innate striving for self-actualizationThe personal characteristics of the therapist and
the quality of the therapeutic relationshipThe counselor’s creation of a permissive, “growth
promoting” climate Being present in the relationship and focus on the
client’s immediate experience
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Interventions
Communicating EmpathyAttentive/Active listeningExpress understanding Openness to the client’s perspectiveTechniques
Reflection of feeling: explicit and implicit Paraphrasing and synthesizing
Motivational Interviewing Humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive
counseling approach
Initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking
Promotes a collaborative process that focuses on solutions for behavioral problems – avoids a confrontational style
Emphasizes client’s abilities, strengths, resources, and competencies
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (15) ©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Motivational Interviewing Goal: reduce ambivalence and increase intrinsic
motivation to change
Reluctance to change - considered normal and expected part of the therapeutic process
Reflective listening, empathy, open-ended questions, non-confrontational approach to resistance, support
To increase motivation to change, reflect discrepancies between behaviors and values
Elicit and reinforce “change talk”
Stage of Therapy Process
• Pre-Contemplation No intention of changing Counselor: Nurturing Parent
• Contemplation Awareness of problem, no commitment to change Counselor: Socratic teacher
• Preparation Intend to take action; small changes Counselor: Coach
• Action Engaged in change process Counselor: Consultant
• Maintenance Consolidate gains and avoid relapse Counselor: Consultant
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Contributions Roger’s Theory Importance of the person of the counselor and
of the relationship in the therapeutic process
Initiated research in therapy process and outcome by taping sessions and studying the transcription of tapes
Research findings provide support for the importance of empathy in therapy outcome (Watson’s 2002 review)
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Limitations Therapeutic conditions are necessary but
not sufficient Lack of clear goals and structure Lack of challenge to clients Lack of guidance regarding behavioral
change
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