polio… it can be eradicated - bill & melinda gates foundation · 2013-09-03 · polio… it...
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Polio… it can be eradicatedPolio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause paralysis in a matter of hours.
It can strike at any age, but affects mainly children under five.
The vaccine
1954–1970sToday
2010
Polio is now endemic in only four countries:Nigeria, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Polio outbreaks still occur in some countries
in Africa and Asia.
1980s – onwards1988Polio still exists in125 countries andparalyzes anestimated 350,000children every year.
World HealthAssembly passesa resolution callingfor the globaleradication ofpolio. Global PolioEradicationInitiative (GPEI) iscreated.
2007The World HealthOrganisationdeclares that poliohas beeneradicated in theAmericas, Europe,and the WesternPacific.
Late 1800s–early 1900sPoor sanitation meantinfants were constantlyexposed to the virus,enhancing naturalimmunity. In the late1800s to early 1900s,however, improvedcommunity sanitationreduced childhoodexposure and immunity,leading to an increasednumber of children andadults at risk of paralyticpolio infection.
The beginning
3,000 BC19th century
ca.1900Ancient historyAncient Egyptianpaintings and carvingsdepict otherwise healthypeople with witheredlimbs and young childrenwalking with canes.
The outbreaks
1900–1952
1900sSmall,localized
paralytic polioepidemics inEurope andthe UnitedStates.
By 1950sOutbreaksreach
pandemicproportions inEurope, NorthAmerica,Australia, andNew Zealand.
1952Worst poliooutbreak in
the UnitedStates: 658,000reported cases ofwhich 3,145 diedand 21,269 hadmild to disablingparalysis.
Push for eradication
How does polio spread?
By person-to-person contact.
infected
poorsanitation
virus pain inthe
limbs
stiffnessin theneck
fever
fatigue
headache
vomiting
paralysis
once in theintestine,the poliovirusinvades thecentralnervoussystem
What are the symptoms?
Almost three-quarters have nosymptoms at all.
Preventing polio
Polio can be prevented throughchildhood immunization. Theoral polio vaccine (OPV), givenmultiple times, almost alwaysprotects a child for life.
A mother
bringing her child for OPV
(Mogadishu, Somalia)Polio National Immunization
Day (Bangladesh)
OPV is given to every child
under five during an NID. This
baby is 15 hours old (Angola)
Pho
tos
cour
tesy
of W
HO
Infectious diseaseseradicated1. Smallpox (1979) ✔2. Polio . . .
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. All Rights Reserved.
From 350,000 cases in 1988 to just over
1,500 cases in 2009
99 percent reductionsince 1988
Source: Years 1980 - 1993. UNICEF estimates. Years 2000 - 2009, WHO reported cases.
2007 20101988
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Estimated number of polio cases per year
Central Africa National Immunication Day
(Congo river Island two hours from Kinshasa)
1954Jonas Salk develops firstvaccine against polio–aninjected inactivated poliovaccine (IPV).
1962Albert Sabin develops a “live”oral polio vaccine (OPV),which becomes the vaccine ofchoice for most nationalimmunization programsworldwide because it iseasy to administer.
With OPV, polio is broughtunder control inindustrialized countries.
1970sLaunch of nationalimmunization programsusing OPV worldwide,which leads to controlof the disease in manydeveloping countries.
K226 polio infographic Revised v2:Layout 1 06/10/2010 13:31 Page 1
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