phases of matter 2015 adapted from: chumbler - properties of matter
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Phases of Matter2015
Adapted from: Chumbler - Properties of Matter
States of Matter• There are four states (phases) of matter.• They are:– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma
Classification
• Classification of the four states of matter is based on:– Particle arrangement– Energy of particles– Distance between particles• (Particles are just a small measurement of matter)
Solids
• Particles are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
• They have a definite shape and a definite volume.
Solids
• Particle Arrangement:
• Examples:
Liquids
• Particles are tightly packed, but enough apart to slide over one another.
• They have an indefinite shape and definite volume. They take the shape of their container.
Liquids
• Particle Arrangement:
• Examples:
Gases
• Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.
• They have an indefinite shape and volume. This means they take the shape of the container and are very difficult to measure.
Gases
• Particle Arrangement:
• Examples:
Plasmas
• An ionized gas.• A good conductor of electricity • Plasma is affected by magnetic fields.• Plasma have an indefinite shape and volume
(just like gases). • Of these the least discussed in most texts is
plasma, even though it is the most abundant of all states. 99% of all matter in the universe is plasma.
Plasmas• Particle Arrangement:– The negatively charged electrons
(yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged
ions (blue).
• Examples:
Phase Changes
2015
http://salem.k12.va.us/staff/suwilliams/Phases%20of%20Matter/Notes_on_Phase_Changes_&_Graph_09-10.htm
Phases of Matter
• The Four phases (states) of matter are:– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma
Phase Changes
• A phase change or a change in state is when matter changes from one state of matter to another state of matter. –Example: changing from liquid from
gas.
Phase Changes are Physical
• Phase Changes are a Physical Change.– This means that the chemical properties of the
substance are not changing when the phase changes. • Example: Water is the same chemical if it is a solid or a
gas. Only the physical properties (shape, size) are changing.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
• The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that molecules are always moving. – The greater the material’s internal energy, the
higher temperature of that material.• Heat and temperature are NOT the same thing– Heat is the energy flow between objects.– Temperature is an object’s kinetic energy, which is
measured with a thermometer.
Heat Energy Vs. Temperature
• In order for a phase change to occur, heat energy must either be absorbed or released. The particles must either move faster and farther apart OR slower and closer together in order to change to another state of matter.
Types of Phase Changes• The types of phase changes are– Melting– Vaporization
• Boiling• Evaporation
– Condensation– Freezing– Sublimation– Deposition– Ionization– Deionization
Melting• Melting occurs when a solid changes to a
liquid.– Heat energy is absorbed or gained which allows
the particles to move faster and farther apart.– Heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to
change a material from the solid state to the liquid state.
Vaporization
• Vaporization occurs when a liquid changes to a gas.– Heat energy is absorbed or gained which allows the
particles to move faster and farther apart.• Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy
needed to change a material from the liquid state to the gas state.
• Two types of vaporization:– Boiling– Evaporation
Boiling
• Boiling occurs throughout the whole liquid, and it must reach a specific temperature in order to change to a gas. – This temperature is very specific and is called the
boiling point. You can see boiling occur!
Evaporation
• Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes to a gas gradually at temperatures below the boiling point. Evaporation only occurs at the surface of the liquid.
• You cannot see evaporation occur!
Condensation• Condensation occurs when a
gas changes to a liquid.– Heat energy is released (or lost)
which allows the particles to move slower and closer together.
– Condensation is the opposite of vaporization (boiling) and occurs at the same temperature. What determines if it vaporizes or condenses is whether the particles are absorbing heat energy or releasing heat energy.
Freezing • Freezing occurs when a liquid changes to a
solid.– Heat energy is released (or lost) which allows the
particles to move slower and closer together.– Freezing is the opposite of melting and occurs at
the same temperature.
Sublimation• Sublimation occurs when
a solid changes to a gas.– Heat energy is absorbed or
gained which allows the particles to move faster and farther apart.
– In order for sublimation to occur, an enormous amount of energy must be absorbed. • An example of an object
that sublimes is dry ice. If you touch it, it will burn you because there is so much energy present.
Deposition
• Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid state. It is the opposite of sublimation.
Ionization and Deionization
• Ionization is when a gas becomes a plasma.• Deionization is when a plasma becomes a gas. – More information will be given on this process as
we progress through the quarter.
Diagram
Concept Map
Diagram
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