postwar and the cold war. focus question: what is a cold war? focus question: what is a cold war?

Postwar and Postwar and the Cold Warthe Cold War

Focus Question: What is a Focus Question: What is a cold war?cold war?

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Former AlliesFormer AlliesThe Soviet Union - The Soviet Union - communist, totalitarian communist, totalitarian governmentgovernment

The United States - The United States - democratic, capitalistsdemocratic, capitalists

U.S. is upset about non-U.S. is upset about non-aggression pact made with aggression pact made with HitlerHitler

Soviet Union - upset that U.S. Soviet Union - upset that U.S. did not enter the war soonerdid not enter the war sooner

United Nations establishedUnited Nations established

Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman

former Senatorformer Senatormet w/ FDR only twicemet w/ FDR only twicebecame President when became President when

FDR diedFDR diedself-educatedself-educatedtough decision makertough decision maker

The Buck Stops Here!

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

Great Britain, United Great Britain, United States, Soviet UnionStates, Soviet Union

Truman pushes Stalin to Truman pushes Stalin to allow free elections in allow free elections in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Stalin refusesStalin refuses

I REFUSE

!

U.S. wants to spread U.S. wants to spread democracy and build up democracy and build up European economyEuropean economy

Soviet Union wants to keep Soviet Union wants to keep Germany weak and build up Germany weak and build up Russia, control neighborsRussia, control neighbors

Satellite NationsSatellite Nations

Stalin creates satellite Stalin creates satellite nations nations countries dependent on countries dependent on and dominated by the and dominated by the Soviet Union (Czech, Soviet Union (Czech, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland)Bulgaria, Poland)

ContainmentContainment

an effort to block the an effort to block the Soviet’s attempts to Soviet’s attempts to spread their influence by spread their influence by creating alliances and creating alliances and supporting weaker supporting weaker countriescountries

Iron CurtainIron Curtain

imaginary line separating imaginary line separating Communists from non-Communists from non-communists in Europecommunists in Europe

Cold WarCold War

state of hostility short of state of hostility short of direct military direct military confrontation that confrontation that developed between the developed between the two superpowers (US, two superpowers (US, Soviet Union)Soviet Union)

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

stated that the U.S. will stated that the U.S. will support free people who support free people who are resisting takeovers by are resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “armed minorities” or “outside pressures”. “outside pressures”.

Sent $400 million in aid.Sent $400 million in aid.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Sec. Of State George Marshall Sec. Of State George Marshall proposed aid to European proposed aid to European countries who needed it.countries who needed it.

The countries would have to The countries would have to remove trade barriers and remove trade barriers and cooperate economically.cooperate economically.

By 1952, Western Europe By 1952, Western Europe was flourishingwas flourishing

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

After the war, Germany After the war, Germany was divided into 4 sectors. was divided into 4 sectors. Berlin was divided as well. Berlin was divided as well.

U.S., France, G.B. unified U.S., France, G.B. unified their sections.their sections.

Stalin refused to joinStalin refused to join

I REFUSE

!

He blocked East Berlin off He blocked East Berlin off from the west. (railroads, from the west. (railroads, supply routes).supply routes).

The people in the West The people in the West faced starvation.faced starvation.

2.1 million inhabitants.2.1 million inhabitants.

They would run out of food They would run out of food and fuel in 5 weeks.and fuel in 5 weeks.

American and British begin to American and British begin to fly food and supplies into W. fly food and supplies into W. Berlin. (327 days and Berlin. (327 days and 277,000 flights)277,000 flights)

Successful!Successful!

Eventually Stalin looses Eventually Stalin looses prestige and lifts the prestige and lifts the blockade.blockade.

NATONATO

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganizationDefensive military allianceDefensive military alliancean attack on one is attack on allan attack on one is attack on allU.S, Canada, GB, France, Italy, U.S, Canada, GB, France, Italy,

Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Lux, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Lux, Neth., Denmark, etc.Neth., Denmark, etc.

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

military alliance between military alliance between Soviet Union and its Soviet Union and its satellite nations.satellite nations.

Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China

Communists take over Communists take over despite U.S. effortsdespite U.S. efforts

Mao (Comm.) vs. Mao (Comm.) vs. NationalistsNationalists

U.S. sends $ to NationalistsU.S. sends $ to NationalistsContainment fails!!Containment fails!!

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Truman vs. Dewey (Rep.)Truman vs. Dewey (Rep.)Dewey projected to winDewey projected to winTruman winsTruman wins

raises minimum wageraises minimum wageextends Social Securityextends Social Securityinitiates flood controlinitiates flood control

Discussion Questions:Discussion Questions:1. What is a satellite 1. What is a satellite nation?nation?

2. What did Truman 2. What did Truman encourage Stalin to do at encourage Stalin to do at Potsdam?Potsdam?

Focus Question: How did Focus Question: How did the Marshall Plan help the Marshall Plan help European countries after European countries after World War II?World War II?

Korean WarKorean War

Divided by 38th Parallel, Divided by 38th Parallel, North Korea is communist, North Korea is communist, S. Korea is not.S. Korea is not.North was occupied by North was occupied by RussiansRussians

South by U.S.South by U.S.

InvasionInvasion

After Russians and U.S. After Russians and U.S. leave, fighting breaks outleave, fighting breaks out

N. Korea invades S. Korea.N. Korea invades S. Korea.In 1950, U.N. sends In 1950, U.N. sends

520,000 troops to help 520,000 troops to help 590,000 S. Koreans.590,000 S. Koreans.

General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur is in charge.is in charge.

MacArthur pushes N. Korea MacArthur pushes N. Korea back to 38th.back to 38th.

China warns if UN comes too China warns if UN comes too far they will get involved.far they will get involved.

UN troops advance, China UN troops advance, China fightsfights

300,000 Chinese drive 300,000 Chinese drive troops back.troops back.

MacArthur wants to invade MacArthur wants to invade ChinaChina

Truman says no.Truman says no.UN troops fight to regain UN troops fight to regain

SeoulSeoulMacArthur and Truman at MacArthur and Truman at

oddsoddsTruman relieves MacArthur of Truman relieves MacArthur of

his duties.his duties.

MacArthurMacArthur “Old Soldiers never die,

they just fade away”

FarewellFarewell

In MacArthur’s farewell In MacArthur’s farewell address he says, “Old soldiers address he says, “Old soldiers never die, they just fade never die, they just fade away.”away.”

54,000 US troops died, cost 54,000 US troops died, cost $20 billion$20 billion

War ended where it began.War ended where it began.

Cold War at homeCold War at home

Anti-communism FearAnti-communism FearHouse Committee on Un-House Committee on Un-

American Activities (HUAC)- American Activities (HUAC)- search out those thought to search out those thought to be disloyal. Often focused be disloyal. Often focused on Hollywood.on Hollywood.

Hollywood TenHollywood Ten

would not answer questions would not answer questions about communism and sent about communism and sent to prison. 500 actors, to prison. 500 actors, writers etc. were blacklisted writers etc. were blacklisted because they were because they were suspected of having suspected of having communist backgrounds.communist backgrounds.

SpiesSpies

Alger Hiss - accused of being Alger Hiss - accused of being a spy.a spy.

Prosecuted by Richard Nixon.Prosecuted by Richard Nixon.No evidence (until 1990’s), No evidence (until 1990’s),

jury found him guilty of jury found him guilty of perjury. Sent to prison.perjury. Sent to prison.

Alger HissAlger Hiss

Ethel and Julius RosenbergEthel and Julius Rosenberg

accused of helping Klaus accused of helping Klaus Fuchs give Soviets Fuchs give Soviets information about the information about the Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs

they denied itthey denied itgiven the death penaltygiven the death penaltyDeath by electrocutionDeath by electrocution

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy- Senator Joseph McCarthy- anti-communism activist.anti-communism activist.

Wanted something to be Wanted something to be famous for.famous for.

Begins making accusations Begins making accusations against people. Even US against people. Even US Army.Army.

McCarthyMcCarthy

In televised hearings, In televised hearings, McCarthy is so hard on McCarthy is so hard on people he loses public people he loses public support. support.

Falls into alcoholism and Falls into alcoholism and dies.dies.

Hydrogen bomb is Hydrogen bomb is developed. More powerful developed. More powerful than Atomic. Nuclear war is than Atomic. Nuclear war is feared.feared.

Brinkmanship - willingness Brinkmanship - willingness to go to the brink or edge of to go to the brink or edge of war.war.

CIACIA

Central Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency is developedAgency is developeduses spies to gather info uses spies to gather info abroadabroad

SputnikSputnik

Russians win first part of Russians win first part of space race.space race.

Launched first artificial Launched first artificial satellite above the Earth’s satellite above the Earth’s atmosphere. atmosphere.

Sputnik I.Sputnik I.

U.S. feels inadequate and U.S. feels inadequate and begins developing begins developing education and spending education and spending more on technology.more on technology.

Life in the U.S.Life in the U.S.

GI Bill of Rights - pay for GI Bill of Rights - pay for education of veteranseducation of veterans

Suburbs- residential Suburbs- residential communities outside of communities outside of citiescitiescookie cutter housescookie cutter houses

Divorces - many men Divorces - many men could not deal with new could not deal with new roles of women. Women roles of women. Women did not want to give these did not want to give these roles up.roles up.

Prices increasedPrices increasedCold war increased economy Cold war increased economy

and jobs - defense spendingand jobs - defense spendingHigh prices/low wages send High prices/low wages send

workers on strike. Truman workers on strike. Truman deals with strikes.deals with strikes.

19521952Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike” Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike”

electedelectedlow profilelow profileConservativeConservativeAlaska and Hawaii become Alaska and Hawaii become states in 1959!states in 1959!

Business in the 50’sBusiness in the 50’s

Conglomerates - major Conglomerates - major corporation including corporation including smaller companies.smaller companies.

Franchises - company that Franchises - company that offers similar products in offers similar products in many locations (McDonalds)many locations (McDonalds)

Baby BoomBaby Boom

population explosion population explosion (1946-1964)(1946-1964)

In 1957 one infant was In 1957 one infant was born every 7 secondsborn every 7 seconds

Reasons for BoomReasons for Boom

reunion of families after the reunion of families after the warwar

decrease in the marriage agedecrease in the marriage agedesirability of larger familiesdesirability of larger familiesconfidence in the economyconfidence in the economyadvance in medicineadvance in medicine

More 1950’s……More 1950’s……

More working womenMore working womenMore leisure timeMore leisure time

sports and sporting eventssports and sporting eventstelevisiontelevisionreadingreadinggirl scouts, cub scouts…….girl scouts, cub scouts…….

Little leagueLittle leagueAutomobilesAutomobiles

drive-insdrive-insvacationsvacations

ConsumerismConsumerism

buying material goods, buying material goods, becomes equated with becomes equated with successsuccess

Products:Products:polyester, teflon, washing polyester, teflon, washing machines, dryers, blenders, machines, dryers, blenders, freezers, dishwashers etc.freezers, dishwashers etc.

Advertising AgeAdvertising Age

radio, TV, billboards, radio, TV, billboards, magazinesmagazines

mass media - mass media - communication that communication that reached large audiences (TV reached large audiences (TV in 55% of homes by 1954)in 55% of homes by 1954)

What 1950’s Product is this?What 1950’s Product is this?

A popular canned food.A popular canned food.Mmm, mmm goodMmm, mmm good

Helps with numbersHelps with numbersKeysKeysTapeTape

PollutionPollutionExpensiveExpensive““Lucky”Lucky”

RotaryRotaryCommunicationCommunicationNon-portableNon-portable

MusicMusicVinylVinyl

SonySonyBlack and WhiteBlack and WhiteGame ShowsGame Shows

StickyStickyCoversCoversFoodFood

CultureCulture

Actors: James Dean, Actors: James Dean, Sidney PoitierSidney Poitier

Music: Rock n Roll: Chuck Music: Rock n Roll: Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Berry, Elvis Presley, American Bandstand, Nat American Bandstand, Nat Cole, Dizzy GillespieCole, Dizzy Gillespie

Elvis Presley and Chuck BerryElvis Presley and Chuck Berry

Discussion Questions: Discussion Questions: 1. Why did Truman fire 1. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?MacArthur?

2. Who won the first 2. Who won the first part of the space race?part of the space race?

Focus Question: Name Focus Question: Name two new products in the two new products in the 1950’s.1950’s.

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Nixon vs. KennedyNixon vs. KennedyKennedy’s AdvantagesKennedy’s Advantages

wealthywealthypolitical familypolitical familyhandsomehandsomewell-spokenwell-spoken

Kennedy’s DisadvantagesKennedy’s DisadvantagesyoungyoungRoman CatholicRoman CatholicAddison’s diseaseAddison’s disease

chronic painchronic paininjectionsinjections

First Televised DebateFirst Televised Debate

JFK had a strong JFK had a strong performanceperformance

Nixon was sweating and Nixon was sweating and nervousnervous

Kennedy wins the election Kennedy wins the election by fewer than 119,000 votesby fewer than 119,000 votes

Problems with CubaProblems with Cuba

Fidel Castro - leaderFidel Castro - leaderCommunistCommunistAlliance with the Soviet UnionAlliance with the Soviet UnionMany Cubans fled to U.S. Many Cubans fled to U.S.

(Little Havana in Miami is 2/3 (Little Havana in Miami is 2/3 Cuban American)Cuban American)

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

CIA and trained Cuban exiles CIA and trained Cuban exiles storm the coast of Cuba to storm the coast of Cuba to try and overthrow Castrotry and overthrow Castro

They were unprepared and They were unprepared and many of them were taken many of them were taken hostagehostage

JFK pays $53 million JFK pays $53 million dollars for their returndollars for their return

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Soviets were secretly building Soviets were secretly building missile bases on Cuba - some missile bases on Cuba - some were ready to launchwere ready to launch

JFK was planning an invasion JFK was planning an invasion while imposing a blockadewhile imposing a blockade

Khrushchev (Soviet leader) Khrushchev (Soviet leader) offered to remove missals before offered to remove missals before invasioninvasion

U.S. and Cuba are U.S. and Cuba are unfriendlyunfriendly

U.S. occupies base at U.S. occupies base at Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay

BerlinBerlin

Still occupied by Soviets Still occupied by Soviets and U.S.and U.S.

Many East Berliners were Many East Berliners were leaving East Berlin to go to leaving East Berlin to go to the Westthe West

The Soviets began building The Soviets began building the Berlin Wall to reduce the Berlin Wall to reduce the flow of East Berlin the flow of East Berlin residents to West Berlinresidents to West Berlin

The wall becomes a symbol The wall becomes a symbol of communist oppressionof communist oppression

Life in the U.S.Life in the U.S.

JFK did the following:JFK did the following:boosted economyboosted economybuild the national build the national defensedefense

provide international aidprovide international aidfunded space programfunded space program

Started the Peace Corps- a Started the Peace Corps- a volunteer assistance volunteer assistance program. It was very program. It was very successful. By 1968 there successful. By 1968 there were more than 35,000 were more than 35,000 people involvedpeople involved

Race to the MoonRace to the Moon

First man to space - Yuri First man to space - Yuri GagarinGagarin

NASA is createdNASA is createdJohn Glenn - 1962 first John Glenn - 1962 first American in spaceAmerican in space

1969 - Neil Armstrong 1969 - Neil Armstrong was the first man to land was the first man to land on the moon. on the moon.

A great triumph for the A great triumph for the AmericansAmericans

Tragedy in DallasTragedy in Dallas

Kennedy visits Dallas and is Kennedy visits Dallas and is shot in the head by an shot in the head by an assassin.assassin.Dies one hour laterDies one hour laterLyndon B. Johnson took the Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office on the plane oath of office on the plane to Dallasto Dallas

Lee Harvey Oswald is Lee Harvey Oswald is arrestedarrestedformer marine - former marine - dishonorably dischargeddishonorably discharged

supporter of Castrosupporter of Castro

Jack Ruby - nightclub ownerJack Ruby - nightclub ownerShot Oswald as he was Shot Oswald as he was being transportedbeing transported

Oswald diesOswald diesWarren Commission - Warren Commission -

investigation JFK’s murderinvestigation JFK’s murder

BerlinBerlin

Since the Berlin airlift, 3 Since the Berlin airlift, 3 million East Germans had million East Germans had fled to West Berlin.fled to West Berlin.This weakened This weakened Communist East Communist East GermanyGermany

Kennedy referred to Berlin Kennedy referred to Berlin as “the great testing place of as “the great testing place of Western courage and will.”Western courage and will.”

August 12, 1961- East August 12, 1961- East German troops began to German troops began to unload concreteunload concrete

Within days a wall stood that Within days a wall stood that cut the city in two.cut the city in two.

The wall became an ugly The wall became an ugly symbol of Soviet and symbol of Soviet and communist oppression.communist oppression.

Discussion Questions:Discussion Questions:1. What was the 1. What was the purpose of the Bay of purpose of the Bay of Pigs?Pigs?

2. Why was the Berlin 2. Why was the Berlin Wall built?Wall built?

Focus: Who would be Focus: Who would be sworn in as President after sworn in as President after Kennedy’s assassination?Kennedy’s assassination?

VietnamVietnam

Following WWII, France Following WWII, France regained control of their regained control of their lost territory – French lost territory – French Indochina, or Vietnam.Indochina, or Vietnam.

Communist leader, Ho Chi Communist leader, Ho Chi Minh, had strong ties to Minh, had strong ties to the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

The Vietminh was formedThe Vietminh was formed The combination of all The combination of all Vietnamese communist Vietnamese communist groups.groups.

The US supported the FrenchThe US supported the French

- sent money and aid, but no - sent money and aid, but no troopstroops

By 1950, many areas of By 1950, many areas of the world had fallen to the world had fallen to communism, and Korea communism, and Korea was about to.was about to.

Domino TheoryDomino Theory

Eisenhower compared Eisenhower compared countries on the brink of countries on the brink of communism as a row of communism as a row of domino’s waiting to fall domino’s waiting to fall after another.after another.

VietnamVietnam

Despite MASSIVE aid, the French Despite MASSIVE aid, the French could not defeat the Vietminh.could not defeat the Vietminh.

The fall of Dien Bien Phu caused The fall of Dien Bien Phu caused the French to pull out, and the French to pull out, and Vietnam was separated into two Vietnam was separated into two nations (Communist in the nations (Communist in the North, Non-Comm. in South)North, Non-Comm. in South)

Who would defend VietnamWho would defend Vietnam

With he French gone, the With he French gone, the US was left to deal with US was left to deal with the problem of Vietnam.the problem of Vietnam.But it did not send troopsBut it did not send troops

Communists in South Communists in South Vietnam were known as the Vietnam were known as the VietcongVietcongOr VC Or VC

President Johnson (1963-President Johnson (1963-1969) was determined not to 1969) was determined not to lose Vietnam to the lose Vietnam to the communistscommunists

Gulf of TonkinGulf of Tonkin

Aug 2, 1964 – N. Aug 2, 1964 – N. Vietnamese patrol boat Vietnamese patrol boat fires a torpedo at an fires a torpedo at an American destroyerAmerican destroyer

This prompted Johnson to This prompted Johnson to begin bombing N. Vietnam begin bombing N. Vietnam

Johnson asked Congress Johnson asked Congress for the power to repel for the power to repel any attacks (fire back)any attacks (fire back)

Congress adopts the Gulf Congress adopts the Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionof Tonkin ResolutionGave Johnson broad Gave Johnson broad military powersmilitary powers

US first actions in VietnamUS first actions in Vietnam

March 1965 – March 1965 – US troops first US troops first sent to Vietnam sent to Vietnam to fightto fight

June 1965 – June 1965 – 50,000 soldiers 50,000 soldiers battling the VCbattling the VC

1965 Poll1965 Poll

64% of Americans 64% of Americans supported US involvement supported US involvement in Vietnamin Vietnam

24% opposed it24% opposed it

US enters the WarUS enters the War

The US entered the war in The US entered the war in Vietnam believing that its Vietnam believing that its superior power would lead it superior power would lead it to victory over the VC. to victory over the VC. However the jungle terrain However the jungle terrain and guerrilla tactics turned and guerrilla tactics turned the war into a stalematethe war into a stalemate

The VCThe VCUsed hit and run tacticsUsed hit and run tacticsBecause the VC lived with Because the VC lived with

the civilian population, it the civilian population, it became difficult to discern became difficult to discern friend from foefriend from foe

Deadly traps were laid in the Deadly traps were laid in the jungles and rice paddiesjungles and rice paddies

Enemy also operated from an Enemy also operated from an elaborate network of tunnelselaborate network of tunnels

WestmorelandWestmorelandGeneral Westmoreland – the General Westmoreland – the

American commander in South American commander in South VietnamVietnamThought the best way to beat the Thought the best way to beat the enemy was to destroy their enemy was to destroy their moralemoraleIntroduced the body countIntroduced the body countBelieved the enemy would Believed the enemy would surrender if their number of surrender if their number of dead piled up.dead piled up.

Americans misunderstood Americans misunderstood the VC. They thought they the VC. They thought they would be fighting an army would be fighting an army when actually they were when actually they were fighting covert operativesfighting covert operatives

Poor strategiesPoor strategies

However, the US forces hurt However, the US forces hurt the Vietnamese villagers by the Vietnamese villagers by dropping napalm and Agent dropping napalm and Agent Orange that burned the junglesOrange that burned the jungles

Troops also disrupted villagers Troops also disrupted villagers by conducting Search-And-by conducting Search-And-Destroy missions for people Destroy missions for people with VC tieswith VC ties

Effect of War at homeEffect of War at home

US economy began to suffer US economy began to suffer because of the rising cost of warbecause of the rising cost of war

In 1967, many Americans still In 1967, many Americans still supported the warsupported the warMedia began to sway opinionsMedia began to sway opinionsBecame a “living-room” war Became a “living-room” war Combat fatigue featured nightly Combat fatigue featured nightly on TVon TV

ProtestsProtests

By 1967 many Americans By 1967 many Americans began to protest the war.began to protest the war.

Most of the soldiers who Most of the soldiers who fought were from lower fought were from lower economic classes of economic classes of society society

Most were draftedMost were draftedMany tried to get out of itMany tried to get out of it

Doctors excusesDoctors excusesNat’l Guard or Coast Nat’l Guard or Coast GuardGuard

CollegeCollege

The 60’s were more The 60’s were more socially active than beforesocially active than before

By the mid 60’s many By the mid 60’s many youths began to believe youths began to believe that the nation was in that the nation was in need of fundamental need of fundamental change.change.

Growing Youth Movement Growing Youth Movement became known as the “New became known as the “New Left”Left”Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Society (SDS)

Free Speech MovementFree Speech Movement

Reasons for opposition to Reasons for opposition to VietnamVietnam

Vietnam was a civil war Vietnam was a civil war that the US should stay out that the US should stay out of.of.

The US couldn’t police the The US couldn’t police the worldworld

Morally unjustMorally unjust

Many returning veterans Many returning veterans protested the warprotested the war

In 1967 anti-war activists In 1967 anti-war activists stepped it upstepped it up500,000 gathered in NYC500,000 gathered in NYC

1967 - the war was dividing 1967 - the war was dividing the nationthe nation

Doves – opposed the war in Doves – opposed the war in VietnamVietnam

Hawks – We should use more Hawks – We should use more military force to end the warmilitary force to end the war

Tet OffensiveTet Offensive

Jan 30, 1968 – New Years Jan 30, 1968 – New Years celebrations in SE Asia. There celebrations in SE Asia. There was a weeklong truce for Tet. was a weeklong truce for Tet. At the same time many At the same time many funerals were being held for funerals were being held for victims of war. Villagers had victims of war. Villagers had firecrackers, flutes and coffinsfirecrackers, flutes and coffins

Coffins actually held weapons Coffins actually held weapons – many villagers were VC – many villagers were VC agentsagents

That night the VC launched a That night the VC launched a coordinated attack in over 100 coordinated attack in over 100 cities and 12 US air bases.cities and 12 US air bases.

Fighting continued for a month Fighting continued for a month

Tet Changed American Tet Changed American opinionsopinions

Prior to Tet – 28% Doves Prior to Tet – 28% Doves and 56% Hawksand 56% Hawks

After Tet – 40% Doves and After Tet – 40% Doves and 40% Hawks.40% Hawks.

Mainstream media Mainstream media criticized the warcriticized the war

Johnson suffered the mostJohnson suffered the most

Following Tet, Johnson's Following Tet, Johnson's approval rating was in the approval rating was in the low 30’slow 30’s

Nixon wins 1968 electionNixon wins 1968 electionSummer 1969 – Nixon Summer 1969 – Nixon

announced some US troops announced some US troops withdrawalwithdrawal

VietnamizationVietnamization

This was Nixon’s strategy to This was Nixon’s strategy to end US involvement in the war end US involvement in the war (gradually withdraw to increase (gradually withdraw to increase S.V. more active combat role)S.V. more active combat role)

Nixon secretly ordered Nixon secretly ordered bombing in Cambodia and Laosbombing in Cambodia and LaosBelieved many VC were Believed many VC were coming from these countries coming from these countries

Nixon also wanted foreign Nixon also wanted foreign leaders to see him as a leaders to see him as a madman.madman.Capable of anything to Capable of anything to get what he wantedget what he wanted

More Protests at homeMore Protests at home

4 students were killed at 4 students were killed at Kent State by national guard Kent State by national guard troops during a protest troops during a protest where an ROTC building was where an ROTC building was burned (students were burned (students were protesting the invasion of protesting the invasion of Cambodia by U.S. forces)Cambodia by U.S. forces)

Other students were killed Other students were killed around the country around the country protestingprotesting

End of US InvolvementEnd of US Involvement

US knew there was no US knew there was no benefits for them in the benefits for them in the war and no prompt endwar and no prompt end

March 29, 1973 - last March 29, 1973 - last troops were removedtroops were removed

Vietnam is still CommunistVietnam is still Communist

ResultsResults

58,000 Americans dead58,000 Americans dead365,000 Americans wounded365,000 Americans woundedWar Powers Act - president War Powers Act - president

must inform Congress within must inform Congress within 48 hours if US forces are sent 48 hours if US forces are sent to a hostile situation without a to a hostile situation without a declaration of wardeclaration of war

US abolished the draftUS abolished the draftWar Powers Act of 1973War Powers Act of 1973

Limited powers of President in Limited powers of President in sending troops (troops can only sending troops (troops can only remain 90 days w/o approvalremain 90 days w/o approval

Americans questioned their Americans questioned their governmentgovernment

Discussion Questions:Discussion Questions:1. What was the 1. What was the purpose of U.S. purpose of U.S. involvement in Vietnam?involvement in Vietnam?

2. How did Americans at 2. How did Americans at home react to the war?home react to the war?

Focus Question: Why did Focus Question: Why did the U.S. leave Vietnam the U.S. leave Vietnam before the war was over?before the war was over?

Nixon foreign policyNixon foreign policy

Architect of the policy is Architect of the policy is Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger

Confront powers head-onConfront powers head-on

Containment is deadContainment is deadUs now recognizes Us now recognizes

Communist countriesCommunist countries

DetenteDetente

New policy is called New policy is called détentedétenteEasing Cold War tensionsEasing Cold War tensions

First test of détente is to First test of détente is to visit Chinavisit ChinaSince 1949 – the US had Since 1949 – the US had not recognized Chinanot recognized China

Nixon also visited MoscowNixon also visited MoscowSoviets promised to let Soviets promised to let

other countries enter West other countries enter West Berlin as they wishedBerlin as they wished

Allies would recognize Allies would recognize East GermanyEast Germany

Carter’s foreign policyCarter’s foreign policy

Détente dies with CarterDétente dies with CarterCarter insisted on human Carter insisted on human

rights and led to rights and led to breakdowns in discussionsbreakdowns in discussions

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Dec 1979 – Soviets Dec 1979 – Soviets invaded Afghanistaninvaded Afghanistan

Carter protests, does not Carter protests, does not send troopssend troops

GorbyGorby

March 1985 – Gorbachev March 1985 – Gorbachev becomes leader of Soviet Unionbecomes leader of Soviet UnionUnderstood economic Understood economic weakness that the Cold War weakness that the Cold War was creatingwas creating

Ended many communist Ended many communist practicespractices

Gorbachev reduced the Gorbachev reduced the number of troops in number of troops in EuropeEuropeTold Eastern European Told Eastern European countries to move countries to move towards democracytowards democracy

The Wall Comes Tumblin’ The Wall Comes Tumblin’ DownDown

Nov 9, 1989 – East Nov 9, 1989 – East Germany opened the Germany opened the Berlin Wall, allowing free Berlin Wall, allowing free passage between the two passage between the two cities.cities.

Wall gone Wall gone

ChinaChina

April 1989 – Student April 1989 – Student marches in Tiananmen marches in Tiananmen SquareSquareTroops fired at protesters (Troops fired at protesters (World watched and World watched and gasped!gasped!

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

1990 – Non-Russian 1990 – Non-Russian republics (like Uzbekistan) republics (like Uzbekistan) gained powergained power

Aug 24, 1991 – Gorbachev Aug 24, 1991 – Gorbachev resigns as leader of the resigns as leader of the communist party communist party COMMUNISM DEADCOMMUNISM DEAD

Dec 1991Dec 1991

14 non-Russian republics 14 non-Russian republics declared their declared their independence and independence and Gorbachev resigned as Gorbachev resigned as Soviet PresidentSoviet President

Feb 1992Feb 1992

Pres. Bush and new Pres. Bush and new Russian President Boris Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared an end to Yeltsin declared an end to the Cold War.the Cold War.

ChinaChina

1997 – China declares an 1997 – China declares an end to communism in end to communism in cities and areas of China cities and areas of China that can thrive without, but that can thrive without, but says it will continue in rural says it will continue in rural areas.areas.

Discussion Questions:Discussion Questions:1. What Soviet leader 1. What Soviet leader began to move away began to move away from Communism?from Communism?

2. When did the Cold 2. When did the Cold War end?War end?