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Stormwater Utility Basics
Polluted Runoff is the #1 Water Quality Problem in the U.S.*
Polluted Runoff is the #1 Water Quality Problem in the U.S.*
* USEPA* USEPA
$ $
Pat Sauer, CPESC
IAMU Stormwater Program Coordinator
The Cycle of Stormwater
It rains and sometimes it
rains heavily
Flooding occurs
Water quality regulatory
requirements/TMDL (Total
Maximum Daily
Load/Impaired Water body)
Reports are written
Costs for improvements
astonish all
Report put on shelf
Rinse and repeat
Breaking the Cycle of Stormwater
The problem is not going to disappear
Move it to the top of the priority list
Planning
Stable funding source
Program
The Evolution of
Stormwater Management
Move it on downstream quickly … (surface conveyance)
But not on the street or in my yard … (pipe conveyance)
And try not to flood the neighbors … (detention)
While making sure the water is clean … (NPDES Phase 1)
No … a little cleaner … (NPDES Phase 2)
A little more … (Total Maximum Daily Loads TMDLs)
I want that stuff drinkable …The problem is not going to disappear
Baxter-Woodman consultants…
What is a Stormwater Utility?
Funding method
Program
Organization
Growth of Utilities
1975 1985 1995 2011
500
250
1
Advantages of a Stormwater Utility
Stable, adequate, sustainable source of income to
support stormwater program.
New funding source or supplemental to existing.
Funding provides program flexibility.
Equitable.
Stable and Adequate Tax-based result in peaks and valleys,
underfunded some years.
Utility-based results in a constant
increasing source of funding.
When does fee feel as though it is too
much? $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8…
What type of programincidental,
developing, advanced?
Flexibility Funding for entire program.
Credits to encourage water quantity and quality good
performance.
Cost share funding for water quality, quantity, and
streambank stabilization.
Geographically based.
Can address environmental issues and associated
costs.
Equitable User fees more equitable-not all property
owners pay taxes but ALL of them contribute
to stormwater! Fees collected are used for
intended purpose.
How is the fee calculated?
Equivalent rate unit: i.e.1 ERU = 2,500 sq. ft.
Flat rate for residential, commercial.
Combination.
What Expenses Are Involved with
Municipal Stormwater Management?
•Flood management.
•Maintenance and expansion of infrastructure,
capital improvements, aging infrastructure.
•Inventory system and master plan for for for
for improvements.
•Assessment and planning.
•Stormwater quality considerations.
•Stormwater Management Plan-Permit
Implementation, regulation and enforcement.
How Can You Finance Your Stormwater Management
Program? Stormwater Utility/Fee
You need to have a stormwater management
program and/or have permit requirements that
must be met. You will need a steady source of
funding for the program.
SW management typically financed by property
taxes. This usually results in SW issues being
placed in low priority. Other taxes include: sales
taxes, income tax, gasoline tax, business tax,
gaming tax, user fee.
IA Code Section 384.84 allows a city to establish a
stormwater utility.
Initial Evaluation Process
•Master Stormwater Management Plan
Identify needs, problems, issues, for example; major
flooding issues that need to be addressed, i.e. aging
infrastructure-replacement and updates, NPDES
permit implementation activities.
Identify available resources and limitations, i.e. GIS
software and database available, finance department
arrangements, current staff and staff needed for
program implementation.
What are Some Stormwater Management
Problems/Concerns?
System Capacity-Flooding
Maintenance
New or existing regulatory programs
Water quality
Monitoring and planning
Funding problems
Community perception
System Capacity and
Maintenance Is capacity and construction of older systems
minimal or substandard?
Maintained properly to keep with demand?
Inadequate routine, deferred, delegated, remedial?
Inadequate information-mapping, inspection,
management, resources?
New Regulatory Programs
FEMA requirements?
NPDES federal/state program must comply with
requirements.
Potential Total Maximum Daily Load Allocations.
NPDES MS-4 City Permit
Requirements
6 minimum control measures.
Ordinances and enforcement.
Mapping, illicit discharges.
Erosion and sediment control inspections.
Post construction retrofits, good housekeeping and pollution prevention, education and outreach.
Watershed assessment and land use plan.
Need to invest in this program to comply!
Concerns Address flood control.
Address water qualitypollutants in stormwater.
Retrofits and new development.
Contaminants in Stormwater Runoff
•Motor vehicle
fluids, organic
hydrocarbons,
metals
•Street salt
•Fertilizers,
nutrients, nitrogen
and phosphorus
•Pathogens
•Thermal Pollution
Polluted Runoff is the #1 Water Quality Problem in the U.S.*
Polluted Runoff is the #1 Water Quality Problem in the U.S.*
* USEPA* USEPA
Water Quality Management-low impact
development, reduce the amount of
runoff-infiltrate and percolate.
•Develop effective
Ordinances-backbone
•Require the effective use of
BMPs, retrofits
•Watershed Assessment
Program
Rain Gardens
Conservation
Subdivisions
Bioswale Wetlands
Riparian Buffers
Along Streams
Water Quality BMPs
Monitoring and Planning
Monitoring of outfalls for illicit discharges.
Watershed assessments, data collection.
Land use plans, prioritize and identify, strategy.
What is the Status of Your
Stormwater Program?
How are you currently funding your program
and is it adequate?
Bandaids or well developed program?
What are the major deficiencies?
Community Perception
What does your community know and
understand about your storm sewer system,
management, program needs and regulatory
requirements?
Are flooding and water quality issues a priority in
your community?
How is your system being affected by upstream
communities or how are you affecting
downstream communities?
Where to go from here?...Use Existing Staff
to Create Utility or Hire Consultant?
•Factor in all costs
•Some cities hire a consultant-Dubuque,
Marion
•Others are choosing to utilize staff to
create utility-Bettendorf, Iowa City
Where Can You Focus Your Attention?
•Four recommended areas:
Public, political education and support
Program concept
Financial policies/documents
Database development and customer
service
Anticipate: Who Will Not Like The Concept?
•Tax Exempt properties such churches
•Owners of large paved areas
•Fixed Income
Anticipate Legal Issues
•Is it fair, non discriminatory
•Proper procedures followed
•Legal by legislation
Program Concept
•Feasibility study: Take staff, council, and
citizens through key aspects of utility to build
acceptance. Test the water before committing.
•Justification
Justification for a Stormwater Utility
•Stormwater quality and quantity issues are real
and need to be addressed.
•Problems can be addressed.
•Our local government/city should lead.
•Benefits will result.
•Current methods are not working.
•Aging infrastructure.
•Adequate and stable funding is needed.
•A utility is the most effective tool.
Build Your Case for Justification
•Statistics
•Number of complaints, issues (Flooding,
plugged outlets.
•Growth in community, major impacts on
stream flows.
•Of these how many are resolved vs.
unresolved?
•Provide Cost and Infrastructure
Information
•Lost revenue, Regulatory Information
Your Program
Needs, Goals
Priorities,
Objectives
Analysis Service
Costs
Organizational
Structure
Implementing
Utility
Considerations When Developing the Utility
Small, visible
projects first
Program
•Defensible cost, meet real needs
•Address all needs and levels
•Fit revenue and staff needs
•Follow logical developmental steps
What Type of Program Do You Want??
•Minimum, Moderate, Advanced,
Exception/Outstanding
•Adjust program based on revenue
$1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10
What is your communities comfort zone?
Community demographics play a role.
Adequate Program?
$200
$100
For every
$/month per
household…
A utility can
generate about
$20-$50 per
acre/year.
(Andrew Reese,
AMEC)
$0
$50
$150
Incidental
Minimum
Making Progress
Advanced
Exceptional
Utility Program Organizational Categories
•Administration
•Special Programs-GIS, Mapping, Public Education,
Citizens Group
•Infrastructure
•Billing and Finance
•Indirect Costs-Overhead
•Flood Control
•Stormwater Permit Program
•Water Quality Control Program
Continued…………………..
•Capital Improvements, major and minor.
•Engineering and Planning
•Operations
•Regulations and Enforcement-General Permit
#2, Construction site erosion and sediment
control program-Ordinance.
Considerations When Developing the Utility
Your Public
Develop
Info/Ed Plan
Identify
Stakeholders
Implement
Plan
Critical!!!!
Considerations When Developing the Utility
Financial Matters
Funding Legal Aspects
Funding Policy
Rate Structure Study
Rate vs Program Expenses
Ordinance Development-
Rate
Conduct A Rate Analysis
•Unlike other utilities, stormwater services to runoff
dishargers in not voluntary and cannot be metered.
•Most based on percent impervious.
•Compare fee structures in comparable cities to
increase comfort level of residents.
•Distinguish between a user fee and a tax.
•Most Midwest cities base charge on Equivalent
Runoff/Rate Units (ERU) for each property. One ERU
= the average amount of impervious area on an
average residential lot.
Rate Methods
•% Impervious Area
•Impervious Area and Gross Area
•Gross Area with Intensity of Devel.
•Flat Rates
•Zoning
•Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Other
Community Residential Rate Other Rate
Ames $2/mo for single family; $1/unit
for multi-structure
Commercial $2/mo base
rate .75/ERU up to 3,129
Bettendorf
Boone
Burlington
Carroll
Coralville
Dubuque
Iowa City
Some Rates for Communities in Iowa
Currently about 23 cities with stormwater utility
fees in Iowa.
Call Your Neighbor to Get Their Rates
But……Important to Evaluate Program
Costs Before Setting Rates.
Considerations When Developing the Utility
Database Mgmt.
Policy
Data, Information
Account File and Billing Info.
Billing System
Complaint/Issues
Quality Assurance
Billing System Considerations
•Utilize Current Water/Wastewater Bill-usually best for
cities, monthly, looks like user fee.
•Independent Billing-expensive, collection difficulties.
•Attach to Some Tax.
•Other utility System?
Fee Data Considerations
Some Options:
•Geographic Information System Data
•Satellite Images
•Aerial Photography - (contact local
NRCS office)
Measuring Impervious Surfaces
GIS Mapping Percent Impervious Surface
Utility Development Process
Before the First Billing
-Keep politicians, public informed-no
surprizes!
-Educate/inform, get support all
directions.
-Hold meetings.
At First Billing
-Handle customer issues, good first
impression.
After First Billing
-Keep up support for utility, share
projects and successes, visibility.
Organize Steering Committee
Community/Political Leaders
Citizen Groups
Suggestion for Entire Utility Fee Process
Forming a Stormwater Utility
……..Educate, Communicate, Gain Support
The Key to Successful Stormwater Programs
Website www.iowastorwater.org (PWP area) Meeting for members, IAMU, Eastern Iowa
Educational Toolbox Speakers
Networking Regulatory Updates
Members 31 City Members
3 SWCD 2 Companies
Work with cities on specific issues Audits of certain portions of program
Annual Reports GP # 1 Pollution Prevention Training
Train staff
Stormwater Design Construction Site Erosion and Sediment Control
Raincaping Iowa Annual Stormwater Conference
www.rainscapingiowa.org
Statewide educational campaign
Partners promotes urban stormwater practices • Practices protect water quality and reduce runoff • Advisory board that guides and endorses program
Ultimate goal • Build awareness, behavioral changes, and demand • Build capacity for implementation of practices
Results • Improvement and protection of water resources in Iowa • Help businesses grow by providing Rainscaping services
Rainscaping Iowa
You live on waterfront property!
You have waterfront property if there are storm drain inlets in the street.
Storm drains are connected to streams, ponds, and lakes.
Water is not treated before it flows to the stream.
Storm Drain Inlet & Outlet in River
Rain gardens
Bioretention Cells
Bioswales
Soil Quality Restoration
Native Landscaping
Permeable Pavements
Rainwater Harvesting
Green Roofs
Streambank and Shoreline Stabilization
Tree Filter Structures
Rainscaping Practices
Rainscapers are professionals who create beautiful and functional landscapes that protect Iowa’s water and soil resources.
Design professionals
Contractors
What is a Certified Rainscaper?
Understand stormwater management concepts and the hydrologic footprint of landscapes.
Have undergone specific training
Have demonstrated competency in the design, installation, and/or maintenance of Rainscaping practices.
Follow the Rainscaper Code of Ethics
Certified Rainscapers:
Landscape Designers
Landscape Architects
Engineers
Contractors
Horticulturalists
Master Gardeners
Urban Conservationists
Others
Rainscaping Professionals
Attend a Rainscaper training classes
Pass a written exam for each practice
Submit two case studies per practice, 1 case study for pavement systems
Complete an application form
Case study reviewed by a designated urban conservationist
Certificate awarded to new “Rainscaper” as design professional or installer
Certified Rainscaper Program
5 certified Rainscapers as of 9/12
Attend a Rainscaper training classes
Pass a written exam for each practice
Submit two case studies per practice, 1 case study for pavement systems
Complete an application form
Case study reviewed by a designated urban conservationist
Certificate awarded to new “Rainscaper” as design professional or installer
Certified Rainscaper Program
5 certified Rainscapers as of 9/12
Non-engineers and non-design professionals limited to design certifications for non-engineering practices such as rain gardens, soil quality restoration, native landscaping, ecological restoration, roadway plantings.
Contractors/installers can be certified to install most practices, some practices under the guidance of design professionals.
You can be certified for more than one practice, you pay the same annual fee for one vs. more than one certification.
Certified Rainscaper Program
Rainscaper Program
Rainscapers have access to education
and marketing resources
Networking
Rainscaper pays an annual fee to help support the Rainscaping program.
Future: Statewide marketing effort
Billboards, TV and radio, social media, adopters
Additional training events for practices and certifications
Some programs may require that practices be designed/installed by certified Rainscapers
Annual networking conference
Rainscaping Iowa
Soil Quality Restoration, October, Iowa City
Rainwater Harvesting, November 8, Iowa City
ICCSPPI, October 13, IAMU Stormwater Utility Workshop,
November 9, IAMU ISWMM Training, December, Cedar
Rapids VISIT: www.rainscapingiowa or
www.iowastormwater.org
Upcoming Training
How beautiful is the rain!
After the dust and the heat,
In the broad and fiery street,
In the narrow lane,
How beautiful is the rain!
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Rain in Summer
www.iowastormwater.org
www.rainscapingiowa.org
Pat Sauer, Stormwater Program
Coordinator
Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities
800-810-4268
Ankeny, Iowa
www.iowastormwater.org
www.iamu.org
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