practical electronics troubleshooting
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PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS TROUBLESHOOTING Second Edition James Perozzo
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DELMAR PUBLISHERS INC.®
Contents Preface/xiii
chapter one Some Necessary Basics
Chapter Overview/1 Necessary Background/1 A Few Definitions/6 The Test Bench/11 Summary/12 Review Questions/13
chapter two Kinds of Electronics Problems
Chapter Overview/14 Complete Failures/14 Poor Performance/14 Tampered Equipment/15 lntermittents/15 Motorboating/19 Massive Traumas/19 Transients/22 Overheated Part Failures/23 Hum Problems/25 Distortion Problems/26 Multiple Problems/27 Microphonics/28 Noisy Controls/28 Operator-Induced Problems/28 The Tough Problems/29 Summary/29 Review Questions/30
chapter three System Troubleshooting
Chapter Overview/31 Investigate the Report/31 Finding the Bad Unit/32 Wire-Bundle and Coax-Cable Problems/34
vi Contents
Signal Levels as System Operation lndicators/36 Replacement of Suspected Units of the System/38 Verify Proper System Operation After the
Replacement/39 Summary/39 Review Questions/40
chapter four Passive Components in DC and Low-Frequency Circuits
Chapter Overview/41 Passive Components in DC Circuits/41 Passive Components in 60 Hz and Audio
Sine-Wave Circuits/49 Passive Components in Pulse and Square-Wave
Circuits/58 Summary/68 Review Questions/69
chapter five Live-Circuit Testing
Chapter Overview/70 Safety and Cautionary Notes/70 Use of Circuit Card Extenders/71 Using the Schematic Diagram/72 If No Schematic Is Available/75 Summary/78 Review Questions/79
chapter six DC Troubleshooting
Chapter Overview/81 General Voltage Troubleshooting/81 Using Voltages to Find Analog Problems/91 A Most Important Concept/94 Opening the Equipment/96 Timely Shortcuts/97 Summary/97 Review Questions/97
chapter seven Fixing the Power Supply
Chapter Overview/99 Finding the Open Fuse/99 Analyzing Fuse Failures/99
Contents vii
The Power-Supply Block Diagram/101 Applying Input Power to the Power Supply/103 Troubleshooting an Overloaded (Shorted) Power
Supply/107 Troubleshooting an Inoperative Power Supply
(Good Fuse, No Output Voltage)/108 Troubleshooting the Voltage Regulator/110 Finding a Short in the Load on a Power Supply/116 Determine the Method to Locate the Short/117 Batteries as a Power Source/121 Summary/123 Review Questions/124
chapter eight How to Trace Analog Signals
Chapter Overview/125 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits/125 Troubleshooting Analog Equipment/125 The Block Diagram—Finding the Bad Area/126 Using a Bench Power Supply/127 Narrowing the Problem to an Area/131 Narrowing the Problem to a Stage/132 Signal-Tracing Considerations/132 Tracing the Unwanted Signal/134 Summary/134 Review Questions/135
chapter nine Audio and Low-Frequency Troubleshooting
Chapter Overview/136 Obtain All Reference Material Possible/136 Generic Low-Frequency Troubleshooting
Instruments/137 Output Devices and Instruments/138 Basic Low-Frequency Amplifier Circuits/143 Audio Distortion Problems/146 Troubleshooting Audio-Amplifier Consumer
Chips/150 Summary/150 Review Questions/151
chapter ten Special Techniques for Discrete Semiconductors in Operation
Chapter Overview/152
Troubleshooting the PN Junction Diode in Operation/152
Troubleshooting the Zener Diode Circuit in Operation/154
Troubleshooting the Bipolar Transistor Circuit in Operation/154
Transistor and Resistor Arrays/161 Troubleshooting FET Circuits/162 Troubleshooting UJT Oscillators/165 Troubleshooting Thyristors (SCRs)/166 Summary/166 Review Questions/167
chapter eleven Troubleshooting in Live Analog IC Circuits
Chapter Overview/168 Operational Amplifiers/168 Voltage Regulator ICs/174 Consumer IC Chips/175 Analog Switches/1 77 Optical Isolators/1 78 Summary/180 Review Questions/180
chapter twelve Radio Frequency Components and Troubleshooting
Chapter Overview/181 When a Problem Is Reported/181 Some Uniquely RF Components/182 A Review of Common Instruments Used With RF
Frequencies/183 Special Tools for RF Use/198 Working With Microvolt Signals in Receivers/199 Working With RF Watts and Transmitters/219 Making Transmitter Tests/221 Optional Transmitter Tests/225 Generic Adjustment of a Radio Transmitter/228 Summary/230 Review Questions/231
chapter thirteen Troubleshooting and Signal Tracing in Pulse Circuits
Chapter Overview/233 Terms Unique to Pulsed Waveforms/233
Contents ix
Source Instruments/235 Load Instruments/236 The Originating Pulse Circuit/241 The Processing Pulse Circuit/241 Pulse Uses/242 Summary/245 Review Questions/246
chapter fourteen Digital Troubleshooting Techniques
Chapter Overview/247 First Checks/247 Digital IC References Are Absolutely Necessary/248 Digital Troubleshooting Basics/248 The Digital Schematic Diagram/252 Basic Digital Gates/253 Instruments for Digital Circuit Troubleshooting/256 Tracing Signals Through Digital Circuits/269 Summary/276 Review Questions/276
chapter fifteen Troubleshooting Computer Circuitry
Chapter Overview/278 Additional Knowledge Required/278 Types of Computer Problems/279 Hardware Problems/279 Let the Computer Test Itself/280 Additional Checks to Make/281 Software Problems/282 Options and Hardware Setup Problems/283 Summary/283 Review Questions/284
chapter sixteen Dead-Circuit Testing
Chapter Overview/285 Don't Ruin Your Ohmmeter!/285 Using the VOM on the Resistance Function/286 Using the DMM on the Resistance Function/287 Using a Solid-State Tester/287 Making the Checks/289 Testing Component Resistance ln-Circuit/290 Summary/294 Review Questions/294
chapter seventeen Replacing the Part and Analyzing the Failure
Chapter Overview/296 Some Mechanical Tips and Considerations/296 Point-to-Point Wiring Repairs (Not Printed
Circuits)/298 Printed-Circuit-Board Repairs/298 Soldering on Printed Circuit Boards/299 Where to Get Parts/300 Replacing Parts/300 Cleaning and Repairing Damaged Boards/302 Checking the Bad Component/302 Final Precautions/322 Summary/322 Review Questions/322
chapter eighteen Alignment, Final Inspection, and Return to Service
Chapter Overview/324 Aligning Equipment/324 Reassembling the Equipment/329 Final Tests/330 The Paperwork/330 Packing for Shipment/331 Summary/332 Review Questions/332
chapter nineteen Routine and Preventive Maintenance
Chapter Overview/333 Why Mess With lt?/333 Using the Solid-State Tester to Predict Failures/334 TDR for Cable Maintenance and
Troubleshooting/334 Mechanical Maintenance/336 Solvents for Cleaning/336 Weathered Electronics/337 Summary/339 Review Questions/339
chapter twenty Techniques for Live Vacuum-Tube Circuits
Chapter Overview/340 Special Tools/340 Safety Notes/340
Contents xi
Chassis Wiring Color Code/341 Typical Vacuum-Tube Voltages/343 Troubleshooting Vacuum-Tube Circuits/348 The Cathode-Ray Tube/351 Summary/353 Review Questions/353
chapter twenty-one Basic Troubleshooting of Power-Line Circuits and Motors
Chapter Overview/355 Single Phase Power Distribution and
Troubleshooting/355 Three-Phase Power Systems/356 A Special Circuit/357 DC Motor Basics/357 The Alternator/360 AC Motor Basics/361 Troubleshooting Motor Circuits/363 Using the Oscilloscope on AC Line Problems/364 Summary/364 Review Questions/365
chapter twenty-two If the Right Part Isn't Available
Chapter Overview/366 Parts Substitutions/366 Summary/374 Review Questions/374
appendix I Resistor Color Codes
Two-Significant-Figure Color Code/376 Three-Significant-Figure Color Code/377
appendix II Electronics Schematic Symbols
Common Electronics Symbols/378 Semiconductor Symbols/380 Digital Symbols/382 Logic Symbols/383 Common Vacuum-Tube Symbols/384
appendix III Contributing Manufacturers of Test Equipment and Supplies/385
Index/387
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