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AUTHOR TEAM
Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)Formerly of Toronto Catholic District School Board
Stephen Haberer, B.Eng., B.Ed., M.Ed.Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Limestone District School Boardand Queen’s University
Kristina Salciccioli, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Sc.Head of Science, Cathedral High School,Hamilton–Wentworth Catholic District School Board
Milan Sanader, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Ed.Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of TorontoFormerly of Duff erin–Peel Catholic District School Board
Angela VavitsasUniversity of Toronto Schools
SENIOR PROGRAM CONSULTANT
Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)Formerly of Toronto Catholic District School Board
PROGRAM CONSULTANT
Milan Sanader, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Ed.Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto Formerly of Duff erin–Peel Catholic District School Board
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Contents
Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . 2
Focus on STSE: The Medicine Hunter . . . . . . . . .3Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Chapter 1: Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 .1 Alkanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 .2 Alkenes and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1 .3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 .4 Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1 .5 Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1 .6 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1 .7 Amines and Amides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Investigation 1 .4 .1: Properties of Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . 63Investigation 1 .5 .1: Reactions of Three
Isomers of Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Investigation 1 .6 .1: Properties of Carboxylic Acids . . . 65Investigation 1 .6 .2: Synthesizing Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Investigation 1 .6 .3: Making Soap
(Teacher Demonstration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Investigation 1 .7 .1: Building Organic
Molecular Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Chapter 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Chapter 1 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chapter 2: Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2 .1 Introducing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2 .2 Synthetic Addition Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2 .3 Explore an Issue in Polymer Technology:
Plasticizers and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2 .4 Synthetic Condensation Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2 .5 Chemistry Journal: The Invention of Nylon . . . . 100 2 .6 Natural Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Investigation 2 .4 .1: Preparation of a Polyester . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Chapter 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Unit 1 Task: Using Safer Solvents . . . . . . . . . . .116Unit 1 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Structure and Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Focus on STSE: Nanotechnology: A Tiny Technological Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Chapter 3: Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3 .1 Early Atomic Theories and the Origins of
Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3 .2 Bohr’s Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3 .3 The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3 .4 Quantum Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3 .5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table . . . . . . 160 3 .6 Applications of Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . 173 3 .7 Explore an Application in Quantum
Mechanics: The Tiny World of Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Investigation 3 .1 .1: The Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . 179Investigation 3 .2 .1: Bright-Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Investigation 3 .4 .1: Simulation of
Electron Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Investigation 3 .5 .1: Paramagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Chapter 3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Chapter 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Unit 1
Unit 2
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Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . 192 4 .1 Types of Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4 .2 Molecular Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4 .3 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity . . . . . . . . . . 217 4 .4 Chemistry Journal: Gillespie and the
VSEPR Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 4 .5 Molecular Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 4 .6 Quantum Mechanics and Bonding:
Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4 .7 Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 4 .8 The Structure and Properties of Solids . . . . . . . . 248Investigation 4 .2 .1: Molecular Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Investigation 4 .5 .1: Testing for Polar Molecules . . . . . 256Investigation 4 .7 .1: Hydrogen Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Investigation 4 .7 .2: Boiling Points and
Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Investigation 4 .8 .1: Identifying Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Chapter 4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Chapter 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Unit 2 Task: Altered Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268Unit 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction . . . . . . . . . 280
Focus on STSE: Artificial Photosynthesis . . . . .281Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Chapter 5: Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . 284 5 .1 Energy Changes in Chemical
and Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 5 .2 Calorimetry and Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 5 .3 Bond Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
5 .4 Hess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 5 .5 Standard Enthalpies of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 5 .6 Present and Future Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . 325 5 .7 Explore an Issue in Wind Technology:
Is Wind Technology the Answer? . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Investigation 5 .2 .1: Molar Enthalpy of
a Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Investigation 5 .4 .1: Hess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Investigation 5 .5 .1: Calorimetry versus
Enthalpies of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Chapter 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Chapter 5 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chapter 6: Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . 344 6 .1 Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 6 .2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 6 .3 Explaining Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 6 .4 Explore Applications of Chemical Kinetics:
Biocatalysts and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 6 .5 Rate Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 6 .6 Reaction Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 6 .7 Chemistry Journal: Global Warming
and Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Investigation 6 .1 .1: Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390Investigation 6 .2 .1: Factors Affecting the Rate of
Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Investigation 6 .5 .1: The Iodine Clock
Reaction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Chapter 6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Chapter 6 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Unit 3 Task: Evaluating Different Catalysts . . .402Unit 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Unit 3
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Chemical Systems and Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Focus on STSE: Striking a Balance: Breathing, Blood, and Basketball . . . . . .415
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Chapter 7: Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . 418 7 .1 Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 7 .2 Equilibrium Law and the
Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 7 .3 Chemistry Journal: Fritz Haber:
Explore an Equilibrium, Feed the World . . . . . . 437 7 .4 Qualitative Changes in
Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 7 .5 Quantitative Changes in
Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 7 .6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility
Product Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Investigation 7 .1 .1: The Extent of a
Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Investigation 7 .2 .1: The Equilibrium Law . . . . . . . . . . . 473Investigation 7 .4 .1: Testing Le Châtelier’s
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Investigation 7 .6 .1: The Ksp of
Calcium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Chapter 7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Chapter 7 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Chapter 8: Acid–Base Equilibrium . . . . . . . 486 8 .1 The Nature of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 8 .2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 8 .3 Explore Applications of Acids:
Equilibrium in an Industrial Process . . . . . . . . . . 510 8 .4 Calculations Involving Acidic Solutions . . . . . . . 512 8 .5 Calculations Involving Basic Solutions . . . . . . . . 526 8 .6 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions . . . . . . . . 531
8 .7 Acid–Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 8 .8 Buffer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 8 .9 Explore an Issue in Acids and Bases:
Additives in the Food and Beverage Industry . . 568Investigation 8 .6 .1: The Acidity of Salt Solutions . . . . 570Investigation 8 .7 .1: Acid–Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Investigation 8 .8 .1: Buffer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572Investigation 8 .8 .2: The Effectiveness
of an Antacid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573Chapter 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574Chapter 8 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Unit 4 Task: Testing Consumer Product Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Unit 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586
Electrochemistry . . . . . . . 594
Focus on STSE: What Comes after Gasoline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
Chapter 9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 9 .1 Electron Transfer Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 9 .2 Balancing Redox Reaction Equations . . . . . . . . . 608 9 .3 Predicting Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Investigation 9 .1 .1: Single Displacement
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624Investigation 9 .3 .1: Spontaneity of Redox
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Chapter 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626Chapter 9 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627Chapter 9 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Unit 4
Unit 5
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Chapter 10: Electrochemical Cells . . . . . . . 634 10 .1 Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 10 .2 Standard Reduction Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 10 .3 Cells and Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 10 .4 Explore an Issue in Electrochemistry:
Pick Your Energy Source: Lithium or Hydrogen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
10 .5 Chemistry Journal: Cold Fusion: The Discovery That Never Happened . . . . . . . . . 656
10 .6 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 10 .7 Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663Investigation 10 .1 .1: Investigating
Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671Investigation 10 .2 .1: Constructing a
Galvanic Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672Investigation 10 .2 .2: Investigating Cell
Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Investigation 10 .6 .1: Testing the Corrosion
of Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676Chapter 10 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Unit 5 Task: The Energy Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684Unit 5 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686Unit 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
Skills Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . .696
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxCredits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
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