piscicidal plants used by gond tribe of kawal wildlife sanctuary, andhra pradesh, india
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Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources
Vol. 1 (1), March 2010, pp. 97-101
Piscicidal plants used by Gond tribe of Kawal wildlife sanctuary,
Andhra Pradesh, India
E N Murthy1, Chiranjibi Pattanaik
2*, C Sudhakar Reddy
3 and V S Raju
1
1Plant Systematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506 009, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History, Deccan Regional Station, Hyderabad-500 017, Andhra Pradesh
3Forestry & Ecology Division, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad- 500 625
Received 4 June 2008; Accepted 18 August 2009
The present paper highlights the use of 25 plant species for fish poison by the Gond tribe living in the Kawal wildlife
sanctuary. Though most people from Gond tribe are engaged in fishing activities, they use their indigenous traditional
knowledge to catch the fish by applying plant extracts. The piscicidal plants used by Gonds are arranged alphabetically
along with botanical name followed by family name, local name, habit and plant part used.
Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, Fish poison, Gond tribe, Kawal wildlife sanctuary, Piscicidal plants.
IPC code; Int. cl.8 A61K 36/00, A01N 65/00
Introduction Plant poisons have been widely used by traditional
societies all over the world as a means of catching
fish. Plant extracts are referred to as botanicals and
when poisonous to fish are called piscicides1. Such
piscicidal plants contain different active ingredients
known as alkaloids, resin, tannin, saponin, nicotine,
diosgenin, etc2. However, these active ingredients are
toxic to fish at high concentrations and wear off
within a short time3, 4
. Many plants/plant parts from
different families have been applied for catching fish.
Some plants contain compounds of various classes
that have insecticidal, piscicidal and molluscicidal
properties5-11
. Synthetic organic compounds are
identified with problems of environmental resistance,
pest resurgence and detrimental effects on non-target
organisms because of their non-degradability12, 13
. The
botanical insecticides are believed to be more
environment-friendly because they are easily
biodegradable14
and leave no residues in the
environment11
. The importance of ethnobotanical
studies as cost-effective means of locating new and
useful plant compounds shows that commercial
synthetic drugs cost more than extractions from
plants. Also, the use of botanicals has been found to
aid fish cropping greatly as it saves time of fishing
and increase easy handling1. Ethnobotanists from
different parts of India have documented plant species
employed as fish poison15-26
. No such work has been
documented from the tribal dominated Adilabad
district of Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, an attempt has
been made to document and enumerate the piscicidal
plants with existing traditional uses and practices in
the Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) of Andhra
Pradesh, India. This data may be useful in developing
potential drugs for catching fishes, which is a regular
practice in aquaculture industries.
Study Area
Kawal wildlife sanctuary is situated in Adilabad
district of Andhra Pradesh (Fig. 1, Map). It is located
around 260 km from Hyderabad and lies between 19º
05' -19º 20' N latitude and 78º 32' -79º 12' E
longitude. It occupies an area of 892.23 sq km. It is
one of the oldest sanctuaries of the state declared
during 1965. Vegetation in the sanctuary exhibits a
classical example of southern tropical dry deciduous
forests with predominantly species like Tectona
grandis Linn. f. and its associates Anogeissus latifolia
Wall. ex Bedd., Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth,
T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Boswellia serrata
Roxb., Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.
f., Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill,
Hardwickia binata Roxb., Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.)
Ridsd, Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth.,
Strychnos nux-vomica Linn., Chloroxylon swietenia
DC., Bombax ceiba Linn., Diospyros melanoxylon
Roxb., etc. Various tribes inhabit in and around the
sanctuary area but the major tribe is the Gond tribe ___________________
*Correspondent author, E-mail: jilu2000@rediffmail.com
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, MARCH 2010
98
who has developed unique indigenous knowledge
related to the uses of plant resources due to constant
association with the forests. The climate of the area is
characterized by hot summer and dry except during
the southwest monsoon season. The area receives
about 1,044 mm rainfall annually. The minimum and
maximum temperatures are 15 and 44ºC in the month
of December and May, respectively27
. Humidity is
generally high especially in the monsoon and post
monsoon months.
Methodology
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted during
2005-2007 to collect information from the Gond tribe
inhabiting in Kawal wildlife sanctuary. During the
survey of the tribal villages, different methods used to
catch fishes were also recorded. Generally, they used
various plant species extracts to stupefy the fish to
catch them easily. As many of the Gond people
depend on fishing activities, these piscicidal plants
make their work easy in fishing. The data collected
were further verified and cross-checked in different
villages with Gond people. Efforts have been made to
select the plants in flowering and fruiting condition
and have been provisionally identified by consulting
the regional floras28, 29
. The collected plant specimens
were also matched with Herbarium of Regional
Research Laboratory (RRL-B), Bhubaneswar, Orissa
and deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department
(KUH), Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra
Pradesh.
Results and Discussion The list of plant species having piscicidal effects in
the surveyed areas is enumerated alphabetically with
botanical names with voucher number, family name,
local name, locality of collection, habit, parts used
and active ingredients (Table 1, Plate 1). A total of 25
plants were collected and identified during the field
investigation, which belong to 18 families and 24
genera. Tree has the highest diversity (15 species)
followed by 5 shrubs, 4 herbs and one climber. The
family with the most species used for this purpose is
Rubiaceae (3 species) followed by Apocynaceae,
Loganiceae, Fabaceae and Sterculiaceae with 2
species, and rest of the families is with single species.
Stem bark of various plants (10 spp.) are used
maximum times with seed (5 spp.) and fruit, leaves,
rhizome and roots with 2 species each. Some plants
like leaves of Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch,
fruit of Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Delile, seed of
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, stem bark of
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., seed of Strychnos
nux-vomica Linn. and S. potatorum Linn. are mostly
preferred for fish poison and frequently used by the
Gond tribe. The parts of other plant species are used
occasionally.
The results obtained from this study brought in
light of piscicidal plants of KWS. Gond tribe living
inside the sanctuary is fond of fishing and often
spends the whole day for this purpose in festival
occasion. For stupefying fish through usage of fish
poisons, the selection of a suitable water body is very
important. For this, the tribal people prefer shallow
water bodies and slow flowing or stagnant water.
Sometimes for catching fish from rivers, the flow of
water is checked either by erecting temporary wall of
mud and stones or by diverting the water current into
small ponds. Different plant parts (see Table 1) were
crushed and thrown in stagnant water. The bio-active
compounds present in the plants act on fishes and
their activity slowly get paralyzed. Thus, the fish
poison makes the fish float in a dazed state and
come to the surface of water from where they can
be captured easily. However, the tribal observations
Fig. 1Location map of the study area
KAWAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
MURTHY et al: PISCICIDAL PLANTS KAWAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
99
regarding fish poison are that the fish lose
consciousness and the effect of fish poison does not
adversely change the taste and quality of fish. They
are also in perception that by taking the fish as food, it
won’t affect their health condition. The extracts from
these plants are used mostly in dry season when water
level is low. This allows use of small quantity of
botanical to stupefy fish with little effort for cropping.
The present data was compared with other published
literature and found that some of the plant usages
listed are not recorded earlier. The fruit of Balanites
aegyptiaca is used in the present study while stem
bark of the same plant is mentioned in the study
carried out in Chhattisgarh state24
. The use of stem
Table 1Plants used as fish poison by Gond tribe of Kawal wildlife sanctuary
Botanical name/ Voucher No. Family Local name Collected place Habit Parts used Ingredients
Acorus calamus Linn./KUH 2010 Acoraceae Vasa nabhi Donga pally Herb Rhizome Asarone and
beta-asarone
Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.)
Delile/KUH 2022
Balanitaceae Gara Alinagar Tree Fruit Saponin
Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br. ex
Ait./KUH 2011
Asclepiadaceae Gilledu Jannaram Shrub Root Calotropin
Careya arborea Roxb./KUH 2024 Lecythidaceae Budda dharmi Talamadugu Tree Stem bark Tannin
Cassia fistula Linn./KUH 2023 Caesalpiniaceae Rela Juvviguda Tree Stem bark Anthraquinone
Catunaregam spinosa
(Thunb.)Tirveng./KUH 2026
Rubiaceae Manga Gandigopalraopur Shrub Stem bark Piperine
Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth.
& Hook.f./KUH 2033
Euphorbiaceae Nalla kodisha Rampur Tree Stem bark Alkaloids
Costus speciosus (Koenig.) Sm.
KUH 2035
Zingiberaceae Chengala gadda Donga pally Herb Rhizome Diosgenin
Gardenia latifolia Soland./ KUH 2030 Rubiaceae Bikki Alinagar Tree Stem bark Alkaloids
Garuga pinnata Roxb./KUH 2015 Burseraceae Garugu Jannaram Tree Fruit Garuganin
Gloriosa superba Linn./KUH 2018 Lilliaceae Nabhi Beersaipeta Herb Tuber Saponin
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.)
Ridsd./KUH 2038
Rubiaceae Bandari Juvviguda Tree Stem bark Triterpenoids
Helicteres isora Linn./KUH 2041 Sterculiaceae Nulthadu Huzoor nagar Shrub Bark Alkaloids
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G.Don/KUH 2045
Apocynaceae Pala kodisha Rampur Shrub Stem bark Holarrhinene,
Conessine
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.)
Planch./KUH 2017
Ulmaceae Nemali nara Koyagudem Tree Leaves Octacosanol
Madhuca indica J.F.Gmel./ KUH 2046 Sapotaceae Ippa Parupally Tree Seed Alkaloids
Ougeinia oojeinensis
(Roxb.)Hochr./KUH 2048
Fabaceae Vandanamu Muthyampeta Tree Leaves Alkaloids
Plumbago zeylanica Linn./ KUH 2059 Plumbaginaceae Chitramoolamu Tallapeta Herb Root Plumbagin
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre
KUH 2051
Fabaceae Kanuga Jannaram Tree Seed Pongmol
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.
KUH 2055
Sapindaceae Pusuku Alinagar Tree Seed Alkaloids
Sterculia urens Roxb./KUH 2058 Sterculiaceae Tapsi Kalleda Tree Stem bark Glucuronic acid
Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
KUH 2061
Loganiaceae Visha mushti Lingapur Tree Seed Strychnine
Strychnos potatorum Linn./ KUH 2065 Loganiaceae Chilla Kawwal Tree Seed Strychnine
Ventilago denticulata Willd.
KUH 2068
Rhamnacee Danti Kalleda Climber Stem bark Alkaloids
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.
KUH 2070
Apocynaceae Kodisha pala Talamadugu Shrub Stem bark Isoricinoleic
acid
INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, MARCH 2010
100
bark of Wrightia tinctoria in this paper deviated from
the use of root bark of the same plant for stupefying
the fish in other region22
. Stem bark of Holoptelia
integrifolia is used in Maharashtra but leaves of the
same species are used by the Gond people in present
study25
.
Plate 1Some plants collected during field survey in Kawal wildlife sanctuary
MURTHY et al: PISCICIDAL PLANTS KAWAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
101
Conclusion The listed plants in this study certainly contain
certain active ingredients, which cause physiological
impairment in fish. Most of these plants have
medicinal values as well, so storage and
further development of their germplasm should be
ensured. This data regarding piscicidal plants may be
useful in developing eco-friendly methods to
eradicate fishes from the aquaculture ponds without
using any hazardous chemicals. Hence, there is need
to explore more environment and health-friendly fish
toxicants from plants to stupefy and catch fishes.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Head, Department
of Botany, Kakatiya University for providing facilities
to work. We are also thankful to Chief Wildlife
Warden and Forest Department, Andhra Pradesh to
permit us to work in the Kawal wildlife sanctuary.
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