physeal injuries
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PHYSEAL INJURIESDR. BASSEY, A EORTHOPAEDIC & TRAUMA SURGERYU.A.T.H, ABUJA
OUTLINE• INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION STATEMENT OF IMPORTANCE EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ANATOMY OF THE PHYSIS• AETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PHYSEAL INJURIES• CLASSIFICATION• MANAGEMENT
HISTORY EXAMINATION INVESTIGATION TREATMENT
• COMPLICATIONS• FOLLOW-UP/REHABILITATION• PROGNOSIS• CURRENT TRENDS• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION• DEFINITION - PHYSEAL INJURY IS A
DISRUPTION IN THE CARTILAGINOUS PHYSIS OF LONG BONES THAT MAY INVOLVE EPIPHYSEAL AND/OR METAPHYSEAL BONE
• IT IS A FAIRLY COMMON INJURY WITH A PROPENSITY FOR LIFELONG DIMINUTION OF PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. IT IS THEREFORE IMPERATIVE FOR TODAY’S SURGEON TO HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL IN ORDER TO DIAGNOSE THIS CONDITION EARLY AND INSTITUTE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT EXPEDITIOUSLY.
EPIDEMIOLOGY• PREVALENCE: 10 – 30% OF CHILDHOOD
FRACTURES• AGE: BIMODAL PEAKS AT INFANCY & 10 – 12
YEARS• SEX: M>F• COMMONEST SITES:
UPPER EXTREMITY>LOWER EXTREMITY DISTAL RADIUS DECREASING
DISTAL HUMERUS FREQUENCY
PROXIMAL TIBIA/FIBULA
ANATOMY OF THE PHYSIS• THE PHYSIS IS A SLAB OF HYALINE
CARTILAGE LOCATED AT THE ENDS OF GROWING BONES BETWEEN THE EPIPHYSES AND METAPHYSES AND WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GROWTH OF SUCH BONES
• IT IS DIVIDED INTO 4 DISTINCT ZONES HISTOLOGICALLY:
GERMINAL (RESTING) ZONE PROLIFERATIVE ZONE HYPERTROPHIC (MATURATION) ZONE ZONE OF CALCIFICATION
ANATOMY OF THE PHYSIS• GERMINAL ZONE
CONTAINS CHONDROCYTES IN QUISENCE REPLENISHES PROLIFERATIVE ZONE INJURY CESSATION OF GROWTH
• PROLIFERATIVE ZONE CONTAINS CHONDROCYTES IN MITOSIS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASE IN BONE LENGTH INJURY CESSATION OF GROWTH
• HYPERTROPHIC ZONE CELLS ACCUMULATE GLYCOGEN/LIPIDS INCREASED ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY WEAKEST ZONE AND SITE OF PHYSEAL FRACTURES
• ZONE OF CALCIFICATION MINERALISATION OF CHONDROID MATRIX INFILTRATION BY METAPHYSEAL BLOOD VESSELS
ANATOMY OF PHYSIS
AETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PHYSEAL INJURIES• AETIOLOGY –
RTI FALLS SPORTS PLAYGROUND ACTIVITIES
• BIOMECHANICS COMPRESSION SHEAR TENSION
• FRACTURE CONFIGURATION USUALLY TRANSVERSE
CLASSIFICATION• SALTER-HARRIS (1963) – MOST WIDELY USED:
▫ TYPE 1: TRANVERSE FRACTURE IN HYPERTROPHIC ZONE▫ TYPE 2: ABOVE FRACTURE VEERING OFF INTO
METAPHYSIS TO INCLUDE A TRIANGULAR CHIP OF BONE▫ TYPE 3: FRACTURE SPLITS EPIPHYSIS AND RUNS
TRANVERSELY IN HYPERTROPHIC ZONE ▫ TYPE 4: FRACTURE RUNS LONGITUDINALLY SPLITTING
EPIPHYSIS, PHYSIS & METAPHYSIS▫ TYPE 5: LONGITUDINAL COMPRESSION INJURY
• TYPE 6 ADDED IN 1969 – INJURY TO PERICHONDRAL RING
• COMMONEST IS TYPE 2 (75% OF PHYSEAL INJURIES)• TYPE 5 IS RARE, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH
DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURE• TYPES 3 – 6 HAVE HIGH RISK OF GROWTH ARREST
CLASSIFICATION
MANAGEMENT• HISTORY
▫ PAIN/SWELLING AROUND THE CONTIGUOUS JOINT
▫ UPPER LIMB – FUNCTION LIMITED BY PAIN▫ LOWER LIMB – INABILITY TO BEAR WEIGHT
ON AFFECTED LIMB▫ PRECEEDING TRAUMATIC EVENT
• EXAMINATION▫ SWELLING▫ DEFORMITY +/- (MINIMAL IF PRESENT)▫ FOCAL TENDERNESS OVER PHYSIS▫ LIMITED ROM
INVESTIGATION
•X-RAYS WIDENING OF PHYSEAL GAP JOINT INCONGRUITY TILTING OF EPIPHYSIS PRESENCE OF DISPLACEMENT MAKES
DIAGNOSIS MORE OBVIOUS TYPES 5 & 6 INJURIES ARE USUALLY
DIAGNOSED RETROSPECTIVELY
X-RAY FINDINGS IN PHYSEAL INJURY – NORMAL PHYSIS
SALTER HARRIS TYPE 1
SALTER HARRIS TYPE 2
SALTER HARRIS TYPE 2
SALTER HARRIS TYPE 3
SALTER HARRIS TYPE 4
INVESTIGATION
• CT TO VISUALISE FRACTURE ANATOMY IN SEVERELY
COMMINUTED FRACTURES OF EPIPHYSIS AND METAPHYSIS
• MRI MOST ACCURATE FOR FRACTURE ANATOMY IF DONE IN
ACUTE PERIOD IDENTIFIES FORMATION OF BONY BRIDGE EARLIER
THAN X-RAYS
TREATMENT• DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS
TYPE OF INJURY AGE OF PATIENT FRACTURE STABILITY
• FOR TYPES 1 & 2 CLOSED REDUCTION AND IMMOBILIZATION IN
CAST WILL USUALLY SUFFICE CHECK X-RAY IN 7 – 10 DAYS
• FOR TYPES 3 & 4 REQUIRE ANATOMICAL REALIGNMENT VIA ORIF ORIF CAN BE WITH LAG SCREWS OR KIRSCHNER
WIRES RUNNING PARALLEL TO PHYSIS • FOR TYPES 5 & 6
USUALLY DIAGNOSED RETROSPECTIVELY HOWEVER HIGH INDEX OF SUSPICION MUST BE MAINTAINED IN HIGH RISK INJURIES
COMPLICATIONS• GROWTH ARREST
OCCURS BY DISRUPTION OF PHYSEAL BLOOD SUPPLY OR BONE BRIDGE FORMATION
MAY BE PARTIAL OR COMPLETE
• GROWTH ACCELERATION
• SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS
FOLLOW-UP/REHABILITATION
• TYPES 1 & 2 FRACTURES ARE IMMOBILIZED FOR 3 – 6 WEEKS
• TYPES 3 & 4 FRACTURES ARE IMMOBILIZED FOR 4 – 8 WEEKS
• PATIENT RESUMES UNRESTRICTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES 4 – 6 WEEKS FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF IMPLANTS FOR FRACTURES THAT REQUIRED OPERATIVE FIXATION
FOLLOW-UP/REHABILITATION
• FOLLOW-UP CHECK XRAYS ARE DONE AT 6 MONTHS AND 12 MONTHS POST INJURY AND MAY BE EXTENDED UP TO 2 YEARS AS GROWTH ARREST MAY BE DELAYED FOR THAT LONG
PROGNOSIS• AGE OF PATIENT AT TIME OF INJURY
• TYPE OF INJURY
• EXTENT OF CHONDRO-OSSEOUS DISRUPTION
CURRENT TRENDS• GROWTH PLATE INTERPOSITION
FAT BONE WAX SILICON RUBBER POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE LABORATORY-DERIVED CHONDROCYTE
ALLOGRAFT
• GENE THERAPY & TISSUE ENGINEERING USE OF RETROVIRUSES TO INTRODUCE GENES
CODING BMP-7 INTO RABBIT PERIOSTEAL MESENCHYMAL CELLS
CONCLUSION
PHYSEAL INJURIES MAY NOT BE READILY OBVIOUS IN CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH PERIARTICULAR TRAUMA; A HIGH INDEX OF SUSPICION DURING EVALUATION, TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP OF SUCH PATIENTS IS OF THE ESSENCE TO FORESTALL FUTURE COMPLICATION.
THANK
YOU
REFERENCES• Nayagam S. Principles of Fractures. In: Solomon L,
Warwick D, Nayagam S. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics & Fractures. 9th ed. Hodder Arnold;2010: 727 – 730.
• Mann DC, Rajmaira S. Distribution of physeal and non-physeal fractures in 2,650 long-bone fractures in children aged 0-16 years. J Pediatr Orthop. Nov-Dec 1990;10(6):713-6.
• Neer CS, Horowitz BS. Fractures of the proximal humeral epiphyseal plate. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1965;41:24-31.
• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1260663-overview• http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/growth_plate_anatomy• http://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4002/physeal-considerations
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