pesticide use in california: benefits and...

Pesticide Use in California:Benefits and Trends

Leonard P. Gianessi

Data Sources

� Benefits- CropLife Foundation Reports� Herbicides- 2003, Updated 2006� Fungicides- 2005� Insecticides- For Release, June 2008� Fumigants- Ongoing� Growth Regulators- Ongoing

� Use Trends- Cal DPR� 1990-2006

CALDPR Data Project

� State-Level� Acre Treatments� 40 Crops

� Categories� Herbicides� Insecticides � Fungicides� Fumigants� Growth Regulators

Preliminary Crop Analysis

� Walnuts

� Kiwi

� Rice

� Pistachios

� Asparagus

� Lettuce

� Carrots

� Garlic

� Dates

� Olives

� Celery

� Strawberries

Walnut Blight: California

� Production losses of 50% in the early 1900’s.

� Copper sprays became standard practice in the 1940’s.

WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

COPPER

TotalAcres

WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

COPPER

MANEB

TotalAcres

Rice Blast Disease: California

� First found in the state in 1996.

� Fungicides prevent yield losses of 15-30%.

Rice Blast Spores

RICE: Fungicide Use, Blast

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

AZOXYSTROBIN

Total Acres

Garlic: Rust

Untreated Fungicide Treated

First Discovered in California in 1998.

GARLIC: Fungicide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

FungicideUse

TotalAcres

GARLIC: Fungicide Use, Rust

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

CHLOROTHALONIL

MANCOZEB

MEFENOXAM

METALAXYL

PYRACLOSTROBIN

SULFUR

TEBUCONAZOLE

Carrots: Cavity Spot

� Fungal Infection

� Infected Carrots Unacceptable for Fresh Market

� Entire Fields have been Abandoned

CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

METALAXYL

Total Acres

CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

MEFENOXAM

METALAXYL

Total Acres

Pistachios

Healthy Panicle & Shoot Blight

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

FungicideUse

TotalAcres

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

TEBUCONAZOLE

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

TRIFLOXYSTROBIN

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

BENOMYL

COPPER

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

BENOMYL

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

BENOMYL

COPPER

IPRODIONE

TEBUCONAZOLE

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

COPPER

IPRODIONE

TEBUCONAZOLE

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

TEBUCONAZOLE

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

TEBUCONAZOLE

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

TEBUCONAZOLE

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

COPPER

IPRODIONE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

TEBUCONAZOLE

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

TRIFLOXYSTROBIN

OLIVES: Insecticide Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

CARBARYL

METHIDATHION

PETROLEUMOIL

Total Acres

Olive Fruit Fly

� First noticed - 1998

� Very few natural enemies in Europe or U.S.

OLIVES: Insecticide Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

CARBARYL

METHIDATHION

PETROLEUMOIL

SPINOSAD

Total Acres

RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

CARBOFURAN

Total Acres

RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

(S)-CYPERMETHRIN

CARBOFURAN

DIFLUBENZURON

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN

Total Acres

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

250000

500000

750000

1000000

1250000

1500000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

HerbicideUse

TotalAcres

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CARFENTRAZONE

CLOMAZONE

CYHALOFOP

FENOXAPROP

GLYPHOSATE

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

BENSULFURON

MOLINATE

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

MCPA

MOLINATE

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

MCPA

MOLINATE

THIOBENCARB

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

CYHALOFOP

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CYHALOFOP

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CLOMAZONE

CYHALOFOP

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CARFENTRAZONE

CLOMAZONE

CYHALOFOP

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CARFENTRAZONE

CLOMAZONE

CYHALOFOP

GLYPHOSATE

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

RICE: Herbicide Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

275000

300000

325000

350000

375000

400000

425000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

2,4-D

BENSULFURON

BISPYRIBAC

CARFENTRAZONE

CLOMAZONE

CYHALOFOP

FENOXAPROP

GLYPHOSATE

MCPA

MOLINATE

PROPANIL

THIOBENCARB

TRICLOPYR

Unfumigated Carrots:Nematode Damage

� 25% Yield Loss w/o Fumigant Use

� Field May be Abandoned

USDA

CARROT Fumigant Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

1,3-D

Total Acres

CARROT Fumigant Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

1,3-D

CHLOROPICRIN

METHYLBROMIDE

Total Acres

CARROT Fumigant Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

1,3-D

CHLOROPICRIN

METAM-SODIUM

METHYLBROMIDE

Total Acres

Herbicide Experiment 1960s Carrots: Linuron

Treated Untreated

CARROT Herbicide Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

LINURON

TRIFLURALIN

FLUAZIFOP

CLETHODIM

Total Acres

Asparagus Harvest: California

Asparagus is a perennial plant producing spears for 15-20 years.

U.S. Fresh Asparagus Market

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

ThousandMetric Tons

Exports

Imports

Production

Consumption

Costs & Returns to Produce Asparagus, California (2007)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

Pesticide Costs Other Costs Labor Costs Total Costs Returns

$/Acre

Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Rust

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

FungicideUse

TotalAcres

Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Crown & Spear Rot

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

FungicideUse

TotalAcres

Asparagus: Insecticide Use, Aphid

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

InsecticideUse

TotalAcres

Organophosphates

Asparagus: Herbicide Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

HerbicideUse

TotalAcres

Weedy Asparagus: California

� Without weed control, it is difficult to harvest.

� Workers will not enter weedy fields.

PISTACHIOS: Sulfur Use, Mite Control

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

120000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

SULFUR

TotalAcres

PISTACHIOS: Soil Residual Herbicide Use

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

120000

130000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

ORYZALIN

OXYFLUORFEN

Total Acres

PISTACHIOS: Glyphosate Use

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

150000

175000

200000

225000

250000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

GLYPHOSATE

Total Acres

Pistachio Herbicides

Oxyfluorfen

Oryzalin

Glyphosate

$/Acre

14

22

2

Hembree & Beede

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

InsecticideUse

TotalAcres

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

CARBARYL

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZINPHOS-METHYL

CARBARYL

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZINPHOS-METHYL

CARBARYL

PHOSMET

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZINPHOS-METHYL

CARBARYL

PHOSMET

SPINOSAD

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZINPHOS-METHYL

CARBARYL

METHOXYFENOZIDE

PHOSMET

SPINOSAD

PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

220000

240000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

AZINPHOS-METHYL

CARBARYL

METHOXYFENOZIDE

PERMETHRIN

PHOSMET

SPINOSAD

Celery: Pink Rot

Yield decline of 10-15% without soil treatment.

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Pink Rot

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

DICLORAN

Total Acres

Bacterial Blight of Celery

This disease organism infects only celery.

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Bacterial Blight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

COPPER

Total Acres

Celery: Late Blight

500 million spores can be produced on a single celery plant.

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

Total Fungicide Use

Total Acres

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

ANILAZINE

BENOMYL

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

Total Acres

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

ANILAZINE

BENOMYL

CHLOROTHALONIL

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

Total Acres

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

ANILAZINE

BENOMYL

CHLOROTHALONIL

PROPICONAZOLE

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

Total Acres

CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

ANILAZINE

AZOXYSTROBIN

BENOMYL

CHLOROTHALONIL

PROPICONAZOLE

PYRACLOSTROBIN

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

TRIFLOXYSTROBIN

Total Acres

Lettuce Downy Mildew

Plant resistance to Downy Mildew broke down in the early 1990’s.

LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

COPPER

FOSETYL-AL

MANEB

METALAXYL

Total Acres

LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

COPPER

FOSETYL-AL

MANEB

METALAXYL

Total Acres

LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

COPPER

FOSETYL-AL

MANEB

MEFENOXAM

METALAXYL

Total Acres

LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

COPPER

CYMOXANIL/ FAMOXADONEDIMETHOMORPH

FOSETYL-AL

MANEB

MEFENOXAM

METALAXYL

FENAMIDONE

ACIBENZOLAR

Total Acres

Lettuce Drop

Disease incidence can be as high as 70% in some fields.

LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

Total Acres

TotalFungicide Use

LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

BOSCALID

DICLORAN

IPRODIONE

VINCLOZOLIN

Total Acres

Strawberry Yields

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tons/Acre

1949 197919741969196419591954 1999199419891984

STRAWBERRY: Acreage

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Acres

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

AcreTreatments

METHYLBROMIDE

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

AcreTreatments

CHLOROPICRIN

METHYLBROMIDE

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

AcreTreatments

1,3-D

CHLOROPICRIN

METAM-SODIUM

METHYLBROMIDE

Total Acres

Strawberries: Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot)

The fungus infests 100% of strawberry

acreage.

STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

IPRODIONE

BENOMYL

ANILAZINE

VINCLOZOLIN

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

IPRODIONE

THIRAM

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

BENOMYL

ANILAZINE

VINCLOZOLIN

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

IPRODIONE

THIRAM

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

FENHEXAMID

CYPRODINIL/FLUDIOXONIL

PYRIMETHANIL

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

ANILAZINE

VINCLOZOLIN

Total Acres

STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

IPRODIONE

THIRAM

CAPTAN

THIOPHANATE-METHYL

FENHEXAMID

CYPRODINIL/FLUDIOXONIL

PYRIMETHANIL

BENOMYL

BOSCALID

ANILAZINE

VINCLOZOLIN

Total Acres

WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

Ethephon

TotalAcres

WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

Ethephon

TotalAcres

($20/Treatment)

Walnuts: Growth Regulator Use

� Ethephon application advances harvest by 10-14 days.

� Early harvest avoids the need for final insecticide spray.

� Early harvest improves the quality of walnuts.

Kiwi: Growth Regulator Use

� 50% of the 1996 crop went unharvested due to small size.

� Research demonstrated that hydrogen cyanamide produces a uniform crop with larger sizes.

KIWI: Growth Regulator Use

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

HydrogenCyanamide

Total Acres

DATES: Miticide Use

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

10500

12000

13500

15000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatm ents

SULFUR

Total Acres

DATES: Miticide Use

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

10500

12000

13500

15000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

AcreTreatments

HEXYTHIAZOX

SULFUR

Total Acres

California Pesticide Trends Factors 1990-2006

� Public Policy� Section 18’s� FQPA� Water Quality Protection� Methyl Bromide Phaseout� OP Replacement Policy� Biopesticide Registrations� Non-Chemical Control Research

California Pesticide Trends Factors 1990-2006

� Industry Developments� Generics� Product Price Changes� New Active Ingredients� Biotech Crops

� Nature� New Pests� Weather Changes� Pest Resistance

� Crop Prices

Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California?

Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California?

A: Yes.

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