pharmanalgesics
Post on 07-May-2015
2.276 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Analgesics and Anti-inflammatories
Pharmacology 49.222Bill Diehl-Jones RN, PhD
Faculty of Nursing and Department of Zoology
Major Drug Classifications
Agenda
• A Zen Review
• Analgesia in general– Mediators of pain, pain pathways– Arachidonic Acid metabolites
• Narcotics and Non-Narcotics
• NSAIDS
Drugs Used to Alleviate Pain and Inflammation
• Analgesics
• Opioid Analgesics
• Co-Analgesics
• NSAIDS
Analgesics(Drugs to Treat Pain)
• What is pain?– Sensory stimuli comes from
release of prostaglandins, NO, bradykinins, histamine from damaged tissue
– Substance P released from sensory nerves, causes spread of pain
– Stimuli carried by sensory fibres to Thalamus & Cerebrum
Sensory Cortex
Thalamus
SpinothalamicNerveTract
A Few Word About Prostglandins
Arachidonic Acid
ProstaglandinsLeukotrienes
Lipoxygenase Cyclooxygenase
Phospholipase A2
Cell Membrane
(What’s the significance? We’ll talk later …)
So How do Non-Narcotic Analgesics Work?
• Acetaminophen– inhibits PG synthesis in CNS
– good substitute for aspirin• why?
– Good stuff!• Relatively few side effects
• LARGE doses can damage liver
• Phenacetin– more toxic
How About Narcotic Analgesics?
• Mainly, affect opioid receptors, – opiate agonists
– mixed agonists/antagonists
– antagonists
• Important opium receptors:– mu (), kappa (), delta ()– each is specific for
different drugs
Excitatory Neurotransmitters(Eg: Substance P)
OpioidReceptors
Examples of Opiate Agonists:Morphine
• Acts at mu receptors in spinal cord• inhibits substance P release (and others)• Clinical effects:
– Raises pain threshold in spinal cord– produces euphoria– DECREASES RESPIRATORY DRIVE, cough– pupillary constriction, CV depression
• What are some other effects? Why?
Examples of Opiate Agonists:Meperidine
• Synthetic, not related to morphine
• binds to kappa receptors
• causes respiratory depression, pupillary dilation, impedes GI motility
Two More Opioid Narcotics:
• Methadone– works on mu receptors– synthetic, produces less euphoria– What is it a substitute for?
• Fentanyl– works like meperidine– where used?
Morphine, Meperidine, Methadone and Fentanyl are STRONG Opioid Agonists
What does that mean?
Moderate Opioid Agonist:Codeine
• Produces less euphoria
• Antitussive
• But …. Also has antimotility effects
Mixed Agonist-Antagonist:Pentazocine
• Agonist for kappa receptors
• Antagonist for mu, delta receptors
• for moderate pain
• produces less euphoria
Opioid Antagonist:Naloxone (Narcan)
• Used to reverse opioid overdose
• displaces receptor-bound opioids
• Good for overcoming respiratory/CV depression
Opioid Receptor
Naloxone
Morphine
Just beat it!
Clinical Pearls on Narcotics
Morphine• Brand Names :
– Astramorph, Epimorph, MS Cantin, Roxanol• Uses:
– Acute or chronic pain relief; relieves dyspnea of L. ventricular failure
• Watch:– Caution with respiratory depression, increased
intracranial pressures, acute asthma– Look for “morphine eyes” (pin-point pupils, glazed)– ALWAYS KEEP NARCAN ON HAND. Works in 2
minutes– Antidiarrheic, antitussive
Meperidine• Brand Names :
– Demerol, Pethadol, Pethidine• Uses:
– Similar to morphine; controls moderate to severe pain– Often used for obstetric analgesia
• Watch:– No miosis at usual dose (but will with overdose)– Little or no antidiarhheic or antitussive effect– Patients using St. John’s Wort may have increased
sedation
Codeine• Brand Names :
– Paveral• Uses:
– Similar to morphine; less potent (about one sixth)• Watch
– Can cause more histamine effects than morphine– Less antitussive effect than morphine– Check older men – prostatic hypertrophy– Less risk of abuse than morphine– Give with milk if possible
And Now, NSAIDs ….
How Do They Work?
• Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
• Aspirin is the prototype
• These differ from acetaminophen:
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Analgesic
Antipyretic
NSAIDs
ACETAMINOPHEN
Where do NSAIDs Work?
Arachidonic Acid
ProstaglandinsLeukotrienes
Lipoxygenase Cyclooxygenase
Phospholipase A2
Cell Membrane
Steroids works here: NSAIDs
NSAIDs We Know And Love:
• Salicylates – Aspirin
• Propionic Acid Derivatives– Ibuprofen, naproxen
• Indolacetic Acids– Indomethacin
Clinical Pearls on NSAIDS
Aspirin• Brand Names :
– A.S.A., Alka-Seltzer, Entrophen, Novasen
• Uses:– Low to moderate pain, RA and osteoarthritis, reduce
risk of TIA and MI
• Watch:– Not for use in children with chickenpox or influenza
due to Reye’s syndrome– Risk of GI bleed– Take with lots of water
Ibuprofen
• Brand Names : – Advil, Motrin, Ibuprin, Medipren
• Uses:– Chronic RA, gout
• Watch:– Caution with bleeding abnormalities, renal failure
– Can cause hyponatremia
– A larger loading dose is often used (400-600 mg in adults), followed by 200 mg
Indomethacin
• Brand Names : – Indameth, Indocid, Indocin
• Uses:– Also used with rheumatoid, gouty arthrits– Closes PDAs in premature infants
• Clinical Pearls:– Dizziness, hallucinations not uncommon
Naproxen
• Brand Names : – Apo-Naproxen, Naprosyn, Naxen, Walprox
• Uses:– Also used with rheumatoid, gouty arthrits
• Clinical Pearls:– An OTC drug in Canada, can be purchased without a
script in the US
– More sustained duration of action than ibuprofen
And now, a word aboutVIOXX
Vioxx
• A new type of analgesic that is used in the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, and other sources of acute pain.
• Other examples of COX-2 inhibitors include Celebrex and Bextra.
So, what happened …?
• Vioxx, was voluntarily withdrawn on September 30, 2004 due to mounting evidence linking it to increased risk of cardiovascular problems.
• Following a three-year study involving the drug, researchers concluded that withdrawing Vioxx from the market would be in the best interest of the patients.
• The drug has also been connected with higher incidences of respiratory and liver and kidney dysfunction.
Some Clinical Pointers on NSAIDS
• New evidence suggests that Ibuprofen may interfere with anticoagulatory effects of aspirin
top related