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June 3,2011
Potential of Biochar from Biomass for Asia and the Pacific
Yoshiyuki Shinogi (Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan)
Sustainable Bioenergy Symposium
1 1.What is “Biochar” ?
Basically, “Biochar” is a char from “Biomass”. The precise definition has been discussing at an international society
(International Biochar Initiatives, (1996)).
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2
Carbon Products
①Light
②Higher Absorbent
③Alkali
④Black Color
These features depends on resource and pyrolysis conditions such as temperature.
Pyrolysis
①Reduction of weight and volume
②Non Smell
③Easy to be handled with
④Reduction of Dioxin gas
These are different from resources and pyrolysis conditions such as temperature.
Characteristics
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3 Use
Agriculture • Soil amendment (Improve soil physical, engineering
properties) • Provide nutrients such as P and K • Absorbents (gas, water etc.) • Stable carbon sink ??
Others • Coke and fuel • Humid control
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4 Impact of Farmland application (Beans)
Soil: relatively poor Char: powderI(cedar)<3mm Amount: C 500g/m2+CaPO4 5g/m2 Result: Harvest increased 7 fold, Better taste, High quality 1983 Sugiura, Ogawa
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5 Paddy Rice
Soil: paddy soil (clayish) Char: powderI(oak)<3mm Amount: 500kg/ha Result: yield A 4,8t B 4,5t (control = A 2,6t B 3,7t) Soil Temperature = stable → no cold damage Less falling down, much feeder root, fast growing 1981(A),82(B) Sugiura, Seki, Unryuuin,
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6 Alfalfa
Type: powder charB (larch) Char: 300g/m2+W.V.1liter/m2 (20 times solution) Result: height 143% Fresh weight 310% compared to control Better quality as forage No disease like Fusarium 1985 Sugiura,
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7 Seedling of Cedar Tree
Soil: relatively poor Char: activated charcoal of rubber tree (for industry) Method: 5cm layer under 40cm depth Result: (after 1.5 year) Little disease in C.A. (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia) Length = 4.1times growth (control = 2.8 times) ---1.5 times Diameter = 4.6 times growth (control = 3.4 times) ---1.3 times 1976 Sugiura, Unryuuin, Endou, Terao,
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8 Reviving Pine tree Soil: poor, hardly stamped Char: powderI (oak tree) Method: dig ditches of W=30cm D=50cm, put in char 20cm thickness and fill up with soil. Result: After 4 years, a nearly dead pine tree aged more than 350years was revived !!! 1983 Sugiura
Nutrients
0
500
1000
1500
施用効果試験
キャ
ベツ
重(g/
株)
標準施肥 牛炭2t 牛炭5t
汚泥炭2t 汚泥炭5t
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
汚泥5t
汚泥2t
牛炭5t
牛炭2t
牛炭800℃
牛炭500℃
牛炭250℃
標準施肥
3L
2L
L
M
S
規格外
There is P&K substituting function.
Market Priority in size L>2L>M
Cab
bage
Wei
ght (
g)
Legend
Control
Application impact of charcoal from sewage and cattle sludge to cabbage weight and size.
There must be an optimal application amount.
Nutrient Substituting Chemical Fertilizer
0
500
1000
1500
キャ
ベツ
重
(g/株
)
0
10
20
30
土壌
中硝
酸態
窒素
濃度
(m
g/10
0g)
800℃
600℃
250℃
標準施肥
800℃
500℃
250℃
標準施肥
K substituting function with carbon from cattle waste.
Absorption of nitrate nitrogen with carbon product from cattle waste.
Almost no significant difference comparing with chemical fertilizer application.
Temperature
Cab
bage
wei
ght (
g)
Nitr
ate
nitro
gen
conc
entra
tion(
mg/
100g
)
Control
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11 Absorbent function for various gas.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
吸着時間(h)
ガス
濃度
(ppm
)
メチルメルカ プタン(酸性ガス)
炭化物0.1g
アンモニア(アルカ リ性ガス)
炭化物0.2g
アセトアルデヒド(中性ガス)
炭化物0.5g
(Temperature 500℃)
Gas C
oncentration (ppm)
Time (hour)
Ammonium Gas(Alkali )
Acetaldehyde Gas (Neutral)
Methyl Mercaptan (acid)
Inlet
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12 Long term observation
Application (mixture) of charcoal from bagasse.
It enables to increase available water (moisture) of the soil (crop) and it can held (last) more than 55 months after application.
Courtesy to Professor Y. Komiya (Ryukyu Univ. Japan)
Depth (cm)
Soil water content(%)
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13
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
CO2-C emmisions or C sequestration (t-C/t-DW)
Feedstock transport
Carbonization
Char transport
Farmland application
Carbon sequestration
Net carbonsequestration
DieselKeroseneElectricityConstructionC sequestrationTotal
Operation
0.1t-C/t-DW
Fig. CO2-C emission and C sequestration from each process
Environmental Impact LC-CO2 calculation results
Water content of feedstock: 15-20 %
24 t-C/ha Conversion
Carbonization process is dominant. Kerosene consumption is dominant and electricity follows same as higher water content.
Carbon minus
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14 LCA assessment results
Table LCA Analysis of Pyrolysis
Group capacitykg/h average s.d. average s.d. average s.d.
A) 15-20 1044 314 1.239 0.504 0.553 0.177B) 30-60 865 345 1.087 0.579 0.463 0.170C) 90-300 413 191 0.416 0.199 0.210 0.093D) 800-1200 111 61 0.102 0.059 0.065 0.031
kg-CO2/t-waste kg-NOx/t-waste kg-SOx/t-waste
Environmental burdens originated from different carbonization (pyrolysis) devices were calculated with observed data. The results showed that large differences in environmental burdens existed between different devices. The CO2, NOx,
and SOx emissions decreased as the capacities of carbonization
devices increased (Y. Kanri, et. al., 2007) .
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15 Biomass Refinery Systems at Miyako-Island,Japan
事務所
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥⑦
⑨
⑧
トラックスケール
センター
出入口
測定室
事務所
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥⑦
⑨
⑧
トラックスケール
センター
出入口
測定室
①Pyrolysis (Bagasse)
②Gasification
③Waste Honey stock
⑦⑧Stock yard
④Bio-gas
⑤Pyrolysis (Sludge)
⑥Speedy compost
⑨Wind & solar power generators
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16
Bagasse
Pyrolysis
Excrement
Biomass Conversion Plants
Gasification
Bio-Gas (Fermentation)
Composting
Carbon Product
Digestive Slurry
Compost
Power Generation
Heat
Electricity
Basically, farmland application
Acid Liquid
Used among the plants Surplus energy are sold
Linkage among
conversion systems
LCA Analysis were carried out on optimization
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20
20
Pyrolysis &Carbon Dynamics
Biomass =“Carbon Neutral” =Crop = CO2 User (Absorber) + Pyrolysis = Carbon Fixation + Land Application = Carbon Mitigation by farmland + Agricultural Use = Sustainable Our Direction = ???
Global Warming Greenhouse Effect Carbon Dynamics
Biomass use → Carbon Credit
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21
BIOMASS Waste Pyrolysis
Farmland Application Carbon sequestration
( no emissions of CO2 )
CCS by carbonization of biomass
21
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22 Model of rural area
Rural area
City area
Return of money
Carbon Capture & Storage
CCS by biomass in rural area
Adaptation &
Mitigation for CO2
Carbon trade
Branded Agricultural product
22
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23
Ecological Education Elementary/junior high school
23
Abandoned Bamboo forest
farmers
Local Community BIOCHAR
Produce
Retailer wholesaler
CO2 Capped companies Company Social Responsibility CO2 Volunteer market
Certification/Validation
COOL VEGE + rural brand
Carbon credit
Carbon Minus Project Scheme Rural Area
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24
Wheat:nourin No.61
地域の小学生が参加したムギ踏み
ムギの坪狩りの様子
Carbon Minus Project
Experiment for the effect of growing vegetable
Participation of elementary school pupil as environmental education.
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25 Feb.18,2008 Experimental field(wheat) Stepping by children
as environmental education
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26 Conclusion
Biochar can contribute as following; 1. Enhance productivity of farmland 2. Achieve environmental friendly agriculture, organic
agriculture 3. Sustainable carbon sequestration 4. Rural promotion (Carbon minus project) 5. Environmental-friendly education
Achievement of sustainable society!!
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