plant diversity. five kingdom system zkingdom monera zkingdom protista zkingdom planta zkingdom...
Post on 18-Dec-2015
221 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Plant Diversity
Five Kingdom System
Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaKingdom FungiKingdom Animalia
Protista
Monera
Planta
Animalia
Fungi
Kingdom Monera
Contains the bacteria and cyanobacteria
The only kingdom in which the cells are prokaryotic
Recent trend to split into two kingdoms Eubacteria Archebacteria
Kingdom Protista
Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms
Plant-like protists - all the algaeFungal-like protists - slime molds and
water moldsAnimal-like protists - protozoa
Kingdom Planta
Land plantsAutotrophic manufacturing food
through photosynthesisMosses, Ferns and Fern-allies,
Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
Kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition
The fungi, from molds to mushrooms, are absorptive heterotrophs, secreting enzymes into their surroundings that break down food which is then absorbed
Kingdom Animalia
Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition
Animals, from primitive sponges to highly evolved mammals, are ingestive heterotrophs, engulfing their food and digesting it internally
Organisms traditionally studied by botanists
Found in four of the five kingdoms Monera - blue-green algae Protista - all the other algae Plantae - all the land plants Fungi - all the fungi
Kingdom Monera
Cyanobacteria - blue green algaePhotosynthetic, prokaryotic organismsFound in oceans, fresh water, and terrestrial
environmentsUsed as a food source: Nostoc, Spirulina (since
ancient times - today high protein additive)Microscopic unicells, filaments, and colonies First appeared in fossil record 3.5 billion yrs agoToxins can cause problems during blooms
Oscillatoria
Nostoc
Kingdom Protista
Six divisions of algae: Division Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates Division Chrysophyta - diatoms Division Euglenophyta - euglenoids Division Chlorophyta - green algae Division Rhodophyta - red algae Division Phaeophyta - brown algae
Two divisions of fungi
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular algae covered with cellulose plates giving an armored appearance
Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water
Some marine species cause Red Tides Population explosion Color the water red Produce a powerful toxin Pfiesteria newly recognized problem
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms & Golden Brown Algae
Diatoms abundant and important economically
Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water
Unicells with silicon-based wall with pits, grooves
Diatomaceous earth
Walls of the dead diatoms used commercially
Deposits from past geological ages are known as diatomaceous earth
Uses of diatomaceous earth polishing agent in silver polish filter in wine and petroleum industries soil additive to discourage some garden
pests
Green Algae
Contains many morphological typesAbundant and diverse in fresh waterPlay a significant role in aquatic food
chains Seasonal blooms of green algae are
often noticeable in ponds and lakesGave rise to the land plants over 400
million yrs ago
Red Alage
Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks
Highly branched filaments with a feathery appearance or sheet-like
Many used as a food sourceCarrageenan and agar: cell wall
carbohydrates used as stabilizing agents
Products from red algae
Carrageenan used in ice cream, pudding, cottage cheese, toothpaste, lotions, and paints - imparts a creamy texture
Agar used in a variety of commercial products - most important use is as a solidifying agent in culture media used in to grow bacteria, fungi, and for plant tissue culture
Brown Algae
Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks
Huge kelps form extensive underwater "forests" off the California coast - among the largest plants on Earth
Rockweeds commonly found in the intertidal zone in coastal areas - east coast and west
Complex form: holdfast, stipe, and blade
KELP - common name for several brown seaweeds
Products from brown algae
Some used directly as a food sourceAlginic acids (alginates)
Used in the treatment of latex during tire manufacturing
binding agent for charcoal briquettes confections, ice cream and other
products where it acts similarly to carrageenan
Seaweed in our diet
Red and brown seaweeds have long history a source of food, especially in the Orient
Over 100 species of marine algae are eaten in one form or another
Some favorite red seaweeds are dulse (Rhodymenia) and nori (Porphyra)
Porphyra used by more cultures than any other seaweed, has a long history of food use dating back to the year 533 - cultivation since 1600s
Algal Bloom
Kingdom Planta
10 divisions of plants can group these into 4 groups
mosses and liverworts ( one division) ferns and fern-allies (four divisions) gymnosperms (four divisions) angiosperms (one division)
Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
Small plants, no vascular tissueReproduce by spores formed in a
sporangiumDominant generation is the gametophyte
with the sporophyte short-livedRestricted to moist environmentsSphagnum (peat moss) grows in acid
water and used as a soil additive and fuel
Moss
Liverwort
Lower Vascular Plants: Ferns and fern-allies
Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium
Long fossil historyFour divisions
whisk ferns club mosses horsetails ferns
Psilotum or whisk ferns - very primitive plant that resembles first land plants that existed 400 million years ago
No leaves or roots - only a branched stem
Club Moss
Horsetails (Equisetum)
Ferns - About 10,000 species exist from tropics to arctic. Typically ferns have compound leaves.
Gymnosperms
Vascular plants, many are large - include largest organisms on Earth
Reproduce by seedsDominant sporophyte, gametophytes
are microscopicLong fossil historyFour divisions of living gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
Division Coniferophyta - ConifersDivision Ginkgophyta - GinkgoDivision Cycadophyta - CycadsDivision Gnetophyta - Ephedra and
allies
Leaves of a Ginkgo tree
Conifers
Includes the biggest, tallest, and oldest living organisms
Separate male and female conesSeed produces in female conesPollen produced in male conesEconomically important for lumber and
paperPine (Pinaceae) and cedar (Cupressaceae)
are the two largest families
Redwood trees are the largest organisms on Earth
Angiosperms
Flowering plants Most widespread
vegetation on Earth today
Greatest economic use
Fungi
Generally have a thread-like body Hypha - single filament or thread Mycelium - all the hyphae of a colony
Reproduce by spores - usually airborne
Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista
True fungi in the Kingdom Fungi
Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista
Slime molds Slimy (animal-like) feeding stage Reproduce by spores
Water molds Many in fresh water others on land Important plant pathogens in this group
Kingdom Fungi
Includes yeasts, molds, mildews and other microfungi
Also includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, and other macrofungi
Fungi Include many plant pathogens Majority are saprobic and recycle
organic material
Fungi include molds and mushrooms
Summary
Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Animalia, Planta, and Fungi
Organisms traditionally known as plants are found in four of the five kingdoms
top related