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MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour Physiological Basis of
Animal Behaviour
The Nervous System
Introduction Internal Structure
Figure 44.1
Figure 44.1
Reference: Gray (2002) Chap. 5
The Nervous System I
• Functions of the Nervous System • Neurons and Glial cells • Nerves • Tracts and Nuclei (CNS) • The Nerve Impulse • Synapses • The Peripheral Nervous System
The Spinal Reflex
Functions of the Nervous System • Receive Sensory Input • Manipulate Information
– Organise – Integrate – Store
• Stimulate Effectors: Organs or cells that... – Produce Something – Carry out Specific Sets of Instructions – Do Mechanical Work
• Conscious Experience
A Motor Neuron
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour Neuron Structure Glial Cells
Neurons and Glial Cells
• Parts of Neurons: – Dendron (-ites) – Cell Body – Axon – Terminals
• Structure of Neurons: – Unipolar (Monopolar) – Bipolar – Multipolar
• Types of Neuron: – Sensory – Intermediate – Motor
• Glial Cells (Glia) – Myelin Sheaths – Barriers
Nerves and Tracts • NERVE:
– a bundle of axons of sensory or motor neurons existing anywhere outside the CNS
• Types: – Cranial Nerves (12 pairs) – Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
• Most nerves are sensory and motor • SOMATOSENSATION: senses of the body • Tracts – bundles of nerve fibres in CNS
Somatosensory & Motor Cortex
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour The Nerve Impulse
• Membrane Polarised - Resting Potential – negative inside (-70 mV)
• Membrane De-polarised - Action Potential – positive inside (+40 mV)
• Membrane Re-polarised - Resting Potential – after ~2 milliseconds
• Refractory Period
• Transmission
• ‘All or Nothing’
Resting Potential
Potassium Equilibrium Potential Nernst Equation
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour Synapses
• Structure – Synaptic Cleft – Synaptic Vesicles – Pre- and Post-Synaptic Membranes
• Transmission – Chemical transmitter released into synaptic cleft
• Features – Unidirectional, Fatigue, Inhibition
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Voluntary
• Active Control (Muscular)
• Autonomic • No Active Control
– Parasympathetic • Ganglia • CNS and Bottom 2 Spinal Nerves
– Sympathetic • Direct Action • Spinal Nerves
Divisions of PNS Major Portion of
Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal Autonomic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
• ^ Heart Rate & Pressure • Release of Energy • ^ Blood to Muscles • Inhibit Digestion
• Relaxed • Regenerative
Divisions of PNS
The Nervous System
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour CNS I: The Spinal Cord
• Three Important Functions – carries messages up & down – generates rhythmic component of movement – (Pattern Generators) – spinal reflexes
• Tracts
CNS II: Hindbrain and Midbrain • Brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain) & Thalamus
– Medulla and Pons: complex reflexes – Midbrain & Pons: sleep and arousal – Thalamus: relay station
Brainstem and Thalamus CNS II: Hindbrain and Midbrain • Brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain) & Thalamus
– Medulla and Pons: complex reflexes – Midbrain & Pons: sleep and arousal – Thalamus: relay station
• Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia – Cerebellum: initiation & co-ordination of rapid
movement – Basal Ganglia: Slower deliberate movement
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia CNS III: The Limbic System incl. Amygdala & Hippocampus
– Limbic system • basic drives & emotions
– Hippocampus • memory formation
– Hypothalamus: • regulation of internal environment • and emotional states
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour Limbic System and
Hypothalamus Fornix
CNS IV: The Cerebral Cortex • Lobes:
– FRONTAL – PARIETAL – TEMPORAL – OCCIPITAL
• Areas: – PRIMARY
SENSORY – PRIMARY MOTOR – ASSOCIATION
• Association Areas: – Perception – Thought – Decision Making
THE FOUR LOBES
Observe the relative size differences of certain regions in the different taxa
Asymmetry of Cerebral Cortex
• Distinct hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
• Symmetrical in basic sensory & motor functions
• Asymmetrical in Association areas • LEFT: Language • RIGHT: Spatial Relationships
Lateralisation
MOD002787 Biological Bases of Behaviour
Dr. Toby Carter (Bry 114, x 2777) toby.carter@anglia.ac.uk
Physiological Basis of Animal Behaviour Gouldian finches
- Morphs prefer to mate with their own colour - Tested mate choice using only right eye, only left eye or both
- Very strongly lateralised – use right eye/left hemisphere in mate choice
Templeton et al. (in press) doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0830
Summary • Neurons and how they work • PNS
– nerves – voluntary & autonomic – sympathetic & parasympathetic
• CNS – Tracts – Spinal Cord & Brain
• Functions of Different areas of the brain • The Cerebral Cortex
CNS II: The Brain 2 • Limbic System (incl. Amygdala & Hippocampus)
– Limbic system: basic drives & emotions – Hippocampus: memory formation – Hypothalamus: regulation of internal
environment & emotional states • Cerebral Cortex
– Lobes: FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL
– Areas: PRIMARY SENSORY, PRIMARY MOTOR, ASSOCIATION
– Association Areas: Perception, Thought, Decision Making
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