pioneer f and g mission to juipter
Post on 09-Apr-2018
224 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 1/36
•^ —
COP
P I O N E EMSSONTO
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 2/36
Pioneer F and G Missions
Man's first reconnaissance ofthe giant planet Jupiter willbegin with th e launch of two
spacecraft, Pioneers F and G,in 1972 and 1973 on missionswhich are planned to last forseveral years.
These spacecra f t are expected, to be the first to go beyond the
orbit of Mars, to pass throug hthe Asteroid Belt and to use
•Jupiter 's gravity to escape thesolar system. After a t r ip ofmore than a billion m iles, eachcraf t will spend about a weekswinging around Jupiter , with
maximum scientific re turn dur -ing closest approach, to w ithi nabout 90,000 miles.
The bizarre and spectacularplanet Jupiter is potentially themost in teres t ing in the solars y s t e m . Striped in y e l l o w -orange and blue-gray like anenormous rubber ball, it has ahuge red "eye" in its southernhemisphere. Its mass is morethan twice that of all the otherplanets combined. Scientis tsrecently have raised the possi-bili ty of life on the planet. Ithas 12 moo ns and, like a small
sta
in tro
sp22mpBeenrottor
Gnomiplaals
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 3/36
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 4/36
spaain
sibter
sciwiloftio
mi
b eMatw
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 5/36
The Pioneer Project is managed by the National Aeronautics and Spa
Research Center, Mountain View, California, for the Office of Space Scien
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 6/36
Spacecraft
Pioneers F and G are iden-t ical spacecr aft weighing about570 pounds apiece, including65 pounds of scientific inst ru-
ments. Each will be capableof performing 13 scientific ex-periments, and photographingJupiter in better detail thanEarth-based telescopes.
PIONEER JUPITER SPACECRAFT
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 7/36
Navigation, Attitude Control, and Propulsion
For navigation, the Dopplershift in frequency of the Pio-neer radio signals will be usedto calculate continuously the
speed, distance, an d positionof the spacecraft. The Dopplershift is caused by motion ofth e spacecraft and is measuredby ground t racking.
Because the planes of the or-bits of the Earth and of Jupi-
ter almost coincide, the mostefficient trajectories to Jupiter
lie in the Earth's orbital plane(the ecliptic).
Pioneers F and G will be
positioned in the ecliptic planeb y point ing their high-gain ,na r r o w -be am dish a n t e n n a scontinuously at the Ear th . The
gyrf ivwilt i tu
EARTH WILL ORBIT SUN TWICE JUPITER
COMPLETES 1/6 REVOLUTION DURING MISSION
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 8/36
ATTITUDE CONTROL AND PROPULSION
EARTH ORBIT
SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY
RADIO SIGNAL PATTERN
FROM GOLDSTONE TRACKING
STATION, CALIFORNIA
CHANGE IN SPIN-RATE VELOCITYTHRUSTERS
FIRE IN UNISON
CONSTANT
EARTH-POINT
CHANGE IN a ATTITUDE
ATTITUDE 1 THRUSTERSf=» PULSE
CONSTANT
EARTH-POINT
spthcr
crmsyusthm
ofexau
coth
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 9/36
photopola r imete r will show theent i re planet , while at closest
approach (to within one planet
diameter, 86,900 miles) the im-age will cover abou t 25 per centof the planet 's surface. This
pic ture will show the term inator(the line between sunlit and
dark hemispheres) , which isn e v e r seen f r om the Earth.
Scanning in strips 0.03° wide,the camera will complete a pic-ture in from 25 to 110 m inutes.
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 10/36
Jupiter
Jupiter has a mass some 318
t imes that of the Earth. Tw oof its 12 moons, Ganym edeand Cal l i s to , are larger than
the Earth's moon.The a tmosphe re is made
up of hydrogen with minoramo u n t s of methane and am-monia , prohably hel ium, andsome water. Temperatures inthe upper atmosphere may be
near room temperature. Theseconditions could produce thebuilding blocks of life, or evenlife i tself.
The sur face is hidden by a
JUPITER'S
NORTH POLAR
NORTH N
NO
SOUTH
SOUTH POLAR
dense layer of clouds whichform bright yel low-orange andslate blue bands (atm ospher ecurrents) around the planet .Jupi te r has a huge "eye" or Red
Sp8,velaid
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 11/36
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 12/36
Electric Power T
At Jupiter and beyond, so-
lar radiation is too weak to
efficiently provide power from
THCRMOELECTRI
\ FUEL 04!REENTRY HEAT SHIELI
i FUEL CAPSULE'
RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR
solar cells, so four radioiso-tope thermoelectric generators(RTG's) will be used. Two
pairs of RTG's are mountedat the ends of two booms,120° apart. The RTG's.deviceswhich convert nuclear energyto electricity, provide 160 wattsof power at launch with poweroutput expected to be at least120 watts five years later. The
RTG's are fueled with Pluto-nium 238 dioxide, and their nu-clear energy (heat) is turnedinto electricity by 90 thermo-electric couples.
peJu
us
to
str
ligcompe
blco
ter
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 13/36
MODEL OF JUPITER INTERIOR
CLOUD TOPS
AMMONIA CRYSTALSAMMONIA DROPLETS
UPPER I AMMONIA VAPORATMOSPHERE | ICE CRYSTALS
WATER DROPLETSWATER VAPOR
LIQUID AND/OR SOLID HYDROGEN
METALLIC HYDROGEN
INTERNAL ENERGYSOURCE GRAVITATIONAL
OR RADIOACTIVE
ROCKY SILICATES
METALLIC ELEMENTS
The planet p e r i o d i c a l l yemits huge surges of radionoise. It has a magnetic field
estimated to be 20 t imes asstrong as the Earth's, and ra-
diation belts estimated to bea million t imes more intensethan Earth's.
Jupiter appears to radiatethree t imes as much energy as
it agesrior
of tCplanthrebasshosoliuid
willtheysideplanseen
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 14/36
A
PIONEER PASSAGE THROUGH
JUPITER'S MAGNETIC HELD
AND RADIATION BELTS
MAGNETIC
AXIS
CHARGED PARTICLESFROM THE SUN TRAPPED
IN JUPITER'S MAGNETIC FIELD
SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY
AND PATH ACROSS
JUPITER'S SURFACE
spy
obJu
5frthInhusmmth
as
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 15/36
smaIn
jecti
has of asizematelisioandis p
suggp roamil laste
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 16/36
MARS
BOUNDARY OF HELIOSPHERE
EARTH
SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD
SOLAR COSMIC RAYS
r URANUS
PLUTO \ SOLAR WND
AST JUPITERBELT
N
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 17/36
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 18/36
Mission Events and Operations
EARTH ATENCOUNTER
ASTEROID BELT
RADIO SIGNAL
45 MINUTES45 MIN
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 19/36
The flights to Jupi ter willtake from 630 to 7 95 days, withthe shorter trip times resultingfrom launches during the ear-
lier days of the 15-day launchwindows.
Mission events include: lift-
o f f , passage thr ou gh the Earth's
shadow, acqu i s i t i on of thespacecraft by the Deep SpaceNetwork (DSN) and first orien-
tation to point the spacecraftantenna toward the Ear th .V Exper iments will be tu rned
on one at a time, starting anhour af ter launch. After four
hours , the spacecraft, travelingat half-a-million miles per day,wil l have passed out of theEarth's magnetosphere into i n _ -
terplanetary space.Ground computers will con-
stantly refine calculations ofthe spacecraft trajectory. Con-trollers will correct the trajec-tory at four days and again at30 days, to precisely target th e
spacecraft for its encounterwith Jupiter hundreds of dayslater.
Attitude changes to sharpenEar th-poin t ing of the space-
craorsio
Pithrtroproby
fly
taim awitreltio
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 20/36
round t r ip comm unica tion t imeof 90 minutes due to l imita t ionsof light speed.
Hazards at planet encounter
include possible crippling dam-age from Jupiter 's radiationbelts.
The Pioneers are u n i q u e
a m ospacalmorath
boarbe oing c20 cencodredto m
diateTh
of thativefo r m
19
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 21/36
Data Return, Command, and Tracking
NASA's Deep Space Network(DSN), operated by the Jet
Propu l s ion Labora to ry , w i l ltrack and receive data from
the Pioneers. For early partsof the mission, tracking will beby the DSN's 85-foot (26-me-ter) antennas. W here high rates
of data re turn are required,the powerful global net of 210-foot (64-meter) antennas of the
D SN will take over. A t Jupi terdistance, th e 85's can receive128 bits per second (EP S), w hilethe larger 210-foot dishes canhear 1024 EPS. The 210's will
bedami
CaanO pPaate
Jupboento sis
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 22/36
te r , M ountain View, California.
I n c o m i n g telemetry data
from the spacecraft will be re-
ceived at the DSN stations,and imm edia te ly fo rm at ted forhigh-speed transmission to the
SFOF computers. These com-puters will check for criticalchanges and provide data foranalysis by specialists on the
spacecraft , on the experiments,and on ground systems. Theiranalyses will be used immedi-
DE6P SPACE NETWORK
ately
data
to thforengint r ibumentwill bContsent
t ions
spaceters
sponsp rocdata.
21
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 23/36
The Experiments-What They Tell
Magnetic Fields
Magnetometer — will m apthe in te rp lanetary magnet ic
field beyond the orbit of Mars,Jupiter 's magnetic fields, andthe modulation of Jupiter's
magnetic fields by its innermoons.
The Interplanetary SolarWind and the Heliosphere
Plasma A n a l y z e r — w i l lmapth e density an d mechanismsof
th e solar wind (ions and elec-t rons f lowing out from theSun) beyond the orbit of Mars;will determine solar wind in -teractions with Jupi ter , includ-ing the planet ' s b ow shockwave; and will look for theboundary at which the solarwind and solar atmosphere(the heliosphere) end and in-terstellar space begins.
Cosmic R a y s , Jupiter'sRadiation Belts and RadioSignals
Ch
mescomebitdircoscomaxydiscle
o f(heandobscha
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 24/36
electrons) w i t h Jupiter and
w i t h i n Jupiter 's radiation
belts.
Jupiter's Charged Particles
Geiger Tube Telescope,
Trapped Radiation Detec-
tor — These tw o experimentswill a t tempt to learn the con-
tents and mechanisms of Jupi-ter's radiation belts by mea-suring the intensities, energies,and distr ibution of energeticelectrons and protons in the
belts, and will study Jupi ter 'shuge, periodic radio signals.
Asteroids, Meteoroids,Interplanetary Dust, and
Celestial Mechanics
Asteroid-Meteoroid Detec-tor — consists of four opticaltelescopes which can detect as-
teroids and meteoroids as smallas 1/100,000th gram by mea-suring sunlight reflected fromthem. The instrument can mea-sure particle concentrations,
sizeThiofmat
the
Mesist
attateri
pacmilgracontary
23
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 25/36
MAGNETOMETER
COSMIC RAY TEL
INFRARED RADIOM
CHARGED PARTIC
TRAPPED RADIATI
ULTRAVIOLET PHO
GEIGER TUBE TEL
IMAGING PHOTOP
PLASMA ANALYZE
METEOROID DETE
)ID-METEO
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 26/36
Celestial Mechanics — Ex-perimenters will use precisionDoppler tr ackin g of the Pioneerradio signals to improve calcu-lations on: the mass of Jupiter,character of the Jovian gr avityfield, mass of Jupiter's 12moons, Earth's orbit, and othersolar system data.
Interplanetary Hydrogen,
Helium, and Dust;
The Heliosphere; Jupiter's
Atmosphere,Temperatures,Auroras, and Moons
Ultraviolet Photometer —
will determine the density ofneutral hydrogen in interplan-etary space, will attempt tofind the limits of the helio-sphere by measurements o fh y d ro g e n d i s t r i b u t i o n , w i l lmeasure the hydrogen-heliumrat io in Jupiter's uppe r andlower atmospheres, will lookfo r Jovian auroral activity
near both poles, and for phe-nomena resulting from pas-sages of the moon, lo. Mea-surements of light in the farultraviolet given off by hydro-
gendat
ena
Inf
mef intheperdat
inte
atehemcolpheice
25
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 27/36
the hydrogen-helium rat io inthe atmosphere.
Occultation Experiment —will measure effects of Jupiter's
a tmosphe re on the Pionee rradio signals as the spacecraftdisappears behind the planetand reappears aga in . These
changes will show th e refrac-
tive index of the planet's at-mosphere, add to knowledge ofit s hydrogen-helium rat io , andshow electron densi ty in theionosphere.
Imaging Photopolarimeter
—wil l measure intensities andpolarization of visible light. Itsmeasurements of reflected light
(zodiacal light) will be used tocalculate the amount , d is t r ibu-tion, an d origin (from asteroidsand comets) of interplanetarydust. A t Jupiter, experimenterswill use the data to at tempt tofind the structure and compo-
sition of the Jovian clouds an datmosphere, data on the plan-et's thermal balance, and to
retrieve close-up pictures. Theinstrument also will at tempt to
collkno
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 28/36
t Team
1ATOMIC ENERGY
COMMISSION
Space Nuclear Systems Division
D. S. GabrielSpace Nuclear Sys tems Office
G . A . N e w h y
Isotope Power Systems Project
Branch — H . Jaf feSNAP-19/Pioneer Project
1
Teledyne Isotopes
NASA HEADQUARTERS PROGRAM M A N A G
OSSA— Dr.J.E.Naugle
Planetary Programs —R. S. Kraemer
Pioneer Programs Manager— F. D. Kochendorfe
1
NASA-AMES RESEARCH CENTER (ARC
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Director — Dr. Hans MarkDirector of Development — J. V . Foster
Pioneer Project Office
Project Manager— C. E Hall
Project StaffManagement Control — J. R. S pah rMission Analysis & Launch Coordination — R. U. Hofstett
Project Support
Reliability & Quali ty Assurance— J . R. Mulk emR. O . Convertino
Magnetics — E. J. lufer
27
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 29/36
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 30/36
Experiments and Experimenters
Instrument
1. Imaging Photo Polarimeter
2. Helium Vector Magnetometer
3. Plasma Analyzer
4. Charged Part icle Instrument
5. Geiger-Tube Telescope
6. Cosmic Ray Telescope
7. Trapped Radiation Detector
8. Ultraviolet Photometer
Principal Investigator
Dr. Thomas GehrelsUniversity of Arizona
Dr. Edward J. Smith
Je t Propulsion LaboratoryDr. John H. WolfeNASA-Ames Research Center
Dr. John A. SimpsonUniversity of Chicago
Dr. James A. Van AllenUniversity of Iowa
Dr. Frank B. McDonaldNASA-Goddard Space F light Center
Dr. R. Walker FilliusUniversity of California at San Diego
Dr. Darrell L. JudgeUniversity of Southern California
29
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 31/36
,
Instrument
9. Infrared Radiometer
10. Asteroid-Meteoroid Detector
11. Meteoroid Detector
12 . The spacecraft radio trans-mitter used fo r S-Bandoccultation experiment
13 . The space craft and the
Deep Space Network Dopplerradar used fo r celestialmechanics exper iment
Prin
Dr.Cal
Dr.
Gen
WilNAS
Dr.Jet
D r.
Jet
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 32/36
Pioneer Accomplishments
Pioneers 6 to 9 continue to op-erate in solar orbit, and some oftheir accomplishments are:
1. The most precise determinationso far of characteristics of thesolar atmosphere (the helios-phere) .
2. Determinat ion of solar cosmicray and solar wind flow pat-terns, an d magnetic an d electricfield mechanisms in the solaratmosphere.
3. Longest-lived operational inter-planetary spacecraft (Pioneer6, launched December 16 , 1965).
4. Pioneers 6 to 9, by the end of1971, had achieved 230 months ofday- to-day t racking and dataacquis i t ion . Almos t 20 bill ion
data bits had been received , pro-cessed, analyzed, an d reportedto the scientific comm uni ty . Atotal of 26,000 commands hadbeen transmitted to these fourspacecraft.
8. Fon
9. Fin
5. First use of telecomm unicationscharacter is t ics fo r spacecraf torientation.
6. First gathering of space we atherdata for operational use.
7. First spacecraft to use convolu-tional coding/sequential decod-in g (Pioneer 9).
10 .
11 .
31
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 33/36
12. Most distant intelligible telem-etry data from Earth, an d mostdistant use of command func-tions, 170 million miles (Pio-neer 6 ).
13. First spacecraft to define char-acter of Earth's magnetic tail(Pioneers 6 and 7).
14. First spacecraft to use linearlypolarized S-band antenna andtherefore only spacecraft able toconduct Faraday rotation expe-riments durin g solar occultation(Pioneers 6 and 9).
15. First spacecraft equipp ed with
a t e lecommunica t ions range-adaptive telemetry system.
16 . First major spacecraft systemdesigned, developed, and deliv-ered on a fixed-price incentive-fee contract.
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 34/36
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 35/36
The Pioneer spacecraft havea record of reliabili ty and per-formance which makes themcand ida t e s f o r f u t u r e d e e pspace missions.
8/8/2019 Pioneer F and G Mission to Juipter
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pioneer-f-and-g-mission-to-juipter 36/36
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAmes Research Center
Moffett Field, California 94035
top related