political organization and social control final report
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8/3/2019 Political Organization and Social Control Final Report
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POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONAND SOCIAL CONTROL
Casquejo, Honeyvie V.Pahimnayan, Sarah Jane S.
Querido, Michael T.
BsArchi III-3Mr. Rolando T. Herrero
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Political Organization/Social Control Political Organization
Variations in power, authority and legal
systems
Means a human group uses to maintain social
order and reduce social disorder
Universal
Systems of Equality and Inequality
Wealth, power, prestige
Social control
Formal/informal means to organize and
control the actions of its members
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Three Dimensions of Political Organization
1. Extent to which politicalinstitutions aredistinct from other aspects of the socialstructure
2. Extent to which authorityis concentrated intospecific political roles
3. Level ofpolitical integration (the size of theterritorial group that comes under the control ofthe political structure)
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Types of political organization
Sociopolitical typology---ideal types or levels
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
State
Established by Elman Service
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Band Food foragers, nomadic, territorial unit
Small group of related families in a region
No formal, centralized political system
Informal leadership
Nuclear family and band; 50 individuals
Kin based bilineal
Personal relationships link the family and the band
Fairly egalitarian
May have gender stratification
Lack formal law
Band leader: use persuasive power
Example: the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert
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the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert
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the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert
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Tribe
Horticultural/pastoral/foraging, intergroup trade Group of communities in a region, sharing a
common culture, and integrated by a unifyingfactor
Higher population density than bands
Informal leadership
Village life and/or descent-group membershipclans
Lack social stratification, formal government
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Tribe
Regulatory officials: village or intervillage councils;thebig man
Persuasive power Act as a mediator offering opinion or advice
Some small-scale warfare intervillage raiding
May have gender stratification
Examples: Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela; TheTboli Tribe of South Cotabato; Aetas
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Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela
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The Tboli Tribe of South Cotabato.
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Aeta
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Tribal Organization
Kinship organization
Clan elders or heads
Segmentary lineage system
Age-Grade organizationSpecific age grades given political functions
Association organization
Common-interest associationsMilitary societies serve to integrate tribe
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The Big Man Elaborate version of a village head supporters in
several villages Status is achieved through hard work
Characteristics: wealthy, generous, eloquent, brave,
and can use supernatural powers Convert wealth to prestige
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Chiefdom
The most succinct definition of a chiefdom inanthropology belongs to Robert L. Carneiro: "Anautonomous political unit comprising a number of
villages or communities under the permanent controlof a paramount chief"
Horticulture (gardens/groves) or agriculture (fields)
Produce surpluses to redistribute chiefly
redistribution
Regional polity under a ruler from a ranked hierarchyof people
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Chiefdom
Redistributive system
Usually unstable
Economy is regulated
Production: religious taboos
Distribution: rituals
Consumption: obligation/sharing
Chief and his lineage elevated responsibility tokin and community
Chief has limited coercive power
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Chiefdom
Differential access to resources (power, prestige,and wealth) tied to kinship
Permanent political regulation of territory
Pantribal sodalities
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State Autonomous political units with social classes
A centralized government based on law Labor specialization
Regulation of social relations, marriage, and family
Integrative networks ofcommunication/transportation
Power centralized in a government
Legalized use of force
Tendency toward instability and transience
Usually multinational
Difference between nation and state
Examples: ancient Mesopotamia, the U.S.
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Characteristics of a state:
Population control
Judiciary
Enforcement Fiscal
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Nation and State
Nation A group of people who share common symbolic
identity, culture, history, and often religion
communities of people who see themselves as
one peopleToday, 181 states and 5000 nations
State A type of political structure
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Nation-State A group of people sharing a common cultural
background nationality
Unified by a political structure
Role of nationalism
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Political Leadership and Gender
Women rarely in top political positions
Women have power in a number of societies
BandsIroquois
Igbo
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Political Organization and the Maintenance ofOrder
Chiefdoms and states
Authority with power to regulate peoples actions
Bands and tribes
No centralized authorityDepend upon gossip, criticism, and fear ofsupernatural forces
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Internalized Controls
Cultural control
Control due to internalized beliefs and values
Effective deterrents to antisocial behaviour
Disgust of incest Fear of deformity, disease, or death
Fear of ghosts or hell
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Social control
Social normsare normal, proper, or expected
ways of behaving
Deviance is a violation of social norms
Sanctions are institutionalized ways ofencouraging people to conform to the norms
it is not the act itself but rather how peopledefine the act that determines whether it isdeviant
(Ferraro 2006:322).
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Social Norms in the U.S. pg. 322
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Informal mechanismsSocialization
Social norms Internalize the moral necessity to follow them
Public opinion
Approval by society
Use of gossip, rumor, sarcasm, and scorn correctivemeasures
Degradation ceremonies publicly humiliate adeviant
Corporate Lineages
Small-scale societiesmembers know what everyoneelse is doing
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Informal mechanismsSupernatural belief systems
Ancestor worship: dead ancestors are fullyfunctioning members of the descent group
Ghost invocation: wrath of ancestor gods
Ghost vengeance: ancestor gods can inflict illnesson their own without having to be invoked
Witchcraft
Misfortune is not the result of natural causes Fear of witches/witchcraft encourages conformity
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Formal mechanisms
Song duel
A means of settling disputes over wife stealingamong the Inuit involving the use of song and
lyrics to determine ones guilt or innocence
Intermediaries Mediators of disputes among individuals or
families within a society
Leopard-skin Chief among the Nuer
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Formal mechanisms
Moots Informal hearings of disputes for the purpose of
resolving conflicts, usually found in small scale
societies Council of elders
A formal control mechanism composed of a group
of elders who settle disputes among individuals
within a community
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Formal mechanisms
Courts and codified law Judiciary: laws, legal procedure, and judges
Enforcement: permanent military and police
forces
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Social Control Through Law
Definition of law under contention
Malinowski and Hoebel
Use of overt coercion
Need to consider each case in its cultural context
Laws are formal negative sanctions
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Functions of Law
Defines relationships among society members
Allocates the authority to employ coercion in the
enforcement of sanctions
Redefines social relations and ensures social
flexibility
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Crime
Distinction between crime and tort
Settlement of disputesNegotiation
Mediation
Adjudication
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Formal mechanisms
Warfare Armed conflict between nation-states or other
politically distinct groups
Not a universal phenomenon
Causes of war
Social problems
Perceived threats
Political motivations
Moral objectives
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Political Systems and theQuestion of Legitimacy
Allegiance necessary for society to work Uncentralized systems have it freely given
Centralized systems rely upon coercion
Legitimacy is the right of leaders to rule
Based on social values
Grants the rights of power
May be withdrawn
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Religion and Politics
Intimately connected
Religion may influence laws
Religion may legitimize the
political order
Supernatural is reflected inpolitical organizations
European kings ruled by divineright
Iran became an Islamic republic
U.S. introduction of God tol d f ll
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