physical/biological anthropology
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PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
~ UNIT 4 ~
What is Physical/Biological Anthropology?
Study of the _______________aspects of humans and _____________ humans.
Non-cultural – all ____________ characteristics that are genetically ________
Near-human - includes __________, apes, other ___________, & our ____________ancestors
The Three Categories?1. Human Biology – human__________,
genetic inheritance patterns, non-cultural _______________ to environment, and other biological characteristics of our species, _________
2. Primatology - ______________ primate studies. Usually done in a _____________ setting among ________ apes, monkeys, and related animals. Interested in learning about the ____________ and behavior _______ of primates--our ____________ living relatives.
3. Paleoanthropology - Recover the _______ record of _________ humans and their _________ ancestors in order to understand the path of our _______________. Often work with geologists, ________________, and scientists with other specialties who help them reconstruct _______________ environments.
searching for fossils and artifacts of our distant human ancestors in a French cave
CHAPTER 11
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Pre-Darwin Theories 1. Creationism - special and _____________
creation by _________ of every species and that ________________do not ______________through ___________from generation to generation.
2. The "Great Chain of Being" - _______ created an ____________ and _____________ series of life forms, each one grading into the next, from simplest to most ___________, and that all ___________, including humans, were created in their _________ form and that they have remained ______________ since then.
3. Catastrophism – there was a ___________ & sudden _________ catastrophes (great floods and rapid formation of mountains). ___________ & animals living in those parts of the world were often ______________. Then _____________ forms moved in from other areas. Result - ___________ show a ___________changes in ____________.
4. Uniformitarianism - ___________ forces changing the ___________of the earth's _________ have been operating in the past much the same way. “The _____________ is the key to understanding the __________. ” – Had a great affect on _______ ________________in the 1830’s.
Charles DarwinHe didn’t invent the idea of ________________, but
carried out the ______________ to prove that it has occurred
In the ___________________ he made the observations that eventually led him to ________ what causes _________ and animals to ___________
The _________________________ by Means of Natural Selection,
orThe ________________________________________ in the Struggle for Life
1st edition published in ____________
Galápagos Islands__________ voyage on H.M.S.
__________
______________ are slightly ___________ from one _____________ to another
have _______________ found in ______________ part of the world. Similar ones exist on the ______________ coast of _______________________________
Natural Selection Nature selected the best
______________ to survive and to ___________________
He believed the ________________ already existed and that _____________ just selected for the most suitable __________ shape and against __________ useful ones
◦Darwin described this process as the “______________________________"
Evolution Evidence has come from four sources:
1. The ___________ record of change in earlier species
2. The _________________ and _______________ similarities of related life forms
3. The _______________ distribution of related species
4. The recorded ____________________ in living organisms over many generations
Fossils_____________ of
animals and plants found in _________ rock deposits
Provides evidence that the ______________animals and plants of today were ____________ by earlier _____________ ones.
Fossil Hominids: Lucy1974 Discovered in
__________________ million years oldAdult _________ about __________years oldHer arms are __________
than humans today, but __________ than a _______________
She is between the two species on the _________________
'Ardi,' Oldest Human Ancestor?_______ million years
oldFound in _______________________ It's not a _________ It's not a ____________Could ___________&
____________________last ________________of
chimpanzees and humans.
_________________________fossil - earliest bird in fossil record. Thought to be ___________ million years old.
Found 1891 in _______________________. More than 10 have been found. Has many features of a dinosaurs & birds such as scales on head, feathers, wings, a tail, etc.
Chemical and Anatomical Similarities
All plants and animals receive specific characteristics from their ______________ by inheriting particular combinations of ___________________.
______________ is the same for all _____________
Species share the same types of ___________ because they ______________ them from a common _________________ that had them.
All living things either share a ________________ or they came into existence as a result of ____________ ______________________
Geographic Distribution
isolated ______________ and _________ groups often ____________ their own distinct plant and animal ____________________
______________ in these areas have been evolving in _____________ from the rest of the world for _________________ of years.
Genetic Changes _____________________ - new
________________ of plants and animals (ex. ________________)
individuals lacking the _______________ characteristics are ______________ to _____________. Therefore, the following generations have the _____________ traits.
Classification of Living Things
Today we use the system invented by the ______ naturalist ______________________
published in his ___________________, in _____
defined ____________ and introduced the system where each species receives a _______ and species _____________
grouped the organisms according to __________
Extinction __________________ of species
occurs at the _____________ of the last ________________ of that species.
The ____________________ extinction event was the Earth’s most severe extinction event, rendering extinct ____________ of all ________ species and _________ of _______________________________species.
Thylacine yawning
Quagga at London's Regent's Park Zoo, 1870 - last specimen in captivity died in 1883 at Artis Magistra Zoo in Amsterdam.
Thylacinus in Washington D.C. National Zoo, c. 1906 - It was 1936 when the last Thylacine took its final breath in Hobart Zoo, Tasmania
Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacine) photographed in a cage with a chicken 1936 - this marsupial carnivore
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