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Post-Wimp Interaction With Desktop Computers

Pierre Dragicevic

New Tools and Techniques

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WIMP Interaction

n Standard Interaction Techniques:

n Windows, widgets, iconn Text input, click, double-click, d&d

+

n WIMP = Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer

n Standard Devices:

n Mousen Keyboard

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What Next and Why?

n WIMP system(Xerox Star, 1979)

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Post-WIMP Interaction Paradigms

Better exploit our motor abilities:

n Bimanual Interaction

Map Zooming [Hinckley et al 98]

SmartSkin [Rekimoto 2002]

n « Multifinger » Interaction

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Post-WIMP Interaction Paradigms

Better exploit our perceptual abilities:

n Information visualization

TreeMaps [Schneiderman et al]

Multiple screens & large displays

n Enhanced displays

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Post-WIMP Interaction Paradigms

Make interaction more « direct »:

n Gestural interaction

Toolglasses [Bier et al 93]

n See-through tools

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Two Research Directions

n Explore Post-WIMP interaction further:

n Propose innovative solutions to known problemsn Investigate alternative interaction paradigms

n Disseminate existing research:

n Integrate Post-WIMP paradigms into GUI toolkitsn Provide new design guidelines

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My Research

n Explore Post-WIMP interaction further:

n Propose innovative solutions to known problemsn Investigate new interaction paradigms

n Disseminate existing research:

n Integrate Post-WIMP paradigms into GUI toolkitsn Provide new design guidelines

n Support the exploration of new approaches:

n Study more usable and more flexible toolsn Advocate a vision of Post-WIMP with sound examples

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My Research

New tools

New techniques

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New techniques

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

III. SpiraClock

New tools

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I. Input Configurator

Pierre Dragicevic

Jean-Daniel Fekete

An Input Interaction Model forHighly Configurable Multi-Device

Interactive Systems

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

III. SpiraClock

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Goal: Support Alternative Input

n WIMP system(Xerox Star, 1979)

n Input-Open System

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Why Using Alternative Input?

the task the user the environnement

n Augmenting the bandwith

n Optimizing interaction according to:

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Current State of the Art

n Very poor support for alternative input devices in:

n Current operating systemsn Current applicationsn Current toolkits

n Little research on input management

n Post-WIMP tools are specialized towards:

n A fixed set of input devicesn A fixed set of interaction techniques

n No approach deals with:

n Multiple and heterogeneous input (enriched / impoverished)n Flexibility and configurability

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The Input Configuration Model

n Approach:

n Fully separate physical devices from applications

n Provide a flexible way to map devices to applications

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The Input Configuration Model

n Device:

n Parametrizable black boxn Processes input into output

n I/O Slots:

n Simple typesn + compound types

n Implicit I/O:

n User inputn Feedback

Inputslots

Outputslots

Implicit input

Implicit output

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The Input Configuration Model

n Device types:n System

(hardware ressources)n Adapter

(software processes)n Application

(specific to each app)

n Input Configuration:n A set of system and

application devicesconnected throughadapter devices

System devices

Application devices

Adapter devices

Input Configuration

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The ICON Toolkit

n System Devices:

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The ICON Toolkit

n Adapter devices:

n Data processing

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The ICON Toolkit

n Adapter devices:

n Data processingn Graphical feedback

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The ICON Toolkit

n Adapter devices:

n Data processingn Graphical feedbackn Interaction techniques

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The ICON Toolkit

n Application Devices:n Example: IConDraw tools

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The ICON Toolkit

n Graphical Toolkit Devices:

n Example: Swing devices

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The ICON Toolkit

n The input configuration editor:

Availabledevices

Availabledevices

Editingpane

Editingpane

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The ICON Toolkit

n The input configuration editor

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The ICON Toolkit

n The input configuration editorn Dynamic wire drawing algorithm

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The ICON Toolkit

n The input configuration editorn Fluid expand/collapse

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The ICON Toolkit

n The input configuration editorn Fisheye-drag

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

n Pressure-sensitive drawing inside IConDraw

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1. Exploiting rich input

Examples

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

n Symmetric bimanual interaction in IConDraw

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

n Integral control of the Responsive Face [Perlin 97]

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

n Integral control of the Responsive Face [Perlin 97]

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Examples

1. Exploiting rich input

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Examples

2. Improving Accessibility

n Keyboard ? Pointing

2nd order control

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Examples

2. Improving Accessibility

n Pointer ? Text editing

« Floating QuikWriting » [Perlin]

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Examples

2. Improving Accessibility

n Pointer ? Text editing

« Floating QuikWriting » [Perlin]

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Examples

3. Augmenting WIMP applications

n « Augmented pointing »

Filter Events

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Examples

3. Augmenting WIMP applications

n « Augmented pointing » : smoothed cursor

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Examples

3. Augmenting WIMP applications

n « Augmented pointing » : throwable cursor

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Examples

3. Augmenting WIMP applications

n « Augmented pointing » : speech cursor

rightrightNoise…Noise… downdown

stopstoppresspressupupslowerslowerreleaserelease

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Examples

3. Augmenting WIMP applications

n « Generalized Drag and Drop »

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Projects using ICON

n Marina II (2001)Photograph-based architectural modelling tool

n Svalabard [Huot et al 2003]Post-WIMP sketching-based 3D modelling interface

n MaggLite [Huot et al 2004]Post-WIMP UIMS based on ICON

n LRI, University of Orsay [Appert et al 2003]Experimental comparison of WIMP / Post-WIMP techniques

n Smart Home and Impairment (INT/ENST/EDF 2005)Configurable software architecture for accessibility

n Student projects

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II. Artistic Resizing

Pierre Dragicevic

Stéphane Chatty

David Thevenin

Jean-Luc Vinot

A Technique for RichScale-Sensitive Vector Graphics

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

III. SpiraClock

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n Graphic designers are given more and more importance in GUIs

n Exploitation of vector graphics(e.g, Scalable Vector Graphics)

n IntuiKit [Chatty et al 2004]

Graphically Rich User Interfacs

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IntuiKit: Example of Team Work

Low-fi prototyping

Graphic design

Programming

Integration

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The Resizing Problem

n Fixedsize

n Naivescaling

n Common resizing

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Expressing Resizing

n Resizing is commonly described using formulae

n These formulae are:

n Translated into code by the programmern Or used as an input to constraint-solving systems

w

h

wL

hL

yL

xLr

hB

wB

• xL = (w-wL) / 2• yL = (h-hL) / 2• wL = 20• hL = 10

• wB = 5• hB = 5

• r = 20

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Expressing Resizing

n But designers think visually

n They are used to produce visual variants

n Variants are also useful to convey general laws

On whitepaper

On blackpaper

On redpaper

Mediumsize

Smallsize

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Artistic Resizing

1. Designers produce variantsusing their authoring tool

2. IntuiKit interpretsthe example set

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Artistic ResizingA scenario

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Artistic ResizingA scenario

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Artistic ResizingA scenario

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Artistic ResizingA scenario

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Artistic ResizingA scenario

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Artistic ResizingHow does it work?

n Based on local interpolation of transformations

T1 T1’

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Artistic ResizingHow does it work?

n Each variant of T1 is associated withthe example’s bounding box

T1 T1’

?

T1’’ T1’’’

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n Orthogonal Interpolation hypothesis:

n Width only impacts the X contributionn Height only impacts the Y contribution

Artistic ResizingOrthogonal Interpolation

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

0 0 1

X

Y

1

X0

Y0

1

=

width

height

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n Piecewise linear interpolations are performed along width and height separately:

Artistic ResizingOrthogonal Interpolation

width

height

a11a12 a13

a21a22

a23

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Artistic ResizingProperties of Orthogonal Interpolation

n Preserves algebraic measures:

n If horizontal or vertical distances are the same on the examples they will remain the same

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Artistic ResizingProperties of Orthogonal Interpolation

n Preserves relative ratios:

n Ratios that are invariant on the exampleswill remain invariant

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Artistic ResizingProperties of Orthogonal Interpolation

n Preserves contacts:

n Two points that coincide on the exampleswill always coincide

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Artistic ResizingProperties of Orthogonal Interpolation

n Preserves parallelism:

n Two lines that are parallel on the exampleswill remain parallel

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Artistic Resizing

n Supports invariants but also finely tuned behaviors

w

h

wL

hL

yL

xLr

hB

wB• xL = (w-wL) / 2• yL = (h-hL) / 2• wL = 20• hL = 10

• wB = 5• hB = 5

• r = 20

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Artistic ResizingBlending with traditional layout managers

n Containment hierarchies:

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Artistic ResizingBlending with traditional layout managers

n Inside an « aqua-dock » layout manager:

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n Demonstrational layout specification systems:

n Peridot [Myers 90]

n Chimera [Kurlander & Feiner 93]

n Constraint inference:

n Extensive searchfor invariants

n Sensitive to combi-natorial explosion

n Over-constrained orunintended rules

Artistic Resizingvs. Constraint Inference

n Orthogonal interpolation:

n Ensures the preservation of « interesting » invariants

n Fast computation, even with complex vector graphics

n Limitations are known, results are easy to predict

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III. SpiraClock

Pierre Dragicevic

Stéphane Huot

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

A Continuous and Non-IntrusiveTechnique for Upcoming EventsIII. SpiraClock

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Time Management Tools

n Calendars displays:n Good for long-term time

managementn But useless for

upcoming events

n Reminders and Alarms:n Prevent forgettingn But too intrusiven Don’t allow

continuousanticipation

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SpiraClock

n Analog desktop clock

n Events are displayedas sectors

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SpiraClock

n Event are aligned withminute marks

n Relative times can beread directly

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SpiraClock

n One example: viewing bus departures

It’s 18h50.What busescan I catch ?

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SpiraClock

n One example: viewing bus departures

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SpiraClock

n One example: viewing bus departures

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Uses of SpiraClock

n BusClock used in Ecole des Mines de NantesSince 2002

n Other applications:

n ShuttleClock - shuttles of University of Marylandn OutClock - synchronized with MS Outlookn CalendarClock - uses VCal exchange format

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IV. Fold n’ Drop

Combining Paper-Based and

Crossing-Based Interaction Paradigms

for Dragging and Dropping betweenOverlapping Windows

Pierre Dragicevic

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

III. SpiraClock

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Drag & Drop Scenario

n Moving a file into a folder

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Drag & Drop Scenario

n Problem: the target is hidden

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drag & drop

Drag & Drop Scenario

n Solution 1: adjust windows

adjust

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cut

bring to the front

Drag & Drop Scenario

n Solution 2: cut & paste

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paste

Drag & Drop Scenario

n Solution 2: cut & paste

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Using Window Navigation

n Dual representation → Mapping problems (XP taskbar)

n Activation costs (mouse-over timeout on Exposé)

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Using Window Navigation

n Activation is a superfluous concept for D&D tasks

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The Fold n’ Drop Technique

n Folding a window

n The mouse leaves the window

n The mouse leaves then returns back

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The Fold n’ Drop Technique

n Other gestures

n Leafing through

n Discarding a window

n Unfolding

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Video

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Fold n’ Drop builds upon…

n Paper-based window metaphors

n The « Folded » effect [Beaudouin-Lafon 01]

Ametista Toolkit [Roussel 03] AttrActive Windows [Denoue 03]

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Fold n’ Drop builds upon…

n Gestural interfaces

n Natural, « physical » gestures

n Do not need a recognition engine

n Naturally blend with direct manipulation[see e.g., Pook et al 00]

n Little interference with other interactions

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Fold n’ Drop builds upon…

n The crossing-based interaction paradigm[Accot & Zhai 02]

n Fn’D uses double-crossing and n-crossing

n Extends the paradigm:

• Point & Click → Cross boundaries• Drag → Push boundaries• Double-Click → Timed double-crossing

n Timing ismade visible:

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Conclusion

Introduction

Conclusion

II. Artistic Resizing

IV. Fold n’ Drop

I. Input Configurator

III. SpiraClock

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Conclusion

n Common desktop computing activities canstill be improved:

n Management of multiple tasks• Task switching• Data transfer between applications

n Management of personal data• Viewing, searching• Organizing

n Time management• Long-term• Short-term

n But how to design Post-WIMP techniques ?

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ConclusionPost-WIMP GUI Design as a Creative Activity

n The success of a technique is difficult to predict:

n Efficiency + pleasingness

? Importance of « trial and error » (iterative design)

n But techniques also require fine tuning:

n Timings, input filtering, graphical effects, color design,…

? Need for closer experimentation-evaluation loops

n « Creative tools » allow to explore and test by ourselves:

n Flexible, openn High degree of control, finely tunablen Fast experimentation-evaluation loopn Simple and predictable

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Conclusion5 characteristics of Post-WIMP Techniques

1. Specificity

2. High I/O bandwidthn Multiple input channelsn Advanced output devices or rich graphics

3. Directnessn Stimulus/Response compatibility

4. Reactivity and Fluidityn Responsive and continuous feedback

5. Straightforwardnessn Familiar metaphorsn Simple, predictable system behavior

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ConclusionAbout Predictability

n Example: gestures in Fold n’ Drop

« I missed the fold »

« I returned backtoo late »

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ConclusionAbout Predictability

n Another example: freehand polyline drawing

n Using a smart tool (stroke beautifier):

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ConclusionAbout Predictability

n Another example: freehand polyline drawing

n Using a smart tool (stroke beautifier):

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ConclusionAbout Predictability

n Another example: freehand polyline drawing

n Using a dumb tool (spring-loaded cursor):

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ConclusionFuture Work

n Continue to explore new interaction paradigmsn Desktopn Non-desktop

n Generalize and theorize:n Intelligence vs predictabilityn Explicit gesturesn Augmented WIMPn …

n Papers, videos and demos:http://www.intuilab.com/~dragice