post war canada 1945-1960
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POST WAR CANADA
Canada’s Golden Age
1945-1969
©Ruth Writer
Remarkable
transformation
1949
Supreme Court
Supreme in Canada
Newfoundland
#10
Labrador thrown in the
deal
Vincent Massey
Governor
General
Dominion dropped from
Canada
Post War Era
Economic
Political
Social
Diplomatic
ECONOMIC CHANGE
ECONOMY
Did not want depression which followed Great War
Not even a recession
Inflation in check
Good jobs
Reconversion quickly
Full employment
High standard of living
Demand for consumer goods
Veterans reintegrated smoothly
First hired for jobs left behind
Educational loans i.e. GI Bill of Rights
Low interest on homeshttp://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/05/15/walkom_eurozone_crisis_signals_a_repeat_of_the_1930s.html
POPULATION GROWTH
1941—Canada at 11.5 million
1957—16.5 million
1968—20.5 million
55% increase in less than generation
School age population doubled
Teachers needed, schools needed
Most lived within 100 miles of U.S. borderhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/will-a-retirement-boom-start-in-2011-1.928398
Due to baby boom
Marry young and large families
Highest birthrate of any industrial nation in world
Also immigration
30% of all immigrants since 1867 came in 1945-1955
http://mrpearce.weebly.com/unit-4-post-world-war-two-era.html
IMMIGRATION
Favored European Immigrationhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-4b.asp
British war brides—35,000
British, Italian, German, Holland, Poland
Holocaust survivors
Hungary—1956 uprising
Most to Ontario and Quebec
Jobs there
Altered Quebec population—especially Montreal
Canadians minority in own nation
1/3 Anglo-Canadian
More Allophones
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/microsimulation/lifepaths/overview3-1
URBAN GROWTH
Canada always one of most urban nations in history
Building boom
Homes
$60 million spent on new homes
Twice as much as 1925-50
Twice as many owned homes 1/3 in 1948
2/3 in 1961
https://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=2f4a757ae6b31410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=7a27bcf5a1d21410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatoon-morning-looks-at-wartime-home-history-in-the-city-1.3000390
PERSONAL INCOME GROWTH
GNP doubled from 1950-1960
$18 billion to 36 billion
Construction
Shift from Resource Economy to Service
FADING FARMERS
1911—33% of Canadians farmed
By 1950s—only 10%
Machines
Commercial farming
Market boards—quotas, prices set
Oats, barley, flax==$$$
Processed foodshttp://www.ktel.com/about.php
http://www.peipotatomuseum.com/
http://www.tractorfriends.org/tractorsengines/masseyharristractors/masseyharristractors.html
FADING FISHERMEN
Workers needed down
Production up
Fish industry giants
Hi-tech trawlers—400,000 #/ship in two week trip
No longer self-employed
National Sea Products
British Columbia Packers
Rapid depletion
DRAMATIC CHANGES
http://ngb.chebucto.org/Dist_Photo/fog-0505-cod-fishing-1-1921-ci.shtml; photos by R. Writer 2010 in Newfoundland and Labrador
NEW MINERAL AND FOSSIL FUELS
Uranium
Over 1/3 from Canada
Saskatchewan
Atomic weapons
Peace time uses
Oil and natural gas
Edmonton discovery in 1947
By 1956—1200 companies exploring
Alberta became Texas North
Transcontinental gas pipelines—1956-8
1960 first natural gas exports to U.S.http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/phase2/images/mod8_b.gif
Iron ore discovered in Newfoundland
Exploration of mineral wealth in Arctic in late 1950s
EXPORTER OF PRIMARY GOODS
Newsprint
Lumber
Wood pulp/paperhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/t9500e/t9500e09.htm
Wheathttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/golden-wheat-fields-harvesting-alberta-canada-5661-pictures.htm;
http://www.thestar.com/business/2014/02/07/canadian_farmers_sitting_on_grain_due_to_railway_logjams.html
Minerals
Oil and natural gas
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Reconversion
Crown corporations continued—prevent depression
Consumer spending Cars—none built from 1939, no imports either
By 1961 one car per four Canadians
Building supplies for new homes
Technology Synthetics--rubber
Plastic—Sarnia
Pesticides—Sarnia
Jets—Canuck later the Avro Arrow—CF-105—scrapped
TV and communication
Electronics and computers
Pharmaceuticals—Insulin, cobalt treatment
Space race—collaboration with U.S.
AVRO ARROW—PLANE OF THE FUTURE?
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/avro-arrow-redesign-pitched-as-alternative-to-f-35-stealth-fighter-jets
http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/officialgallery/transportation/avro-arrow-interceptor-aircraft/ [video]
U.S. INVESTS IN CANADA
Americanization a concern
70% of oil and gas companies foreign—i.e. U.S.
52% of mining
56% of manufacturing
75% of foreign $$$ were U.S. $ in 1960
Branch plants a key
66% of exports went to U.S.
Only 15% to Britain
Was Canada being betrayed? Sold out?http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/09/30/north-american-union-diane-francis-us-canada-merger_n_4016913.html
PLANES, SHIPS, CARS, PIPELINES
NORAD—defense of continent
Alcan Highway—1942—BC and YK Benefits to all of Canadian West, i.e. Edmonton
TransCanada Highway—1948—centralism goal
St. Lawrence Seaway—1955—trans-oceanic goal
Pipelines
NWT to Yukon by U.S.—no prior Canadian approval
Transcontinental pipeline—1950s debate—1760 miles
Enbridge Energy to Sarnia refineries
Northern Route—UP and Lower Peninsula
Southern Route—circles Lake Michigan then across Michigan
2010 accident—840,000 gallons leaked into Kazoo River
Half owned by U.S. company
Alaskan pipeline
ALCAN HIGHWAY
http://westernamericana2.blogspot.com/2010/11/alaska-canadian-highway.html
TRANSCANADA HIGHWAY
http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ab/banff/plan/envedette-highlights.aspxhttp://transcanadahighway.com/General/transcanadahighway.htmhttp://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/trans-canada-highway/
PIPELINES
NWT to Yukon by U.S.—no prior Canadian approval
Transcontinental pipeline—1950s debate—1760 miles
Enbridge Energy to Sarnia refineries
Northern Route—UP and Lower Peninsula
Southern Route—circles Lake Michigan then across
Michigan
2010 accident—840,000 gallons leaked into Kazoo River
Half owned by U.S. company
Alaskan pipeline
Green—oil; red—gas; blue—products
http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/north_america_oil_gas_and_products_pipelines.html
http://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/tarsandspipelineboomapril2012InsideClimateNews_0.jpg
ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Joint Canadian-U.S. project
Made Trans-oceanic travel possible
Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin—all ocean ports now
Grain, iron, coal
Continuation of Welland Canal with 8 locks—1840s
Soo Locks with 4 locks—1850s
Started in 1953—opened 1955
7 locks between Montreal and Lake Ontario
Relocated 7 villages—IMPACT???
6500 people had to move
500 homes
Huge celebrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Villages
http://www.ghosttownpix.com/lostvillages/maps.html [maps] ; http://lostvillages.ca/
https://www.transportation.gov/fastlane/new-years-eve-ends-seaway-navigation-seasonhttp://www.citt.ca/conference/2015/stlawrenceseaway.html
http://acanadianfamily.wordpress.com/2009/07/02/happy-5oth-birthday-st-lawrence-seaway/
AUTOPACT--1965
Largest trade sector between U.S. and Canada
Parts made in other nation
Interweaving of auto industry
http://www.technews24h.com/2012/11/the-10-greatest-muscle-cars-from-1965.html
POVERTY FOR SOME
25% in poverty
Natives
African-Canadians
Francophone
Immigrants
Gender
Children
Regional
Atlantic Canada--$57 per week average pay
Ontario--$85 per week averagehttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-accused-of-still-failing-its-poor-1.1101140
http://www.dominionpaper.ca/canadian_news/2004/02/25/canadian_n.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/joe-gunn/canada-poverty_b_6603570.html
POLITICAL CHANGE IN CANADA
ANOTHER PROVINCE
Location, location, location
World War II
Refueling and supply bases for Canada and U.S.
Newfoundland was closest British neighbor
Trade agreements with U.S.
Canada supported PEI and NS
Rejected 1867 Confederation even with promises
1945 Britain discuss alternatives
Newfoundland and Labrador—1949 Referendum
Inconclusive in June 1948
Joey Smallwood—economic benefits
Second vote in favor of Confederation
NEWFOUNDLAND JOINS CANADA
Signing ceremony of the Terms of Union in the Senate chamber, in Ottawa, on December 11, 1948. Seated were Louis St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada, and the Hon. A. J. Walsh,head of the Newfoundland delegation. Joseph Smallwood is standing (second from the right).
http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Terms%20of%20Union%20of%20Newfoundland%20with%20Canada.htm; http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/the%20peace/Newfoundland.html
CANADA IN 1949—10 PROVINCES
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3060-e.html
PRIME MINISTERS AND PARTY CHANGE
King [Liberal]—dominate for 3 decades-
-died in ‘50
1948-57—Louis St. Laurent [Liberal] Established equalization payments regionally
Improved social welfare system of Canada
Pensions
Unemployment
Family Allowance
Hospital insurance plan for part of cost—MAJOR step
Large role in peacekeeping
St. Lawrence Seaway—’59
Trans-Canada Highway—’62
MORE CHANGE
1957-63—John Diefenbaker—Progressive Conservative
First from Western provinces [SK lawyer]
Canadian rejection of Liberals who had control for 3 decades
ONE Canada—Nationalism
Less cooperation with U.S. and Kennedy
Development of Canadian north
CN$ exchange rate
New Keynesian economics—tax cuts; increased spending
Rural aid—advance on farm stored grain
Regional issues—move people from Atlantic Canada
Canadian Bill of Rights—1960 Minority rights
http://www.macleans.ca/society/10-reasons-why-dief-the-chief-and-jfk-hated-each-other/
LIBERALS IN POWER
1963-68—Lester Pearson [Liberal]
Nobel Peace Prize as Minister of External Affairs
Universal health Care—1965
Canadian Pension Plan—1965—CPP
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson
MINOR PARTIES
Social Credit Party in QC—Real Caouette
Over 1/3 of votehttp://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/real-caouette/
CCF became New Democratic Party
1962—13.5% of vote
1962—19 seats
http://thecanadianpoliticalscene.blogspot.com/2011/04/election-2011-platform-comparison.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation
CCF SETS NEW COURSE FOR CANADA
Progressive party—farmers and laborers
1932—Calgary—to meet social and political change
Frank Underhill—League for Social Reconstruction
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation—1933
Replace capitalist system
Manifesto with socialistic slant
Centralized government control over banking, planning
Publicly owned transportation, communication,
resources
Unemployment insurance
National health care
Slum clearance
DEPRESSION==VOTES???
Too radical for Quebec and Maritimes
Never control of Parliament
Did shape politics
Promoted social programs and state stewardship
Tommy Douglas became premier of SK in 1944
Designed prototype of national health care
CANADIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Adopted by federal government 1960s
Federal government would share costs with
provinces
Cover medical care for ALL citizens
By 1972 all provinces and territories agreed
Expensive
Varied in quality of coverage and treatment
Became a source of pride—part of the identity
CANADIAN PENSION PLAN
Universal pension plan
Retirement age of 65
Contributions from government, workers, employers
SOCIAL NETWORK EXPANDED
Health care
Pension
Unemployment
Student loans
Low income housing assistance
Came a high cost—high tax burden
CIVIL SERVICE EXPANSION
Bureaucracy growth
1939—46,000 employed by government
1945—116,000 worked for government
New strongholds of Confederation
Finance
Munitions and Supply
External Affairs
DIPLOMACY IN CANADA
CANADA AS THE MIDDLE POWER
Keeping balance with diplomacy
Support U.S. policies
Yet maintain sovereignty
Resource basis
Cold War—geographic location, location, location
United Nations—’45—founding member
NATO—’48—St. Laurent concept
CANADA AS PEACEKEEPER
NEW CANADIAN NATIONALISM CREATED
Commonwealth of Nations Forum of ideas
Britain at the top
Canada as a New Model
Korean Conflict—1950-53—one of 16 nations—22,000 troops
Other areas with Canadian Forces Lebanon--1953
Suez—1956 [Pearson won Nobel Peace Prize in 1957]
Congo—1960-64
New Guinea--1962
Yemen--1963
Cyprus—1964
Pakistan—1965
Bosnia—1980s
Somalia—1990s
Haiti--2000
NOT Vietnam—draft and reverse
yonahmartin.sencanada.ca ; http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/korean-war
CANADA AND THE U.S.A.
Close cooperation—with some questions
1940—Permanent Joint Board on Defense Air defense
Standard training, equipment
Access to facilities
Radar installations in 1957—NORAD Nuclear Reality
Pine Tree Line at border
McGill Fence at 55*N
DEW Line in Canadian Arctic
Cuban Missile Crisis NORAD on alert
Canadian troops on alert
Disagreement between Diefenbaker and Kennedy
Diefenbaker armed nuclear missiles in ’63—until ’84http://www.norad.mil/
http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~ina22/+301/$301-text-Personal_and_Family_Survival.html
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Distant_Early_Warning_(DEW)_Line.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NORAD-Tracks-Santa-website_2009-Language_Selection.png
CANADA, U.S. AND VIETNAM
Canada source of supplies
Disagreement over bombing of North Vietnam
Conflict between Pearson and LBJ
Pearson support
Draft resisters—125,000 [?]
Evaders
Deserters
Brain drain Educated
Professionals
Teachers
Students
Canadians who served—perhaps an equal number
http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/episodes/vietnam-canadas-shadow-war
http://yukon-news.com/life/yukoners-vietnam-documentary-shown-at-the-national-gallery/
http://www.windsorstar.com/Gallery+Vietnam+veterans+honoured/1741939/story.html
SOCIAL CHANGES IN POST WAR
Establishing a Canadian Cultural Identity
CANADIAN IDENTITY--QUESTIONS
Immigration increased
Allophones—other languages
Redefined Canada
Vincent Massey’s Report—1949-1951
Fear of American mass culture—i.e. TV
Canadian culture and identity in danger of extinction
Cultural might blossom if government grants for National library and system to preserve records
National support of universities and higher education
Support of museums, art, theater, symphony, ballet
Interest in high culture not mass culture
Canada should encourage, protect own culture
Development popular entertainment left alone
NEW SYMBOLS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
Canadian flag—maple leaf—1965http://torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com/trl/2015/02/a-red-maple-leaf-against-a-blue-sky-a-quintessential-
canadian-symbol-and-one-recognized-throughout-the-world-even-the-leas.html
Canadian Anthem—O’Canada--1965
Montreal Exposition—1967
http://www.worldsfaircommunity.org/topic/12681-more-expo-67-panoramas/
www.ameriquefrancaise.org
NATIONAL LIBRARY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Parliament
NATIONAL GALLERY [ART]
http://www.gallery.ca/holidays/; https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=11761
CULTURAL CHANGES
Cultural imperialism
More NFB funding
Created National Library and Archives
Canada Council—1957
Theater, arts, ballet, writers
CRTC—1968—Canadian content laws
Baby boom came of age in the the 60s
Sex, drugs, rock and roll
Vancouver scene
Toronto
Montreal
BABY BOOM 1966 AND 2006
http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/34013.html
HOCKEY
Rocket Richard
Richard Riots
Roch Carrier—THE SWEATER
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgydkfnUEi8http://mauricerichard.homestead.com/Comments-english.html
THREAT OF A NORTH AMERICAN
IDENTITY RATHER THAN CANADIAN ID
Economic
Diplomatic
Cultural
Political
RESOURCES
Anonymous. “Chapter XVII”--Canada. Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences. Report. Ottawa : King's Printer, 1951. By permission of the Privy Council Office. Pages 253-267. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-400-e.html
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/youth/hippie-society-the-youth-rebellion/festivals-and-happenings-vancouvers-human-be-in.html[on-line video]
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/youth/hippie-society-the-youth-rebellion/hippie-life-it-aint-easy.html [on-line video]
http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/officialgallery/transportation/avro-arrow-interceptor-aircraft
Kallmann, Helmut. “Massey Commission.” 2012. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation of Canada. <www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com>
Sprague, D.N. Post Confederation Canada: The Structure of Canadian History Since Confederation. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1990. [ p. 240-251, 255-272, 275-280].
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/agriculture-and-food/
The Sweater http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgydkfnUEi8
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