pharmacy of inorganic medicinals
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Pharmacy of Inorganic Medicinals
Dr. Althea R. Arenajo
OXYGEN, OZONE, HYDROGEN,WATER, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
OXYGEN
A particular gas present in the atmosphere was consumed during oxidation and respiration (Mayow)
The Chinese named the gas yne Steven Hales was able to obtained the
gas by heating minium (lead tetroxide) Joseph Priestley obtained the gas by
heating mercuric oxide and named it dephlogisticated air
In 1774, Priesley published the properties of
the gas he discovered Karl Wilhelm Scheele, a Sweedish
apothecary, discovered oxygen using nitrates in 1773 and named it empyreal air
Antoinne Laurant Lavoisier, a French chemist, made correct interpretations of Priestley’s work and the role played by oxygen in combustion and respiration
OXYGEN
OXYGEN Lavoisier named the gas oxygen , from
the Greek word meaning “sour” and “I produce”
Oxygen then is an “acid former” Official test
A glowing splinter will burst into flame when placed near a container of the gas Pharmacologic action 1.Oxygenation of the blood 1.0 minute- normal oxygenation of the
blood 10-15 seconds – when the body is
exerted
The processes by which oxygen reaches the tissues
1.Diffusion from alveolar air to blood plasma2. Surrender from blood plasma to red blood
corpuscles to form oxyhemoglobin3. Abstraction of oxygen from
oxyhemoglobin by the tissues via complex physiochemical processes and by diffusion
15gm/ml - hemoglobin in the blood 1 gm of hemoglobin canhold 1.34 mL of
oxygen 100mL of blood can hold 20 mL of oxygen
OXYGEN
Calassification of oxygen once in the by
1. Anorexic – supply of O2 is inadequate, blood arrives at a lower tension
2. Anemic – O2 tension is normal, amount of hemoglobin is inadequate
3. Stagnant – gen circulation inadeqaute or when circulation is locally retarded
4. Histotoxic – the tissue cell oxidation are interferred within several ways:
a. Dehydration b. Cyanide poisoning
OXYGEN
2. Neutralization of toxic materials 2.5 atm – counters the lethal dose of
cyanide Together with sodium nitrite and
sodium thiosulfate, in the antidotal treatment of cyanide posoning
The efficient utilization of oxygen by the body in its normal process demands a smooth functioning of oxygen transport from inspired air to utilization in the tissue
OXYGEN
Important preparations1. Oxygen USP – has not less than 99% of
Oxygenuses:
a. in medical practice and surgery.b. in all pathological conditions, e.g.
pneumonia, angina, bronchitis etc., accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea
c. in chloroform poisoning and in threatened death from inhalation of coal gas or nitrous oxide
OXYGEN
OXYGENd. in the resuscitation drowned individuals
e. in conditions where there is scarcity of
oxygen like: airplanes in high altitudes,
diving bells and submarines 20% Oxygen with Helium for
therapeutic purposes is stored in brown-green colored cylinders
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide mixture is stored in gray-green cylinders
2. Liquid Oxygenuses:a. in treating growths such as wartsb. in industry such as: steel industry, steel
fabrication and industrial maintenance
c. as ingredient in the fuel of rockets
OXYGEN
OZONE
Van Marum, a Dutch chemist, has observed the peculiar irritating odor when electric spark is passed over oxygen or air
Schonbein named the gas ozone from Greek word which means “tosmell”
It is an allotrope of oxygen O3 is stable at very low tempt , at
ordinary tempt it decompose to O2 More O3 is formed, higher O2 is
heated
OZONE
The transformation of O2 into O3 involves the changing of electrical energy into chemical energy
It needs 68,820 cal to change O2
into O3 Ozone is a more active chemical
agent than is oxygen, therefore, O3 is an
ideal and a powerful oxidizing agent Ozone has a bluish tinge and an
irritating garli-like odor
OZONE
Uses of Ozone:1. Oxygen or air containing ozone is
used as bleaching agent for oils, waxes,
delicate silk or wool fabrics, flour, starch, ivory etc.
2. As disinfectant for drinking water 3. As deodorant of foul animal matter
esp in public halls and food warehouses
4. Inhibitor of molds and bacteria on meats and fruits in cold storage
OZONE
5. Manufacture of synthetic camphor, and many other organic
compounds Ozone is a highly lethal and toxic
substance in acute exposure Individuals in continued exposure to
about 0.1 ppm, experienced headache and throat dryness
Studies show that less than 5.0 ppm is fatal to 50% of exposed rats
OZONE
Ozonides are subs of ozone dissolved in turpentine, cinnamon and olive
oils some of which are antisepticsOzonide preparations with olive oil :1. Oilzo – liquid2. Ozettes –vaginalppository Ozonide air is the one containing 1-
2% ozone
HYDROGEN
Paracelsus was the first to recognized hydrogen in the 16th century
Turquet de Mayenne payed attention to its combustible nature
Cavendish was the first to experiment on H2 by the action of dil HCl upon metals
He named the gas “inflammable air” Lavoisier named the gas “hydrogen”
from the Greek word which means “water” and “to produce”
HYDROGEN H2 occurs in volcanic gases in free
state In combined form it is in the air,
meteorites, stars and nebulae and also occurs in the sun
H2 is found in acids and in anaerobic fermentation
A colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas, soluble in water & occluded by many metals
H2 is a powerful reducing agent, burns with a pale blue, non-luminous flame
HYDROGEN
Uses:1. N2 fixation and inflating balloons2. Production of high temperatures
when burned in oxygen3. Hydrogenation of oils used for
edible, oleomargarine and hydrogenated fats
4. As a lab agent in the preparation of many chemical compounds
H2 is never used in pharm or medicine
WATER
Lavoisier decomposed water, he proved that it is composed of 1 part by weight of hydrogen and 8 parts by weight of oxygen
The ocean is the most abundant of all
natural sources of water Mineral waters are natural spring or
well waters containing minerals or gaseous matter to render it unfit for domesic use
WATER
Waters with medicinal constituents:1. Alkaline waters – contains Na & Mg
sulfates with calcium carbonate2. Carbonated waters – while in the
earth, they are charged with CO2, effervesce on coming to the surface
3. Chalybeate water – containing iron in soulution or suspension and are characterized by a ferruginous taste
WATER
4. Lithia waters – no appreciable amount of lithium, Li occurs as carbonates or chlorides
5. Saline waters – also known as “purgative waters”, contain large amount of Na & Mg sulfates with NaCl
6. Sulfur waters – contain H2S, deposit sulfur upon exposure to atmosphere
7. Siliceous waters – contain very small quantities of soluble alkali silicates
WATERS
Green plants contain 75-80% water Fresh fruits contain 80-98% water The animal body contains 70% water Water is a tasteless, odorless and
limpid liquid Colorless in small quantities but
greenish-blue in deep layers Only slightly compressible and a
poor conductor of heat and electricity
WATER
H2O exists as liquid between zero and
100 degrees at 760 atm Its greatest density is at 4 degrees
celcius It is solid below zero degrees and
vapor above 100 Viscosity decreases rapidly with rise
of temperature (8X greater at zero degrees as at 100 degrees)
WATER
This is an important property of filtering and washing precipitates
As water passes from one state to another, heat (energy) is consumed or liberated
79.71 cal of heat are needed to effect the change of 1 gm of ice to 1 gm of water at zero degrees
539.55 cal are consumed to change 1 gm
of water to 1 gm of steam at 1000
WATER
Melting-or freezing points – the temp at
which solids to liquids or vice versa occurs
Boiling points – the temp at which liquid are transformed to vapor
Specific heat – quantity of heat, in cal required to raise 1 gm, 1 degree celcius
The specific heat of water at 14.5 0 is 1
Calorie (cal) – the unit quantity of heat
Kcal – is a large calorie, 1000X larger
WATER
A pharmacuetical can be altered in clarity, color, taste, and in therapeutic effect by the water used
Hardness is a property of water that determines its value for domestic and commercial purposes
Hard water is water containing varying amounts of calcium, iron and magnesium salts
WATER
Kinds of hardness in water:I. Temporary – is caused by the
presence of ion soluble calcium or magnesium carbonates
Methods to soften temporary hardness:
a. Boiling b. Clark’s lime process – addition of
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) c. Addition of Soluble Alkali
Carbonates or hydroxides
WATER
d. Addition of ammoniae. Zeolite process – softens both
temporary and hard water. This makes use of sodium aluminum silicate by ion exchange
f. De-ionized or Demineralized Water- the latest method for softening both types of water. Uses resinous ion-exchange (Hresin-for cation; amine formaldehyde resin-for anion)
WATER
II. Permanent - caused by the presence in solution of the sulfates chlorides or hydroxides of calcium or magnesium
Ways to soften permanently hard water
1. Addition of soluble carbonates- precipitation of calcium and magnesium occurs
2. Zeolite process3. De-ionized or Demineralized Water
WATER
4. Sequestration and chelationsequestration- the act of removing or withdrawing or to take possession of by confiscating or appropriating
Sequestering agent decreases the concentration of a multivalent positve ion (Cu,Ca, Fe 2+,3+ ) in solution, by combining with it to form a complex negative ion
WATER
Graham salt or Na2 PO4, the most widely used sequestering agent is coverted to a polymer Calgon
Calgon is a very effective water- softener by removings the calcium ions as a very slightly ionized complex
Trilon B (Versene) is the sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), this is more described as chelating agent
WATER
Recognized water by USP1 . Water USP- is Water USP; Purified
water; Water for Injection; Sterile Water for Injection
Requirements: a. Clear, colorless, odorless liquid b. pH range of not less than 6.3 and
not more than 8.3 c. Freedom from bacteriological
impurities
WATER
2. Purified Water USP/Distilled Water USP- water obtained by distillation or by ion-exchange treatment
requirements: a. Clear, colorless, odorless liquid b. pH approaches neutrality Not to be used for parenterals but
as solvent Carbon dioxide –free water is
Purified water that has been boiled
WATER
for 5 minutes or more and protected from reabsorption of CO2
3. Water for Injection USP- is purified by distill and contains no added subs
It is intended for use as solvent for parenteral solutions
For parenteral solutions prepared under aseptic conditions and not sterilized by appropriate filtration or not in the final container
WATER
first render the water for injection and therafter protect it from
contamination Water for Injection should be free of
pyrogens (bacterial decomposition products causing fever) It is to be preserved in tight containers,
stored at a temperature below/above the range when microbes grow/occurs
WATER
4. Sterile Water for Injection/Water for Parenterals- is water for injection sterilized and packaged for pharmaceutical use
Requirements:a. clear, colorless and odorless liquidb. contains no bacteriostatic agentc. absent of pyrogens d. Cl2 content does not exceed 0.5ppme. stored in single dose containers
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Thenard discovered H2O2 and called it “oxygenated acid”
Later it was called “oxygenated water”
Its use in medicine as well as hair bleach, began in 1873 in Berlin
It occurs naturally in small quantities in air, dew, rain and snow
It is an unstable colorless, astringent
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
and syrupy liquid at room temperature
Pure H2O2 wilL decompose very slowly with explosive violence
to form water and hydrogen It is miscible in all proportions with water but is more soluble in ether Aluminum tanks are good storage containers because it does not catalyze decomposition of H2O2
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
H2O2 is stable in solutions of high purity, contaminants will decompose it unless
a stabilizer is present For pharmaceuticals of H2O2 , an
excellent stabilizer is 0.02 % quinine SO4
Acetanilid 0.03% is present in H2O2, to protect from it from the effects of sunlight, since it is light sensitive
Alkalis increase the decom of peroxide
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
An evanescent blue color will appear on the equeous layer of H2O2 with dil sulfuric acid, ether and pot dichromate test solution
A blue color is produced when a solution of H2O2 is added to a mixture of tincture of guiac and malt infusion
A better test to identify H2O2in the bld is benzidine (p,p’diaminodiphenyl)
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Physiological properties:a. H2O2 solutions and vapors are nontoxicb.The 30% sol’n is causticc. Ingestion and injection into body cavities
is dangerous, evolution of too much O2 that may cause irritation and bleeding
d. Vapor is irritating to the nose and eyes e. It gives an stinging sensation with the skin and cause to whiten
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Important Compounds:1. Hydrogen Peroxide USP a clear, colorless , having the odor of
O2 stored in tight, light resistant
containers below 350 C contains preservative(acetanilid)
that not to exceed 50mg/100mL sol’n
as antiseptic, it liberates O2 when comes with tissues and referred as” auto-oxidation”
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Mechanical cleansing action is impt in removing surgical dressings and
earwax Treating Vincent’s stomatitis and as
mouth wash several times daily may cause “hairy tongue”
disappears if discontinue use as hair (6%) and fabric bleaches 0.1% retards bacterial flora in milk
thus, souring is extended
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Volume strenghts of H2O23% = 10 volumes 9% = 30
volumes6% = 20 volumes 12% = 40
volumes9% = 30 volumes 15% = 50
volumes 30% ( 100 volumes) – a common
commercial strenght (Superoxol and Perhydrol)
2. Urea Peroxide (Perhydrit or carbamide
peroxide) showed bacteriostatic action against Cl. welchii and Cl.tetani
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