plio pleistocene time map

280200 240

MagneticSusceptibility

Miocene

Pliocene

Ple

isto

cene

Holocene

C3A

C3

C2A

C2

C1

Gelasian

Calabrian

Ionian

Tarantian

Santomian

Emilian

Sicilian

Tyrrhenian

N17b

N18

N20/ N21

N22

M13

M14

PL1

PL2

PL3

PL4

PL5

PL6

Pt1

b

a

b

a

b

Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides

Menardella (Globorotalila) miocenica

Globoconella (Globorotalia) puncticulata

Globorotalia tumida

Globorotalia tosaensis

Globigerinoides fistulosus

Menardella (Globorotalia) miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac)

Dentoglobigerina altispira

Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina

Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae

Globoturborotalita nepenthes

Globoquadrina dehiscens

Bolliella calida

Globorotalia flexuosa

Globorotalia hirsuta

Globorotalia crassaformis hessi

Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens s.str.

Globigerinoides fistulosus

Menardella pertenuis

Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l.

Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens

Globorotalia pliozea, Globorotalia sphericomiozea

Globorotalia margaritae

Globorotalia flexuosa

Globoquadrina pseudofoliata

Pulleniatina finalis

Globigerinoides extremus

Menardella pertenuis

Globoturborotalita decoraperta

Menardella multicamerata

Hirsutella cibaoensis

Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula

Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance)

Pulleniatina primalis

Pulleniatina spectabilis

Globigerinoides seiglei

Globorotalia lenguaensis

Globigerinoides ruber rosa

Globigerina cariacoensis

Pulleniatina finalis

Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance

Globorotalia truncatulinoides[Pacific]

Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling)

Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling)

Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling)

Globorotalia inflata

Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling)

Globorotalia tosaensis

Menardella exilis

Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi

Globorotalia humilis

Globigerinoides conglobatus

Globoturborotalita obliquus

Neogloboquadrina acostaensis

Globoturborotalita apertura

Menardella exilis

Menardella limbata

Globoturborotalita woodi

Globoquadrina baroemoenensis

Globorotalia plesiotumida

alt

NN

11a

NN12

NN13

NN14

NN15

NN16

NN17

NN18

NN19

NN20

NN21

c

d

CN9

CN10

CN11

CN12

CN13

CN14

CN15

c

d

a

b

c

a

b

a

b

c

d

a

b

a

b

Emiliania huxleyi

medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance

(reemG event)

medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event)

Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO)

Ceratolithus rugosus

Ceratolithus acutus

Pseudoemiliania lacunosa

Discoaster brouweri

Discoaster pentaradiatus

Discoaster surculus

Discoaster tamalis

Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus

Discoaster tricorniculatus

Amaurolithus primus

Discoaster quinqueramus

Nicklithus amplificus

Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in"

transitional" waters]

Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO)

Discoaster triradiatus (acme)

Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster ovata

Helicosphaera sellii

Calcidiscus macintyrei

Discoaster triradiatus

Sphenolithus spp.

Reticulofenestra antarctica

Ceratolithus acutus

Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus

Emiliania huxleyi (acme in Mediterreanean)

Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in tropical and subtropical waters]

Gephyrocapsa sp.3 FAD; end of small Gephyrocapsa spp.

dominance

large (over 5.5 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (blG event)

Transition of Ceratolithus acutus to C. rugosus in Atlantic

Ceratolithus larrymayeri (sp.1)

Gephyrocapsa sp.3

Reticulofenestra asanoi (LCO)

large (over 5.5 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. LAD (tlG event)& beginning of small

Gephyrocapsa spp. dominance

D20

D21

a

b

a

b

c

Spiniferites elongatus

Spiniferites pachyderma

Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus

Operculodinium tegillatum

Tectatodinium pellitum

Invertocysta tabulata

Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata

Barssidinium evangelinae

Selenopemphix dionaeacysta

Melitasphaeridium choanophorum

Spiniferites splendidus

NSR 10 (Bolbo. metsmacheri)

NSR 11 (Neoglob . atlantica)

NSR 12A (Glob. inflata)

NSR 12B (Cass. grossa)

NSR 13 (Cass. teretis)

Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina teretis, Cassidulina

scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma

Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia beccari

Cassidulina grossa LCO, Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri,

Nonion affine LCO, Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata (pl. foram)

S. North Sea: Hyalinea balthica

PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica, Globorotalia crassaformis, Globorotalia puncticulata,

Neogloboquadrina humerosa

Bolboforma metzmacheri, Cibicides telegdi; PLANK.

FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica (dextral), Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina

acostaensis

RN

9R

N10

RN

11a

RN

11b

RN

12a

RN

12b

RN

13R

N14

RN

15R

N16

RN

17

Buccinosphaera invaginata

Collosphaera tuberosa

Stylatractus universus

Anthocyrtidium angulare

Pterocanium prismatium

Anthocyrtidium jenghisi

Stichocorys peregrina

Phormostichoartus fistula

Phormostichoartus doliolum

Didymocyrtis penultima

Pterocorys hertwegii

Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum

Lamprocyrtis nigriniae

Anthocyrtidium angulare

Pterocorys zancleus

Cycladophora davisiana

Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus

Theocorythium trachelium trachelium.

Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus

Amphirhopalum ypsilon

Spongaster tetras tetras

Didymocyrtis avita

Pterocanium prismatium

Spongaster pentas

Pterocorys campanula

Anthocyrtidium nosicaae

Pterocorys campanula

Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos

Anthocyrtidium michelinae

Theocorythium vetulum

Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi

Didymocyrtis avita

Anthocyrtidium pliocenica

Lychnodictyum audax

Spongaster pentas

Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster klingi

Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus

Acrobotrys tritubus

Siphostichartus corona

Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa

Acrobotrys tritubus

NP

D7B

aN

PD

7Bb

NP

D7B

cN

PD

8N

PD

9N

PD

10N

PD

11N

PD

12

Neodenticula koizumii

Thalassiosira oestrupii

Proboscia curvirostris

Actinocyclus oculatus

Neodenticula koizumii

Neodenticula kamtschatica

T. insigna

Rhizosolenia matuyamai

Proboscia curvirostris

Thalassiosira antiqua

Fragilariopsis doliolus

Neodenticula seminae

Actinocyclus oculatus

Thalassiosira latimarginata

Thalassiosira praeoestrupii

Thallassiosira jouseae

Rhizosolenia matuyamai

Coscinodiscus pustulatus

Pyxidicula horridus

Pyxidicula pustulata

Thalassiosira convexa

Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO)

Thalassiosira marujamica

Thalassiosira jacksonii

Rouxia californica

Thalassiosira miocenica

Reuverian B

Reuverian C

Praetiglian

Tiglian

Eburonian

Waalian

Menapian

Bayelian

Cromerian Complex

Elsterian

Holsteinian

Saalian

Eemian

Weichselian

A, B, C1-3

C4c

C5-6

Bavel

Linge

Leerdam

Dorst

Waardenburg (Interglacial I)

Glacial a

Westerhoven (Interglacial II)

Glacial b

Rosmalen(Interglacial III)

Glacial c

Noordbergum (Interglacial IV)

Fuhne

Wacken / Domnitz

DrentheWarthe

Waltonian

Pre-Ludhamian

Ludhamian

Thurnian

Bramertonian / Antian

Pre-Pastonian / Baventian

Pastonian

Beestonian

Cromerian

Anglian

Hoxnian

Wolstonian

Ipswichian

Devensian

[un-named]

"Tottenhill"

Late

P

lioce

neE

ople

isto

cene

Neo

plei

stoc

ene

Verkhodon

Khapry

Tolucheevka

Krinitsa

Petropavlovian

Pokrovian

Ilynian

Donian

Muchkapian

Okian

Likhvinian

DnieperMoscovianMikulinian

Valdaian

MN

13M

N14

MN

15M

N16

MN

17un

-nam

ed

Pre-Illinoian

Illinoian

Sangamonian

Wisconsinian

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Mon

tehe

rmos

anC

hapa

dmal

alan

Uqu

ian

Ens

enad

anLu

jani

an

RS

WL4

WS4

WL3

WS3

WL2

WS2

WL1

WS1

L15

S14L14S13L13S12L12S11L11S10L10S9

L9

S8L8S7L7S6

L6

S5

L5

S4

L4

S3L3

S2

L2

S1

L1

S0

Hem

phili

anB

lanc

anIr

ving

toni

anR

anch

olab

rean

Hh 3

Hh 4

Bl 1

Bl 2

Bl 3

Bl 4

Bl 5

Ir 1

Ir 2

Ir 3

Platygonus compressus

Megalonyx jeffersonii

Bison

Ondatara zibethicus

Smilodon populator

Clethrionomys

Microtus paroperarius

Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus

Euceratherium

Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp.(5T)

Synaptomys

Mammuthus

Megalonyx wheateyi

Phenacomys

Paramylodon harlani

Lepus

Platygonus vetus

Northrotheriops, Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys

pliocaenicus

Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon gracilis

Glossotherium chapadmalense, Mictomys vetus

Miracinonyx inexpectatus

Sylvilagus

Pliolemmus

Procastoroides

Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus

Borophagus diversidens, Megalonyx leptostomus,

Glyptotherium

Pliopotamys

Ogmodontomys poaphagus

Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Dipoides rexroadensis

Ursus

Nanippus peninsulatus, Ogmodontomys sawrockensis

Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Megantereon, Mustela,

Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, Protopliophenacomys) and

Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Hh 4

Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus paroperarius

Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx

weatleyi

Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus

Miracinonyx inexpectatus

Platygonus vetus

Stegomastodon

Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys vetus

Megalonyx leptostomus, Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra

idahoensis

Prodipodomys

Nanippus peninsulatus, Borophagus diversidens,

Glossotherium chapadmalense

Procasteroides

Paenemarmota,

Dipoides rexroadensis, Ogmodontomys poaphagus,

Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus

Borophagus hilli, Platygonus pearcei

Megantereon

Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Delmontian

Repettian

Venturian

Wheelerian

Hallian

Mitc

helli

anC

helte

nham

ian

Kal

imna

nY

atal

anW

errik

ooia

n

Mangapanian

Nukumaruan

Castlecliffian

Haweran

Mes

sini

an

Zanclean

Pia

cenz

ian

Gelasian

E. Pleist.

M. Pleist.

Lt. Pleist.

5.33

1.81

2.59

3.60

0.126

0.012

0.79

Mes

sini

an

Zanclean

Pia

cenz

ian

Gelasian

E. Pleist.

M. Pleist.

Lt. Pleist.LGM

MIS 6

MIS 8

MIS 12

MIS 16

MIS 22

MIS 52 (Cala 2)

MIS 58 (Cala 1)

Ge 2

Ge 1

Pia 2

Pia 1

Za 2

Za 1

Me 2

0.64

0.44

0.27

0.14

0.02

0.86

1.54

1.65

2.16

2.50

2.80

3.27

4.01

4.62

5.77

Geo-magneticPolarity Sequences

GlobalT-R

Cycles

Sequences

Epoch StagePeriod

StandardChronostratigraphy

Planktonic Foraminifers

Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional ForaminifersZones Other Nannofossils Additional Nannofossils

Calcareous Nannofossils

Zonal MarkersZones ZonesNorth Atlantic

Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts

Dinoflagellate Cysts

Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians

Radiolarians Diatoms

Zonal Markers Other DiatomsZonesZones

North SeaMicrofossil Zones

North Sea EventZones

South AmericaEurope

SALMA

Mammals

North American Mammals

Regional Stages

Australia

ChineseLoess

North AmericaNew

ZealandCalifornia

Eurasian Stages

Russian PlainNW Europe Britain

Regional StageAntarctic Ice Cores

ItalyNALMAELMA

Ag

eStage

Pliocene / Pleistocene (0-6 Ma time-slice)

Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998.Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60.

Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al., 2004) and The CONCISE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008)

MarineO-18

Composite(0/00 PDB) (0/00 PDB)

Ag

e

5

6

4

3

2

1

0

5

6

4

3

2

1

0

δ - Deuterium CO2(ppmv)

3 4 5 -370-390-430 -410 210 20Units

Sponsored, in part, by:ICS

CHRONOS

PrecambrianPaleozoicMesozoicCen

TimeScaLe

CreatorR

Qua

tern

ary

Neo

gene

September 2008

5.33

1.81

2.59

3.60

0.126

0.012

0.79