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Phonetic patterns in Arapaho vowels
Christian T. DiCaniodicanio@haskins.yale.edu
Douglas H. Whalenwhalen@haskins.yale.edu
Haskins Laboratorieshttp://linguistics.berkeley.edu/∼dicanio
10/18/1345th Algonquian conference - University of Ottawa
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 1
Introduction
Why study vowels in Arapaho?
While some languages may have short and long vowels, Arapaho alsohas vowels that are extra long. Typologically, this is very rare(Remijsen and Gilley, 2008). How are these vowels produced byspeakers? What is the general relationship between vowel quality andvowel quantity?
There are differing perspectives on the nature of pitch accent in thelanguage. How many possible pitch accents are there and how arethey different from each other?
What can the phonetic patterns reveal about the phonologicalstructure of Arapaho?
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 2
Introduction
Roadmap
1 Arapaho phonology
2 Vowel quality and quantity
3 Pitch accent
4 Discussion and future directions
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 3
Arapaho phonology
Arapaho vowels (Cowell and Moss Sr., 2008)
Table: Arapaho Vowel Inventory
Front BackHigh i uLow E (e) O (o)
Diphthongs eI (ei) oU (ou)Ië (io) aI (oe)
Phonetically, there is a three-way contrast in vowel length in Arapaho.Though, the phonological status of extra long vowels remains unclear.Consonants do not contrast in length.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 4
Arapaho phonology
Extra long vowels are described alternately as a triadic sequence(Salzman, 1956) or as belonging to separate syllables (Cowell andMoss Sr., 2008). Though, only impressionistic evidence for syllableaffiliation is given.
Table: Vowel length contrast
Short Long Extra longi ii iiiE EE EEEu uu uuuO OO OOO
eI eeIoU ooUaI (aaI)Ië ?
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 5
Arapaho phonology
Examples
Length Word Gloss Word Glossshort his ‘liver’ hOTOP ‘star’long nııs ‘two’ hOhOOt ‘tree’extra long bOnıiıt ‘work with’ bEtOOOt ‘dance (noun)’
porcupine quills’short hET ‘dog’ TOOnoUhut ‘He’s lazy.’long tSEET ‘accidentally’ tOPuut ‘hammer’extra long hEEE ‘yes’ ToUxOsuuu ‘head-dress’
In addition to length, these vowels seem to be different in quality too.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 6
Vowel quality and quantity
Vowel quality and quantity
“As against their short counterparts, the long high vowels are closerand tenser.” (Salzman, 1956, 53).
“When the vowels occur long, they show changes in quality as well asquantity. In particular, /ii/ and /uu/ have values approaching [i] and[u].” (Cowell and Moss Sr., 2008, 13).
Neither Salzman nor Cowell & Moss mention any quality differenceamong low vowels. Impressionistically, low vowels seem to differ inquality too, e.g. [E] vs. [æ:], [2] vs. [O:].
In languages with contrastive vowel length, shorter vowels are typicallymore lax (or central) and longer vowels are more tense (or peripheral)(Johnson and Martin, 2001).
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 7
Vowel quality and quantity
Typically, the expectation is that when vowels are shorter, speakerslack the duration to reach a vowel target. This is called vowelundershoot (Lindblom, 1963). Over time, these patterns become partof the phonology of a language, so vowels of different quantity alsodiffer in quality.
However, this pattern should affect all the vowels in a language, notjust the high vowels. Can we test this in Arapaho?
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 8
Vowel quality and quantity
Phonetic study on vowel quality and quantity
Recordings made by the first author from 7-8 hours of elicitationsessions with two male speakers (WC and IJC) in October 2012, whichwere supplemented with an existing recording of a female speaker,MKU (35 minutes) recorded by Lisa Conathan (Conathan,2004-2007).
While the words differed across speakers, most words had 2-3repetitions. For WC, 163 words were analyzed. For IJC, 90 words wereanalyzed. For MKU, 62 words/sentences were analyzed.
Number of vowels analyzed: 1290 for WC, 688 for IJC, and 579 forMKU.
Labeled vowels and analyzed formant values on vowels of differentlengths using a script written for Praat (Boersma and Weenink, 2011).
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 9
Vowel quality and quantity
Results: vowel duration
Long vowels are twice as long as short vowels and extra long vowels arealmost twice as long as long vowels.
WC
IJC
MKU
Extra longLongShort
Vowel duration by speaker
Duration (ms.)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 10
Vowel quality and quantity
Results: Length and quality
2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200
700
600
500
400
300
Vowel space in Arapaho
F2
F1
AllSpkrs
e
i
o
u
e
i
o
u
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 11
Vowel quality and quantity
Results: Length and quality
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 12
Vowel quality and quantity
Results: Speaker differences
2400 2000 1600 1200
700
600
500
400
300
200
Vowel space: speaker IJC
F2
F1
Iggy_John
e
i
o
ui
o
e
u
2400 2000 1600 1200
700
600
500
400
300
200
Vowel space: speaker WC
F2
F1
Wayne
e
i
o
u
e
i
o
u
2500 2000 1500 1000
800
700
600
500
400
300
Vowel space: speaker MKU
F2
F1
MKUo
e
ui
i
e
o
u
For all speakers, long high vowels are higher than short high vowels andlong /E/ is lower than short /E/.Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 13
Vowel quality and quantity
Extra long vowels
Vowel quality for the extra long vowels was similar to that of the longvowels for /i/, but more retracted (back) for /O/. Though, too few tokensof other vowels to allow us to determine a general tendency.
2400 2000 1600 1200
700
600
500
400
300
Quality differences in long and extra long vowels
F2
F1
AllSpkrs
i
oo
i
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 14
Vowel quality and quantity
Summary & Interim discussion
Differences across speakers in how back vowels are realized, butsimilarity among front vowels.
Clear difference in vowel quality which corresponds with a change inquantity. The low vowel /E/ is higher when short, but lower when long([æ]), a previously unreported phenomenon.
Findings fit with the more general notion that short vowels arecentralized, or undershot, while long vowels are more peripheral in thevowel space, as opposed to idea that only the high vowels lower.
Speaker variability in whether /O/ changes quality when short or long.However, the extra long vowel is more retracted than the long vowel.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 15
Pitch accent
Pitch accent
Previous work describes pitch accents associated with individualvowels in Arapaho, e.g. úu, uú, úú, (Cowell and Moss Sr., 2008).
Accent Short vowels Accent Long vowels Accent Extra long vowelsH O HH OO HHH *L O HL OO HHL *
LH OO HLH OOOLL OO HLL OOO
LHH *LHL *LLH OOOLLL *
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 16
Pitch accent
Examples
Word Gloss Word GlosswOnOP ‘ankle’ hEbEs ‘beaver’nEEtSEE ‘chief’ hOOtSOO ‘devil’nEhei ‘aunt’ tOPuut ‘hammer’
tSEPEEP ‘potato’ bEtEE ‘heart’hooU ‘porcupine’ hooU ‘crow’woUU ‘copulate!’
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 17
Pitch accent
Questions
Pitch accent has been a particularly difficult aspect of Arapahogrammar to describe. Many of the morphological alternations whichinfluence it have no clear explanation (Cowell and Moss Sr., 2008).
Cowell and Moss note that both elicitation session types andsignificant speaker variation can distort pitch accents. To what extentare the pitch accents stable across speakers uttering different words indifferent elicitation sessions?
How are pitch accents produced? How does vowel length influencepitch accent?
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 18
Pitch accent
Phonetic study on pitch accent
Same recordings and words as before.
Labeled vowels and analyzed F0 (pitch) values on vowels of differentlengths using a script written for Praat (Boersma and Weenink, 2011).
Examined similar accentual patterns across vowel lengths, e.g. HLL vs.HL, LLH vs. LH.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 19
Pitch accent
Results: Pitch accents on short vowels90
100
110
120
130
140
Pitch accents on short vowels Speaker WC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
H L
8090
100
110
120
130
Pitch accents on short vowels Speaker IJC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
H L
180
190
200
210
220
230
Pitch accents on short vowels Speaker MKU
Time (normalized)Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
H L
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 20
Pitch accent
Results: HH and LL pitch accents100
110
120
130
140
150
Speaker WC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LL HH
8090
100
110
120
130
Speaker IJC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LL HH
170
180
190
200
210
220
Speaker MCU
Time (normalized)Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LL HH
HH and LL accents on long vowels
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 21
Pitch accent
Results: HL and LH pitch accents100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Speaker WC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LH HL
8090
100
110
120
130
140
150
Speaker IJC
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LH HL
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Speaker MCU
Time (normalized)Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LH HL
HL and LH accents on long vowels
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 22
Pitch accent
Observations
Clear difference between H (accented) and L (unaccented) in shortvowels, mainly in terms of pitch height. A different trajectory in pitchwas observed for MKU. On long vowels, speakers produce both HHand HL patterns similarly.
There is substantial between-speaker variation in the pitch shape of L,LL, and LH patterns.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 23
Pitch accent
Results: Pitch accents on extra long vowels80
90100
110
120
130
140
HLL on extra long vowels
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 5
8090
100
110
120
130
140
LLH on extra long vowels
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 5
8090
100
110
120
130
140
HLH on extra long vowels
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 5
How do the HLL and LLH patterns on extra long vowels compare withsimilar falling and rising patterns on long vowels?
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 24
Pitch accent
Comparison of falling and rising patterns
2 4 6 8 10
8090
100
110
120
130
140
150
HL pattern on long and extra long vowels
Time (pseudo-normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
HL HLL
2 4 6 8 1080
90100
110
120
130
140
150
LH pattern on long and extra long vowels
Time (pseudo-normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
LH LLH
The pitch accent on the long vowel looks like a compressed version of theone on the extra long vowel, but at a different height.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 25
Pitch accent
Results: comparison
One way to compare the pitch accent patterns on extra long vowels withthose on long vowels is to stretch out the pitch accents on long vowels tosee how they match the ones on extra long vowels.
8090
100
110
120
130
140
150
HL pattern on long and extra long vowels
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
HL HLL
8090
100
110
120
130
140
150
HL and LH accents on long vowels
Time (normalized)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
LH LLH
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 26
Pitch accent
Summary/Discussion
Similarities in HL and HLL; and LH and LLH patterns in terms ofpitch trajectory, but different in terms of height. The accent on thelong vowels is higher than on the extra long vowels.
Similiarity in trajectory favors a phonological representation where themiddle mora is tonally unspecified, an account which jibes well withthe observed patterns: HLH, HLL, LLH.
Oto-Manguean
Western
Oto-Pamean-Chinantecan
Oto-Pamean
Northern
Chichimec Pame
Southern
Matlazinca-Tlahuica Otomí-Mazahua
Chinantec
Tlapanecan-Chorotegan
Subtiaba-Tlapanec Chorotegan
Chiapanec Chorotega
Eastern
Amuzgo-Mixtecan
Amuzgo Mixtecan
Trique Mixtecan-Cuicatecan
Cuicatec Mixtec
Mazatecan-Zapotecan
Mazatecan
Mazatec Chochoan
Ixcatec Popolocan-Chocho
Zapotecan
Zapotec Chatino
[-continuant]
[-voice]
C/V-Ratio
Closure.Duration Vowel.Duration
Long-lag.VOT
VOT=75ms. Aspiration Delayed.F1
!
µ
T
C V
µ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
C V
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
H
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
µ
V
H
Popolocana-(20)
Chocho-Popoloca-(8)
Chocholteco Popoloca-(7)
Poniente
Coyotepec Otlaltepec Ahuatempan
Sur
Mezontla Atzingo
Norte
Temalacayuca Tlalcoyalco
Ixcateco Mazateco-(11)
Bajo-de-Rio-Santo-Domingo
Jalapa Santo.Domingo
Bajo-de-Norte
Soyaltepec Ixcatlán
Chiquihuitlán Alto
San-Miguel Mazatlán Grupo.A
Huautla Jiotes Tecoatl San-Lorenzo
Oto-Manguean
Western
Oto-Pamean-Chinantecan
Oto-Pamean
Northern
Chichimec Pame
Southern
Matlazinca-Tlahuica Otomí-Mazahua
Chinantec
Tlapanecan-Chorotegan
Subtiaba-Tlapanec Chorotegan
Chiapanec Chorotega
Eastern
Amuzgo-Mixtecan
Amuzgo Mixtecan
Trique Mixtecan-Cuicatecan
Cuicatec Mixtec
Mazatecan-Zapotecan
Mazatecan
Mazatec Chochoan
Ixcatec Popolocan-Chocho
Zapotecan
Zapotec Chatino
[-continuant]
[-voice]
C/V-Ratio
Closure.Duration Vowel.Duration
Long-lag.VOT
VOT=75ms. Aspiration Delayed.F1
!
µ
T
C V
µ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
C V
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
H
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
µ
V
H
Popolocana-(20)
Chocho-Popoloca-(8)
Chocholteco Popoloca-(7)
Poniente
Coyotepec Otlaltepec Ahuatempan
Sur
Mezontla Atzingo
Norte
Temalacayuca Tlalcoyalco
Ixcateco Mazateco-(11)
Bajo-de-Rio-Santo-Domingo
Jalapa Santo.Domingo
Bajo-de-Norte
Soyaltepec Ixcatlán
Chiquihuitlán Alto
San-Miguel Mazatlán Grupo.A
Huautla Jiotes Tecoatl San-Lorenzo
Oto-Manguean
Western
Oto-Pamean-Chinantecan
Oto-Pamean
Northern
Chichimec Pame
Southern
Matlazinca-Tlahuica Otomí-Mazahua
Chinantec
Tlapanecan-Chorotegan
Subtiaba-Tlapanec Chorotegan
Chiapanec Chorotega
Eastern
Amuzgo-Mixtecan
Amuzgo Mixtecan
Trique Mixtecan-Cuicatecan
Cuicatec Mixtec
Mazatecan-Zapotecan
Mazatecan
Mazatec Chochoan
Ixcatec Popolocan-Chocho
Zapotecan
Zapotec Chatino
[-continuant]
[-voice]
C/V-Ratio
Closure.Duration Vowel.Duration
Long-lag.VOT
VOT=75ms. Aspiration Delayed.F1
!
µ
T
C V
µ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
C V
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
H
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
µ
V
H
Popolocana-(20)
Chocho-Popoloca-(8)
Chocholteco Popoloca-(7)
Poniente
Coyotepec Otlaltepec Ahuatempan
Sur
Mezontla Atzingo
Norte
Temalacayuca Tlalcoyalco
Ixcateco Mazateco-(11)
Bajo-de-Rio-Santo-Domingo
Jalapa Santo.Domingo
Bajo-de-Norte
Soyaltepec Ixcatlán
Chiquihuitlán Alto
San-Miguel Mazatlán Grupo.A
Huautla Jiotes Tecoatl San-Lorenzo
Oto-Manguean
Western
Oto-Pamean-Chinantecan
Oto-Pamean
Northern
Chichimec Pame
Southern
Matlazinca-Tlahuica Otomí-Mazahua
Chinantec
Tlapanecan-Chorotegan
Subtiaba-Tlapanec Chorotegan
Chiapanec Chorotega
Eastern
Amuzgo-Mixtecan
Amuzgo Mixtecan
Trique Mixtecan-Cuicatecan
Cuicatec Mixtec
Mazatecan-Zapotecan
Mazatecan
Mazatec Chochoan
Ixcatec Popolocan-Chocho
Zapotecan
Zapotec Chatino
[-continuant]
[-voice]
C/V-Ratio
Closure.Duration Vowel.Duration
Long-lag.VOT
VOT=75ms. Aspiration Delayed.F1
!
µ
T
C V
µ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
V
!
µ
T
C V
Pµ
T
C V
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
H
µ
V
µ
V
L
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
H
!
µ
C V
L
µ
V
µ
V
H
Popolocana-(20)
Chocho-Popoloca-(8)
Chocholteco Popoloca-(7)
Poniente
Coyotepec Otlaltepec Ahuatempan
Sur
Mezontla Atzingo
Norte
Temalacayuca Tlalcoyalco
Ixcateco Mazateco-(11)
Bajo-de-Rio-Santo-Domingo
Jalapa Santo.Domingo
Bajo-de-Norte
Soyaltepec Ixcatlán
Chiquihuitlán Alto
San-Miguel Mazatlán Grupo.A
Huautla Jiotes Tecoatl San-Lorenzo
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 27
Pitch accent
General discussion
Vowel quality changes with quantity. Long vowels are more peripheraland short vowels are more centralized. Extra long /O/ is even moreperipheral.
Revised system: short /I, E, O, U/ but long /i:, æ:, O:, u:/.
Clear differences between different patterns of pitch accent on vowelsof varying lengths. The greater variation in the realization of L and LLpatterns (as opposed to H, HH) suggests that there is no specifictarget of a “L.” Rather, these vowels are tonally unspecified.
Similar trajectory for HL-HLL and LH-LLH patterns suggests pitch issimply interpolated across the syllable between a H and L target; themedial mora is unspecified.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 28
Pitch accent
Conclusions and future directions
Despite the ostensible differences of the elicitation sessions andspeakers, stable phonetic patterns were found for vowel length, vowelquality, and, to a certain extent, for pitch accent.
The nature of using elicited corpora is that there will be gaps inpatterns. There were few examples of LH pitch accent and of extralong vowels in the data considered. Given the variation amongspeakers, more data may be revealing.
Plan to include additional vowel data from a Conathan’s (2004-2007)corpus, with a particular focus on running speech. The goal will be amore complete phonetic description of the Arapaho sound system.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 29
Pitch accent
Acknowledgements
Thank you!
This work was supported by NSF Grant No. 0966411 to HaskinsLaboratories: “From endangered language documentation to phoneticdocumentation.”
We would also like to thank the Arapaho community and Lisa Conathan.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 30
Appendices
Appendix 1: Vowel quality and duration
Vowel quality
Dur
atio
n (m
s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
iɛ ɔ u
Lengthshort
long
extra long
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 31
Appendices
Appendix 2: stress or pitch accent?
In languages with stress, it is impossible to have polysyllabic word lackingstress (Hyman, 2006). However, there are words lacking accent in Arapaho.Moreover, adjacent sequences of accented syllables are possible, whichnever occurs in a stress language. Both observations argue that Arapahopossesses a pitch accent (or simple tonal) system.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 32
Appendices
Appendix 3: Pitch accent and duration
Pitch accent pattern
Dur
atio
n (m
s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H L HH HL LH LL HLH LLH HLL
Lengthshort
long
extra long
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 33
Appendices
Boersma, P. and Weenink, D. (2011). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [computer program].www.praat.org.
Conathan, L. (2004–2007). Northern Arapaho linguistic corpus. Endangered Language Archive,School of Oriental and Asiatic Studies, University of London.
Cowell, A. and Moss Sr., A. (2008). The Arapaho Language. University Press of Colorado.
Hyman, L. M. (2006). Word-prosodic typology. Phonology, 23:225–257.
Johnson, K. and Martin, J. (2001). Acoustic vowel reduction in Creek: Effects of distinctivelength and position in the word. Phonetica, 58:81–102.
Lindblom, B. (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the Acoustical Societyof America, 35:1773–1781.
Remijsen, B. and Gilley, L. (2008). Why are three-level vowel length systems rare? Insights fromDinka (Luanyjang dialect). Journal of Phonetics, 36:318–344.
Salzman, Z. (1956). Arapaho I: Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics,22(1):49–56.
Zhang, J. (2004). The role of contrast-specific and language-specific phonetics in contour tonedistribution. In Hayes, B., Kirchner, R., Kirchner, R. M., and Steriade, D., editors,Phonetically-based Phonology. Cambridge University Press.
Christian DiCanio (((Haskins))) Arapaho vowels 10/18/13 33
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